Sage Dictionary of Criminology

THE SAGE DICTIONARY OF CRIMINOLOGY THE SAGE DICTIONARY OF CRIMINOLOGY Compiled and edited by Eugene McLaughlin and John Muncie SAGE Publications London · Thousand Oaks · New Delhi Ø The editors and contributors 2001 First published 2001 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd 32, M-Block Market Greater Kailash ± I New Delhi 110 048 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7619 5907 6 ISBN 0 7619 5908 4 (pbk) Library of Congress control number available Typeset by Mayhew Typesetting, Rhayader, Powys Printed in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press Ltd, Trowbridge, Wiltshire CONTENTS List of Contributors vii Preface ix Editors' Introduction xi The Sage Dictionary of Criminology 1 Subject Index 324 Name Index 331 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS EDITORS Geertrui Cazaux, University of Southern Maine, USA Kathryn Chadwick, Edge Hill University Eugene McLaughlin, The Open University, College, Ormskirk, UK UK John Clarke, The Open University, UK John Muncie, The Open University, UK Roy Coleman, Liverpool John Moores Uni- versity, UK Iain Crow, University of Shef®eld, UK ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Kathleen Daly, Grif®th University, Brisbane, Australia Julia Davidson, Westminster University, UK Pauline Hetherington, The Open University, Anna Duncan, Victoria University, Welling- UK ton, New Zealand Sue Lacey, The Open University, UK Paul Ekblom, Home Of®ce, UK Clive Emsley, The Open University, UK Jeff Ferrell, Northern Arizona University, INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD USA Loraine Gelsthorpe, University of Cambridge, UK Pat Carlen, University of Bath, UK Peter Gill, Liverpool John Moores University, Stuart Henry, Wayne State University, Michi- UK gan, USA David Greenberg, New York University, USA Tony Jefferson, University of Keele, UK Nic Groombridge, St Mary's College, London, Victor Jupp, University of Northumbria, UK UK Pat O'Malley, La Trobe University, Mel- Willem de Haan, University of Groningen, bourne, Australia The Netherlands Joe Sim, Liverpool John Moores University, Keith Hayward, University of East London, UK UK Elizabeth Stanko, Royal Holloway, University Frances Heidensohn, Goldsmiths College, of London, UK University of London, UK ReneÂ van Swaaningen, Erasmus University Stuart Henry, Wayne State University, Michi- Rotterdam, The Netherlands gan, USA Paddy Hillyard, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Northern Ireland AUTHORS Clive Hollin, University of Leicester, UK Barbara Hudson, University of Central Lanca- Robert Agnew, Emory University, Atlanta, shire, UK USA Gordon Hughes, The Open University, UK Bruce Arrigo, School of Professional Psychol- Ruth Jamieson, Keele University, UK ogy, Fresno, California, USA Tony Jefferson, Keele University, UK Gregg Barak, Eastern Michigan University, Victor Jupp, University of Northumbria, UK USA Roger Kern, Eastern Michigan University, Piers Beirne, University of Southern Maine, USA USA Maggy Lee, Essex University, UK Ben Bowling, University of London, UK Eugene McLaughlin, The Open University, Trevor Bradley, Victoria University, Well- UK ington, New Zealand Dragan Milovanovic, Northeastern Illinois Eamonn Carrabine, Essex University, UK University, USA viii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Wayne Morrison, Queen Mary and West®eld ReneÂ van Swaaningen, Erasmus University College, University of London, UK Rotterdam, The Netherlands John Muncie, The Open University, UK Mark Thornton, Victoria University, Well- Karim Murji, The Open University, UK ington, New Zealand Pat O'Malley, La Trobe University, Mel- Steve Tombs, Liverpool John Moores Univer- bourne, Australia sity, UK Ken Pease, University of Hudders®eld, UK Tonia Tzannetakis, University of Athens, Hal Pepinsky, Indiana University, USA Greece Mike Presdee, University of Sunderland, UK Claire Valier, Lancaster University, UK Jill Radford, University of Teesside, UK Sandra Walklate, Manchester Metropolitan Joseph Rankin, Eastern Michigan University, University, UK USA Reece Walters, Victoria University, Welling- Roger Sapsford, University of Teesside, UK ton, New Zealand Esther Saraga, The Open University, UK Louise Westmarland, Scarman Centre, Uni- Phil Scraton, Edge Hill University College, versity of Leicester, UK Ormskirk, UK Nicole Westmarland, University of Stirling, James Sheptycki, University of Durham, UK UK Joe Sim, Liverpool John Moores University, Dick Whit®eld, Probation Of®ce, Kent, UK UK Dave Whyte, Liverpool John Moores Univer- Richard Sparks, Keele University, UK sity, UK Elizabeth Stanko, Royal Holloway, University David Wilson, University of Central England, of London, UK Birmingham, UK Colin Sumner, University of East London, UK Anne Worrall, Keele University, UK Maggie Sumner, Westminster University, Jock Young, Middlesex University, UK London, UK PREFACE The compilation of the dictionary has been a USA, Australia and New Zealand, never before truly collective endeavour and could not have has the work of so many criminologists ± often been developed without the generous help, with widely differing perspectives ± been support and suggestions of many different brought together in a single endeavour. We are people. From the outset the editors have been indebted to them all. supported by an international advisory board A work of this nature has also been a with representatives from the USA, Australia necessarily lengthy and complex exercise in and the Netherlands as well as the UK. They collaboration, collation, formatting, timeta- provided invaluable advice in drawing up an bling and processing. Without the formidable initial list of key terms which had international administrative and secretarial skills of Sue and universal signi®cance and furnished the Lacey and Pauline Hetherington of the Social editors with the names of specialist academics Policy Department at the Open University it world-wide. As a result the dictionary has been would not have been possible at all. Last but immeasurably enhanced by contributions from not least we express sincere thanks to Gillian criminological researchers and authors, of Stern and Miranda Nunhofer and the team at whom many are the leading scholars in their Sage for their invaluable support, assistance ®eld. With more than 250 entries written by and care for this project. 69 academics and practitioners from Europe, EDITORS' INTRODUCTION The Sage Dictionary of Criminology explores the re¯ecting the ®eld of criminology in its diverse categories of thought, methods and practices and expansive dimensions. Though they that are central to contemporary criminologi- appear in alphabetical order, the choice of cal study. Unlike many other dictionaries or entries has been guided by four organizing encyclopaedias in this area, its starting point is principles. Each entry concerns one of the not to elucidate particular legal powers or following: criminal justice procedures but to unravel issues of theoretical and conceptual complex- · a major theoretical position; ity. · a key theoretical concept; The dictionary was constructed on the · a central criminological method; or principle that criminology is a contested inter- · a core criminal justice philosophy or disciplinary discourse marked by constant practice. incursion, interactions, translations and trans- gressions. Competing theoretical perspectives Each entry is central to the ®eld, standing meet and sometimes they are able to speak to, either as an intellectual benchmark, or as an listen to and understand each other, at others emergent thematic in the shifting and expand- they appear not to share any common dis- ing ®eld of criminological studies. As a result, course. There is, therefore, no one de®nition of the dictionary provides a comprehensive criminology to be found in this dictionary but introduction to criminological theory, its a multitude of noisy argumentative crimin- diverse frames of reference and its expansive ological perspectives which in themselves modes of analysis. often depend and draw upon knowledges Throughout, the dictionary aims to be fully and concerns generated from elsewhere. As a international and deliberately avoids legal result, the dictionary deliberately includes terms and cases which are speci®c to par- pieces that depart from traditional agendas, ticular criminal justice jurisdictions. For the transgress conventional boundaries and sug- same reason it also deliberately avoids legally gest new points of formation and avenues for de®ned acts of crime ± such as theft, burglary, cross-discipline development. Many of the murder and so on ± but does include those entries will be of vital importance in under- `crimes' which are either emergent ± such as standing criminology in terms of what it is cybercrime and animal abuse ± or those with a discursively struggling to become. A canonical wider theoretical resonance ± such as corpo- closure or discursive uni®cation of crimino- rate crime, serial killing,

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