Watching the Watchdog 2.0 Makkal Osai

Section 1: Coverage of Political Parties and Coalitions 1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

USNO 0.00 0.00 UPKO 0.00 0.00 SAPP 0.00 0.37 PRS 0.37 0.44 PDP 0.44 0.51 AMANAH 0.74 0.88 PPBM 1.18 1.18 PBS 1.69 1.99 PSM 2.43 2.65 Other 3.31 3.82 PAS 3.82 5.15 PKR 5.44 5.66 DAP 5.88 6.91 Gagasan Sejahtera 7.72 14.85 BN 18.75 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00

• BN received the most coverage (18.75%), followed by PH (14.85%) and GS (7.72%).

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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

GS 13.70

Independent 4.59

PH 30.25

BN 51.46

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

• Once parties/coalitions’ coverage volumes are combined, BN received the highest level of coverage (51.46%), followed by PH (30.25%) and GS (13.70%).

1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions Attacked Positive Negative 1% 0% 1%

Neutral 98% • The Neutral tone was used the most (98%), followed by Negative and Attacked (1%).

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Figure 4.1: Attacked Political Party & Coalition Coverage

STAR 0.00 USNO 0.00 Warisan 0.00 LDP 0.00 Other 0.00 AMANAH 0.00 UPKO 0.00 SUPP 0.00 SAPP 0.00 PSM 0.00 PRM 0.00 PRS 0.00 PPBM 0.00 PH 0.00 PKR 0.00 PDP 0.00 PCM 0.00 PBRS 0.00 PBB 0.00 PAS 0.00 MIC 0.00 MCA 0.00 IKATAN 0.00 Gerakan 0.00 Gagasan Sejahtera 0.00 DAP 0.00 BN 0.00 PBS 28.57 UMNO 42.86 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00

• UMNO received the most Attacked coverage (42.86 %), followed by PBS (28.57%). • Note: Some information lost due to difficulties with coding (e.g. “The Opposition” and “The Government”).

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Figure 4.2: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

STAR 0.00 USNO 0.00 Warisan 0.00 LDP 0.00 Other 0.00 AMANAH 0.00 UPKO 0.00 SUPP 0.00 SAPP 0.00 PSM 0.00 PRM 0.00 PRS 0.00 PPBM 0.00 PH 0.00 PKR 0.00 PDP 0.00 PCM 0.00 PBRS 0.00 PBB 0.00 PAS 0.00 MCA 0.00 IKATAN 0.00 Gerakan 0.00 Gagasan Sejahtera 0.00 UMNO 13.33 PBS 13.33 MIC 13.33 BN 20.00 DAP 33.33 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00

• DAP received the most Negative coverage (33.33%), followed by BN (20.00%). • MIC, PBS, and UMNO received equal shares of Negative coverage (13.33%).

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Figure 5.1: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

STAR 0.00 USNO 0.00 Warisan 0.00 LDP 0.00 Other 0.00 AMANAH 0.00 UPKO 0.00 UMNO 0.00 SUPP 0.00 SAPP 0.00 PSM 0.00 PRM 0.00 PRS 0.00 PPBM 0.00 PKR 0.00 PDP 0.00 PCM 0.00 PBS 0.00 PBRS 0.00 PBB 0.00 PAS 0.00 MCA 0.00 IKATAN 0.00 Gerakan 0.00 Gagasan Sejahtera 0.00 MIC 14.29 DAP 14.29 PH 28.57 BN 28.57 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

• BN and PH received equal amounts of Positive coverage (28.57%), followed by DAP and MIC (14.29%).

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Figure 5.2: Neutral Political Party & Coalition Coverage

USNO 0.00 Warisan 0.00 UPKO 0.00 SUPP 0.00 SAPP 0.00 LDP 0.39 PRS 0.39 STAR 0.47 PDP 0.47 PRM 0.55 AMANAH 0.70 PCM 0.94 PPBM 1.25 IKATAN 1.25 PBS 1.48 PSM 2.10 MCA 2.10 UMNO 2.26 Other 3.35 PBB 3.59 PAS 4.05 Gerakan 5.30 DAP 5.30 PKR 5.53 PBRS 5.92 MIC 7.01 Gagasan Sejahtera 8.18 PH 14.81 BN 18.94 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00

• BN received the most Neutral coverage (18.94%) followed by PH (14.81%) and GS (8.18%).

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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

14.50 0.00 GS 0.00 0.00

4.36 0.00 Independent 0.00 0.00

29.67 50.00 PH 35.71 0.00

51.47 50.00 BN 64.29 100.00

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00

Neutral Positive Negative Attacked

• BN received all of the Attacked coverage, and the most Negative and Neutral coverage. • PH and BN had an equal share of Positive coverage.

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Section 2: Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures 2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 4.01

Chow Kon Yeow 4.20

Anwar Ibrahim 4.58

Azalina Othman Said 4.96

Ahmad Maslan 5.34

Syed Saddiq 5.73

Darrel Iking 10.69

Abang Johari Tun Openg 16.22

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00

• Only the top 5 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph. • Out of these 5, Abang Johari Tun Openg received the most mentions by a significant proportion (16.22%), followed by Darrel Iking (10.69%).

Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other Others 16%

GS 1% BN 37%

PH 46%

• When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and merged into their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitions is skewed towards PH (46%). • There was more coverage of PH compared to BN.

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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 3.30

Anuar Tahir 4.50

Anthony Loke 4.73

Chong Sin Woon 10.76

Abang Johari Tun Openg 12.76

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00

• Only the top 5 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph. • Out of these 5, Abang Johari Tun Openg received the most coverage (12.76%), followed by Chong Sin Woon (10.76%).

Figure 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Others 27%

BN 43%

GS 2%

PH 28%

• When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and merged into their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage is skewed towards BN (43%). BN received more coverage than PH.

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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures Attacked Negative Positive 1% 1% 1%

Neutral 97% • Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used the most often (97%), followed by the other categories (1%).

Figure 12.1: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Chew Mei Fun 14.29

Abang Johari Tun Openg 14.29

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 14.29

Anthony Loke 28.57

Husam Musa 28.57

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

• In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Husam Musa and Anthony Loke received the highest negative coverage (28.57%), followed by Abdul Rahman Dahlan, Abang Johari Tun Openg, and Chew Mei Fun (14.29%).

Figure 12.2: Attacked Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Jamal Yunos 25.00

Husam Musa 25.00

Syed Saddiq 25.00

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

• Syed Saddiq, Husam Musa, and Jamal Yunos received equal amounts of Attacked coverage (25%).

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Figure 13.1: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Chew Mei Fun 16.67

Abang Johari Tun Openg 16.67

Azalina Othman Said 16.67

Chong Chieng Jen 16.67

Anwar Ibrahim 16.67

Lim Guan Eng 16.67

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00

• In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, all of the politicians mentioned above received equal amounts of positive coverage (16.67%).

Figure 13.2: Neutral Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Anwar Ibrahim 4.32

Chow Kon Yeow 4.53

Azalina Othman Said 5.14

Syed Saddiq 5.56

Ahmad Maslan 5.76

Darrel Iking 11.52

Abang Johari Tun Openg 16.46

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00

• Abang Johari Tun Openg received the most neutral coverage (16.46%), followed by Darrel Iking (11.52%).

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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Attacked 25.00 Neutral 16.46

Others Negative 0.00 Positive 0.00 Attacked 0.00 Neutral 0.82 GS Negative 0.00 Positive 0.00 Attacked 50.00 Neutral 45.88 PH Negative 40.00 Positive 50.00 Attacked 25.00 Neutral 36.83

BN Negative 60.00 Positive 50.00

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00

Overall, PH and BN received the same amount of positive coverage. PH was attacked the most, while BN received the most negative coverage.

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?

Chong Sin Woon 6.82

Ahmad Zahid Hamidi 6.82

Abang Johari Tun Openg 9.09

Najib Razak 9.09

Hishamuddin Hussein 18.18

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00

• This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. • Hishamuddin Hussein was the politician most likely to engage in attack politics (18.18%), followed by Najib Razak and Abang Johari Tun Openg (9.09%).

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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

Others 39%

BN 54%

GS 0% PH 7%

• This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. • Overall, BN party politicians engaged in attack politics most often (54%), followed by Independent/Others (39%) and PH (7%).

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Section 3: Coverage of Issues 3.1. Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs Non-Policy Issues Figure 17: Coverage of Policy vs Non-Policy Issues Policy Issues 7%

Non-policy Issues 93% Note: Non-policy issues received overwhelmingly more coverage than Policy issues.

Figure 18: Policy Issues Oppressive Religion Vision Legislation 1% 10% 15% Environment National Security 8% 2% Foreign Policy 3%

Education 10%

Economy/Development 51%

Note: Economy/Development issues received the most coverage, followed by Oppressive legislation and Vision/Education.

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Figure 18.1: Breakdown of Vision/Policy/Programme

Other 33%

1Malaysia 67%

Note: 1Malaysia was the only major Vision/Policy/Programme issue covered by Makkal Osai.

Figure 18.2: Breakdown of Economy/Development Issues Other 8% Housing 8%

Infrastructure 1MDB 8% 42%

FTA 8%

Privatisation 8%

Unemployment Recession 9% 9% Note: 1MDB was the most covered topic, followed by Unemployment and Recession.

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Figure 19: Non-Policy Issues Gender Electioneering Mudslinging 0% 3% 0% Ethnicity 26%

Religion 1% Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic1% sectors 2% Territory 67%

Note: Territory was the most covered topic, followed by Ethnicity and Electioneering.

Figure 19.1: Breakdown of Socioeconomic Sectors Cost of living 10%

Rural Aristocracy/Monarchy 10% 30%

Urban 30% Civil service 20%

Note: Aristocracy and Urban sectors were the most covered, followed by Civil service.

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Figure 19.2: Breakdown of Territory Issues

Semenanjung/Sabah/Sarawak 0

Bangsa Johor 0

Sabah Independence 0

Sarawak Independence 1

Terengganu 6

Selangor 51

Sarawak 29

Sabah 7

Penang 14

Perlis 21

Perak 4

Pahang 20

Negeri Sembilan 12

Malacca 30

Kelantan 5

Kedah 15

Johor 26

Putrajaya 21

Labuan 8

Kuala Lumpur 96

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Note: Kuala Lumpur was the most covered territory, followed by Selangor and Malacca. Sabah/Sarawak independence.

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