Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü

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Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ EĞİTİM BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ EĞİTİMİN KÜLTÜREL TEMELLERİ ANABİLİM DALI TÜRKÇE EĞİTİMİ PROGRAMI F. M. DOSTOYEVSKİ’NİN ROMANLARINDAKİ KARAKTER ÇERÇEVELERİNİN İNCELENMESİ DOKTORA TEZİ Amar PUREVDORJ DANIŞMAN: Prof. Dr. Hasan Haluk ERDEM Ankara, Haziran, 2017 ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ EĞİTİM BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ EĞİTİMİN KÜLTÜREL TEMELLERİ ANABİLİM DALI TÜRKÇE EĞİTİMİ PROGRAMI F. M. DOSTOYEVSKİ’NİN ROMANLARINDAKİ KARAKTER ÇERÇEVELERİNİN İNCELENMESİ DOKTORA TEZİ Amar PUREVDORJ Ankara, Haziran, 2017 iv ÖZET F. M. DOSTOYEVSKİ’NİN ROMANLARINDAKİ KARAKTER ÇERÇEVELERİNİN İNCELENMESİ Amar, Purevdorj Eğitimin Kültürel Temelleri Anabilim Dalı Tez danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Hasan Haluk Erdem Haziran 2017, ix + 119 sayfa İnsan, yaşamın ilerlemesi ve gelişimi ile kendini daha derin ve ayrıntılı bir şekilde anlamak ve anlamlandırmak ister. Büyüdüğü ortam, yaşadığı deneyimler, kişisel değerler ve inançları insanın hayata olan tutumuna, sahip olduğu karakterine yansır. Bunlar, insanın kendi anlayışlarını ve temel yönelimlerini ifade edip kendilerine ve dünyaya nasıl baktıklarına ilişkin bir çerçeve oluşmasını sağlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Dostoyevski’nin “Suç ve Ceza”, “Budala” ve “Karamazov Kardeşler” adlı üç romanındaki karakter çerçevelerini incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda karakterlerin ortak ve farklı kişilik özelliklerinin neler olduğu, karakterlerin hangi toplumsal ve ahlaki değerlerle baş etmeye çalıştıkları ve kendi değerlerinin doğruluğunu kanıtlamak için hangi yollara başvurdukları, karakterlerin toplumsal kimlik değerlendirmeleri, birbirleriyle çeliştikleri ve örtüştükleri noktalar ile karakterlerin kişiliklerinin oluşumunda toplumsal ve coğrafi yapının (mekân, din, devlet, aile vb.) etkileri betimsel olarak incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, yazar eserlerinde insan gerçekliğinin anlaşılması için birey ve toplum ilişkilerinden doğan insan sorunlarını ve insani değerleri ele alarak insan karakter ve davranışlarını etkileyen unsurlar üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Dostoyevski, karakter çerçevesi, insan tipleri, “Suç ve Ceza”, “Budala”, “Karamazov Kardeşler”. v SUMMARY AN INVESTIGATION ON CHARACTER FRAMES IN F. M. DOSTOYESKY’S NOVELS Amar, Purevdorj Doctorate, Department of Cultural Foundations of Education Thesis advisor: Prof. Dr. Hasan Haluk Erdem June 2017, ix + 119 pages With progress and development in life a person wants to understand and to be understood deeper and in detailed way. The environment in which the person grows up, earned experiences, personal values and beliefs are reflected on the attitude toward life and personal characteristics. They also provide a framework of how person expresses own understandings and fundamental orientation toward the way they look at themselves and the world. The purpose of this work is to investigate the character frames in F. M. Dostoyevsky’s three novels, “Crime and Punishment”, “Idıot” and “Karamazov Brothers”. In order to achieve the goal, it is necessary to understand what are the common and different personal characteristics of the characters, how they try to cope with the social and moral values and the ways in which their values are used to prove their authenticity. Moreover the social identity evaluations of the characters, the social structure of the characters (place, religion, government, family, etc.) had been tried to be studied descriptively. As a conclusion, we examined how the author concentrates on human personality problems and factors affecting human character and behaivor by considering human problems and human values arising from individual and society relations in order to understand human reality in his works. Keywords: Dostoyevsky, character frame, human types, “Crime and Punishment”, “Idiot”, “Karamazov Brothers”. vi ÖNSÖZ Fyodor Mihailoviç Dostoyevski’nin üç romanında insan görünüşünün incelemesi için nitel araştırma yaklaşımına bağlı kalınarak yapılan bu çalışma altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, F. M. Dostoyevski’nin düşüncelerinin oluşumunu etkileyen, onun hayatında önem taşıyan noktalara değinilmiştir. Babasının ölümü, doğuştan hasta olması, sürgünde geçirilen dört yılı, o dönemde gerçekleşen bazı toplumsal ve siyasi durumlar bu bölümde ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, Dostoyevski üzerine çalışmalarını yürütmüş olan 19. ve 20. yüzyıllın önemli düşünürlerinin eserlerinde Dostoyevski’nin izleri araştırılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, araştırmanın yapılma gerekçesini oluşturan problem, araştırmanın amacı, önemi, yöntemi ve sınırlıkları belirtilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, Fyodor Mihailoviç Dostoyevski’nin biyografisine yer verilmiş ve bu bölüm Rus ve yabancı kaynaklarından yararlanılarak yazılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, “Suç ve Ceza” romanında yazar, fiziksel suçtan çok ahlaki suça ve buna denk düşen ahlaki cezaya verilen önem vermiştir. O dönemin ve günümüzün önemli felsefeci, edebiyat eleştirmeni ve yazarları olan N.N. Strahov, D.İ. Pisarev, K. Malçunskin, Yu.F. Karyakin, Ye.A. Gariçeva ve N.İ. Moskovtseva’nın görüşlerinden de yararlanarak romanın incelemeleri ele alınmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, inceleme konusu olan “Budala” romanında, yazarın “olumlu- güzel” karakteri neden yarattığı, “olumlu-güzel” insan tipinin düşünme tarzı, toplumda oynadığı rol ve bu tipin toplumda nasıl algılandığı incelenmiştir. Yazar 19. yüzyılda İsa’nın yeniden doğuşunu düşünerek, insanların onu nasıl karşılayacaklarını anlayıp anlayamayacaklarını tartışmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, Dostoyevski “Suç ve Ceza” romanını Rusya’da yazarken, iki psikolojik hasta insanı kabul etmeyen sağlıklı bir toplumdan bahsetmektedir. Fakat “Budala” romanını Avrupa’da yazarken, iki sağlıklı insanın hastalanmış bir toplumda nasıl yaşayabileceklerini anlatmaktadır: Prens Mışkin ile Nastasya Filippovna. Romanda ayrıca gençler arasında intiharın ne kadar yaygınlaştığından da bahsedilmektedir. vii Beşinci bölümde, “Karamazov Kardeşler”e yani Dostoyevski’nin son romanına yer verilmiştir. Bu romanından yola çıkarak yazarın ruhsal, zihinsel ve yaratıcı evriminin aşamalarına tanıklık edilmiştir. Bir Rus ailesinin öyküsü üzerinden tüm Rus İmparatorluğunun geleceği, Rus insanın düşünme tarzı ve o dönem Rus adalet anlayışının gelişimine değinilmiştir. Yazarın hayatı boyunca kendisini düşündüren “Eğer bu dünya çocukların göz yaşı ve insanların birbirlerinin kanlarını acımasızca dökmesi ile doluysa, Tanrı’nın varlığına nasıl inanabiliriz?” sorusunu İvan Karamazov aracılığıyla nasıl cevaplamaya çalıştığı incelenmiştir. Altıncı bölümde, sonuca ve çalışmada yararlanılan yapıtlara ilişkin bir kaynakça sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın her aşamasında yardımlarını esirgemeyen değerli hocam ve tez danışmanım Prof. Dr. Hasan Haluk ERDEM’e, tez izleme komitesinde yer alan ve tezin her aşamasında eleştiri ve katkılarını esirgemeyen değerli hocalarım Doç. Dr. Canan ASLAN ve Doç. Dr. Beyhan ZABUN’a, karşılaştığım tüm zorluklarda beni destekleyen, sevgisini ve ilgisini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen babam Prof. Dr. Purevdorj DONDOVSAMBUU ile annem Urançimeg GONGOR’a, Türkçe yazılarıma redaktörlük eden canım dostlarıma sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Amar PUREVDORJ Haziran, 2017 viii İÇİNDEKİLER ONAY ........................................................................................................................... ii TEZ BİLDİRİMİ ............................................................................................................. iii ÖZET..... ...........................................................................................................................iv SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... v ÖNSÖZ.. ...........................................................................................................................vi İÇİNDEKİLER .............................................................................................................. viii I. BÖLÜM ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Giriş........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Problem ................................................................................................................ 17 1.3. Araştırmanın amacı...............................................................................................18 1.4. Araştırmanın alt amaçları ..................................................................................... 19 1.5. Araştırmanın önemi ............................................................................................. 20 1.6. Araştırmanın yöntemi .......................................................................................... 20 1.7. Sınırlıklar ............................................................................................................. 21 II. BÖLÜM ...................................................................................................................... 22 FYODOR MİHAİLOVİÇ DOSTOYEVSKİ (1821-1881) ......................................... 22 2.1. Çocukluğu ............................................................................................................ 22 2.2. İlköğrenimi ........................................................................................................... 23 2.3. Yükseköğrenimi ................................................................................................... 25 2.4. Yazı hayatına giriş ..............................................................................................
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