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©Copyright 2019 Angela R. Fernandez “Wherever I Go, I Have It Inside of Me”: Indigenous Cultural Dance as a Transformative Place of Health and Prevention for Members of an Urban Danza Mexica Community Angela R. Fernandez A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2019 Reading Committee: Tessa Evans-Campbell, Chair Karina Walters, Chair Ramona Beltran Susan Kemp Program Authorized to Offer Degree: School of Social Work University of Washington Abstract “Wherever I Go, I Have It Inside of Me”: Indigenous Cultural Dance as a Transformative Place of Health and Prevention for Members of an Urban Danza Mexica Community Angela R. Fernandez Chairs of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Karina L. Walters, PhD Associate Professor Tessa Evans-Campbell, PhD School of Social Work Background and Purpose: In 2012 the U.S. Census Bureau used “Mexican American Indian” (MAI) as a new category to describe people with ancestry from Indigenous groups of Mexico. This census category comprises the fourth largest Indigenous population group in the United States and encompasses a vastly diverse, complex, and intersectional population, for which there is little empirical health research. Many Indigenous scholars and community members cite involvement in place- and settings-based cultural and spiritual practices as potentially protective in reducing health risks and promoting well-being. The aim of this study is to understand the role of participation in cultural dance as a potential protective place for reducing alcohol and other drug abuse (AOD) and HIV risk, and for promoting overall health among a sample of people from an Urban Danza Mexica Community (UDMC). Narrative, as storytelling, is a powerful medium of communication with the potential to uncover important risk and protective factors among Indigenous communities globally. Methods: This study is a secondary data analysis (n = 12; 9 included in the final analysis) of a larger qualitative AOD and HIV prevention study with UDMC in the Pacific Northwest (n = 21). The larger pilot study uses a community based participatory research approach to assess AOD, HIV and overall health needs through in-depth interviews. This secondary analysis introduces the decolonizing narratives of health (DNOH) model, developed by the author as an innovative, relational, analytic framework that places Indigenous stories in relationship to their context across 3 distinct yet interconnected levels—the personal, the communal, and Indigeneity in the larger world. These levels of narrative analysis function as culturally grounded, relational pathways through which to articulate health prevention and promotion methods. The sample of 9 participants identified ancestry among 4 Indigenous groups from across Mexico. Their ages were evenly distributed across younger and older adult cohorts (18+) with education levels from 0-8th grade, to graduate/professional degrees. Five participants self-identified as cisgender female, and 4 as cisgender male. Among the 9, one participant identified as cisgender two-spirit. Results: The DNOH model’s narratives delve into the complex and nuanced relationships within participants’ internal worlds (personal), between themselves and their danza community (communal), and between themselves and their overall Indigenous identity within society (Indigeneity). Participants use narrative as a mechanism for resistance to colonial assaults and transmission of ancestral teachings about health and prevention. While marginalization of their intersectional identities is an ongoing challenge, participants within the danza circle use narratives to create spaces wherein they navigate complex conversations that resist oppression, reconnect with and strengthen their Indigenous identities, and strive toward ancestral visions of health and well-being. Conclusion and Implications: This study contributes to Indigenized theoretical and methodological expansion, and to the development of place/settings-based, narrative cultural health interventions aimed at decreasing health risks and promoting wellness among populations similar to UDMC. Identifying protective places and spaces that foster distinct pathways for decolonizing narratives helps increase understanding of its role in preventing health risk behaviors and promoting overall health and well-being among Indigenous Peoples. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ..................................................................................................................................... vi Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 10 Chapter 2: History & Genealogy Literature Review ................................................................... 29 Chapter 3: Place, Culture, and Dance in Health Research Literature Review ............................. 53 Chapter 4: Theory ........................................................................................................................ 78 Chapter 5: Methods ...................................................................................................................... 97 Chapter 6: Results ...................................................................................................................... 130 Chapter 7: Implications & Future Directions ............................................................................. 165 References .................................................................................................................................. 178 Appendix A: Voice Poems ......................................................................................................... 204 Appendix B: Interview Guides ................................................................................................. 210 Appendix C: Demographic Forms ............................................................................................. 217 Vita ............................................................................................................................................. 221 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure Number Page 3.1 Literature Selection Process. 62 4.1 Conceptual Model of Historical Trauma. 81 4.2 Ecosocial Theory and Embodying Inequality: Core Constructs. 83 4.3 Indigenist Stress-Coping Model. 85 4.4 Narrative Model of How Historical Trauma Impacts Health. 87 4.5 Danza as Place. 90 4.6 NIMHD Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Framework. 95 5.1 Decolonizing Narratives of Health Analytic Framework. 107 5.2 Qual-qual Mixed Method Design. 111 5.3 Methodological Integrity: Integrity Within Qualitative Research. 120 5.4. Methodological Integrity: Dissertation Study. 121 6.1 Decolonizing Narratives of Health Analytic Framework: Participant Narratives. 134 6.2 Adapted NIMHD Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Framework. 163 ii LIST OF TABLES Table Number Page 5.1 Demographics Table of Dissertation Sample. 129 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank each of the participants in this study, who bravely and generously shared their powerful stories with us, and whose wisdom will remain with me throughout my lifetime. I would also like to thank the Danza Mexica community, which inspires me with its resistance, resilience, and hope. I am deeply grateful for the support of my dissertation cochairs Dr. Karina Walters and Dr. Tessa Evans-Campbell for their guidance, love, and advocacy beyond the doctoral dissertation in a multitude of ways, for a multitude of years. I would also like to express deep gratitude to my dissertation committee members Dr. Susan Kemp, Dr. Ramona Beltran, and Dr. Lynne Manzo for their support and encouragement throughout this doctoral journey. I give special thanks to Dr. Ramona Beltran, whose support as the Principal Investigator of the dissertation parent study has helped deepen my understanding and growth in working with the Danza Mexica community. I would also like to give special thanks to my mentors Dr. Michael Spencer, Dr. Nancy Hooyman, Dr. Chanira Reang Sperry, and Dr. Jordan Lewis, who have gone above and beyond to support me through the twists and turns of this journey and have cheered me on to believe in myself. My journey was greatly enriched by the ongoing support and encouragement of my doctoral colleagues Katie Schultz, Jessica Elm, Ciwang Teyra, Sharon Borja, Matt Ignacio, Jessica Ullrich, Em Loerzel, Miriam Valdovinos, Araceli Orozco-Hershey, Jessica Ramirez, Kristin McCowan, and my cohort members Bianca Altamirano (mil gracias), Tiffany Jones, Claire Willey Sthapit, Sarah Jen, Anita Rocha, and Chris Cambron, among many more. I would like to thank the Indigenous Wellness Research Institute staff, faculty, and students, who have created a sense of home and family that embraced me in the MSW program, the doctoral program, and in