LNGT0101 Announcements

Introduction to Linguistics  Screening of The Writing Code next week. I’ll send a Doodle poll.

 Midterm is now posted. It’s due Monday Nov 3rd by 5pm.

 If you have not turned in HW3, you have to Lecture #14 turn it in by midnight. I plan to post suggested Oct 27th, 2014 solutions for HW3 tomorrow morning. 2

Today’s agenda Transcription

.  Phonetic transcription is a representation of the pronunciation of a word using IPA symbols. It is typically given between [ ].  Coarticulation processes.  Transcription could be broad, in which case a minimal amount of phonetic detail is given, or  Talk about prosodic features: narrow, in which case more detailed phonetic structure and phonotactics. differences are provided (e.g., aspiration of voiceless stops and nasalization of ).  The difference is illustrated on the next slide.

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Broad vs. Narrow Phonetic Transcription Transcribing sentences

Word Broad Narrow Transcription Transcription Broad: ?[ɹenɪŋ][ɹeɪnɪŋ̃ ] [nom tʃamski ɪz e lɪŋgwɪst hu titʃɪz æt ɛm aɪ ti] ?[lɛktʃəɹ] or [lɛkʃəɹ][lɛktʃəɹ] or [lɛkʃəɹ]

?[saʊndz] [saʊ̃ndz] Narrow:

?[fənɛtɪks] [fənɛtɪks] [nõm tʃɑ̃mski ɪz ə lɪŋ̃ gwɪst hu tʰitʃɪz ət ɛm̃ aɪ tʰi]

?[tʌŋɡ][tʰʌŋɡ̃ ]

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1 How to type transcriptions in IPA Notes on phonetic symbols

 Link to an interactive chart to insert IPA  A couple of things to note about the difference symbols. between the IPA chart and your textbook.  First, the IPA symbol for ‘r’ is [ɹ], but your book uses regular [r] (which is the  This is quite useful for phonetic transcription symbol for the trill in the IPA). exercises.  Second, the book uses [a] for the low back in words like ‘hot,’ while the symbol for this sound on the IPA chart is [ɑ]. (The IPA [a] is actually the British sound in ‘fast’.)  Whatever system you use, be consistent!

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Transcription exercise

 In groups of 3, work on the transcription exercises on the handout.

Speech production and coarticulation

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Speech production and coarticulation Assimilation

 So far, we described sounds as if they are  Assimilation is an articulatory process articulated in isolation. Of course, this is not the case in connected speech. Sounds are whereby a sound is made “similar” to a typically produced while more than one neighboring sound in one of the three articulator is active. categories of consonant articulation: manner,  As a result of this coarticulation, sounds may place, or voicing. get to affect neighboring sounds in speech (as we’ve seen in nasalization for example).  These are called articulatory processes. We discuss a few today.

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2 Assimilation in manner of articulation Assimilation in place of articulation

 Vowel nasalization in English is an instance of  Nasal consonants typically assimilate to the regressive assimilation in manner: place of articulation of the following sound. can’t [khæ)nt] From English:  Assimilation can also be progressive, as in [ɪn] + possible  impossible [mp] Scots Gaelic: [ɪn] + tangible  intangible [nt] [nẽːl] “cloud” [ɪn] + complete  incomplete [ŋk] [mũ):] “about”  Question: Is this a case of regressive or progressive assimilation?

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Assimilation in voicing Revisiting English plural allomorphy

 While liquids and glides are voiced sounds, when  Can you now explain why the plural -s preceded by a voiceless stop, they get “devoiced.” morpheme is pronounced differently in these We indicate that by a [ • ] below the devoiced liquid or the glide. Examples: three groups of nouns? place [pl̥ eɪs] - cats; lamps; sacks quick [kw̥ ɪk] - cads; suns; dogs trim [tɹ̥ ɪm] - kisses; buzzes; brushes; garages; batches;  Similarly, voiceless sounds may become voiced in the judges neighborhood of voiced sounds, e.g., Dutch af [Af] (=“over”) is pronounced with a [] in the words afbellen (=cancel) and afdekken (=cover). 15

Revisiting English plural allomorphy Dissimilation

 Can you now explain why the plural -s

morpheme is pronounced differently in these  Dissimilation is an articulatory process three groups of nouns? whereby two sounds are made less similar. - cats [kæts]; lamps [læmps]; sacks [sæks] From English: - cads [kædz]; suns [sʌnz]; dogs [dɑɡz] fifths - kiss [kɪsəz]; buzzes [bʌzəz]; [fIfθs]  [fIfts] brush [bɹʌʃəz]; garages [ɡəɹɑʒəz]; batches [bætʃəz]; judges [dʒʌdʒəz].

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3 Deletion

 Deletion is a process which removes a sound  Epenthesis is a process that inserts a sound. From from certain phonetic contexts. From English: English: something [s mθıŋ]  [s mpθıŋ] suppose [səˈphoʊz]  [spoʊz] √ √ length [lEŋθ]  [lEŋkθ]  Deletion may also occur as an alternative to  In Turkish, a sequence of two initial consonants is not dissimilation for some speakers in words like allowed. As a result, a vowel is epenthesized to break fifths: the : fifths [fıfθs]  [fıfs] “train,” which is borrowed from English, is pronounced as [tiren]

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Metathesis Vowel reduction

 In many , vowels in unstressed undergo reduction, typically  Metathesis is a process that changes the order appearing instead as the weak vowel [ ]: of sounds. Children learning English will ´ Canada [ˈkhæn d ] typically produce metathesis forms, e.g., ) ´ ´ h spaghetti is typically pronounced as pesghatti Canadian [k ´ˈneɪdɪ´n] [pəskERi].  This is typical of function words in English, e.g., - Prepositions of [әv] and from [fɹәm] - Auxiliaries like can [kәn] as in [aɪ kәn ɡo]

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More than one process?

 Now, let’s look at these German data: Careful speech Informal speech laden [la:dən]  [la:dn] “to load” loben [lo:bən]  [lo:bm] “to praise” Syllables backen [bakən]  [bakŋ] “to bake”

 What’s going on here?

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4 Syllable structure Syllable structure

 Native speakers’ knowledge of syllable structure  Sounds combine to form larger units called syllables. is manifest in several ways:  A syllable must contain a nucleus (typically a vowel)  They can count the number of syllables in a word. and may also contain consonants before or/and after the nucleus.  They know where to draw syllable boundaries.  The consonants before the nucleus vowel are called  They rely on syllabification in rhyming and in the onset of the syllable, whereas the consonants after games like Pig Latin. the vowel are referred to as the coda of the syllable.  And as we will see in , they internalize The nucleus and coda are also assumed to form one phonological rules that do make reference to the unit called the rhyme. unit ‘syllable.’

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Syllable structure Syllable structure

 For example, a word such as strange [st ] has [ ] as  We can represent syllable structure as in the ɹeɪndʒ eɪ nucleus, [stɹ] as onset, and [ndʒ] as coda. We can following diagram, where σ = syllable: represent this syllable type as CCCVCC, and hierarchically as below: σ σ wo wo Onset Rhyme Onset Rhyme [stɹ] wo wo Nucleus Coda [e ][] Nucleus Coda ɪ ndʒ Note: count as one V slot, and count as one C slot.

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Examples of syllable structures in English Syllable structure

-[ɹeɪ.nɪŋ̃ ]  English is rather unusual in allowing a large CV.CVC number of syllable structures. Compare with -[saʊ̃ndz] other languages (N for ‘a nasal C’): CVCCC Hebrew Japanese Hawaiian Indonesian -[fə.nɛ.tɪks] CV V V V CV.CV.CVCC CVC CV CV VC CVCC CVN CV  Notice that we mark a syllable boundary with a dot. CVC

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5 Syllable structure Phonotactics

 All languages have syllables. The shapes of these  When languages allow consonant clusters in onset syllables are governed by various constraints. Some universal tendencies are observable though. For and coda positions, there are typically constraints on example, the kind of consonants that occur in these clusters. (a) Syllable nuclei usually consist of one vowel. We call such sequential constraints on the occurrence (b) Syllables usually begin with onsets. of consonants phonotactics.

(c) Syllables often end with codas.  Languages differ in what is regarded as a permissible (d) Onsets and codas usually consist of one combination of consonants in each. English, for consonant. example, does not allow words to start with [N],  Given these tendencies, the most common syllable structure in human languages is CV and CVC. whereas Vietnamese does.

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Phonotactics Phonotactics

 English may have up to three consonants in onset  Another example of phonotactic constraints in position (as in [spreɪ]), but Arabic does not allow English is the impossibility of words like [btol], that. where two stops occur initially.  In fact, in English, there is a further restriction in the  English also does not allow two long vowels in a row. case of a CCC-onset that the first C has to be [s], the [miun] is bad. second has to be a voiceless stop (i.e. [p], [t], or [k]),  Knowledge of phonotactics is part of your and the third has to be a liquid or a glide (i.e. [l], [r], subconscious knowledge of your native . [j], or [w]).  This knowledge allows native speakers to distinguish  Compare that with Russian onsets in the following between what is a possible word in their language and words: what is an impossible word. [fslux] “aloud” [mgla] “fog”  This phonotactic knowledge is also the reason why native speakers syllabify words correctly.

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Syllabic Consonants Next class agenda

 In English, nasals and liquids can function as  We do phonology. Read Chapter 6, pp. 224- syllable nuclei when they occur in an 235 and 241-252, and the section on unstressed syllable at the end of a word after phonological analysis on pp. 260-264. any consonant. In narrow phonetic transcription, syllabic consonants are marked by an under-stroke [ ̩ ]. Examples:

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