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Where Is the Trust? – Conflict and Trust Assessment Between Large-Group Conflict Parties for 3Rd Parties Conflict Intervention

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Where Is the Trust? – Conflict and Trust Assessment Between Large-Group Conflict Parties for 3Rd Parties Conflict Intervention Where is the Trust? – Conflict and Trust Assessment between Large-Group Conflict Parties for 3rd Parties Conflict Intervention Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktorgrades an der Fakultät für Erziehungswissenschaft, Psychologie und Bewegungswissenschaft – Fachbereich Psychologie – der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Mariska Kappmeier Hamburg, 2012 Tag der Disputation: 10. Juli 2012 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Alexander Redlich Zweitgutachter: Jay Rothman, Ph.D.- Disputationsgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Eva Arnold Disputationsgutachter: Prof. Dr. Matthias Burrisch Vorsitzende des Promotionsprüfungsausschusses: Prof. Dr. Martin Spieß 2 Widmung für meine Mutter – Du bist immer ein Teil von mir 3 Acknowledgments “It takes a village to raise a child” At the end of the long path of my dissertation, this African saying comes to my mind. However, in my case it is not a child but a Ph.D. I would have not been able to succeed in conducting and writing my dissertation without the tremendous support from a great circle of friends and fellow scholars – amounting to my personal village of supporters. First of all, I want express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Alexander Redlich – thank you Alex for believing from the first time I set foot into your office in my project in spite of its magnitude. Thank you for your stimulating ideas and conversations, your responsiveness and your valuable insights. Thank you also for exposing me for ongoing opportunities and actively being involved to make them happen, such as ripping off last minute research proposals with frantic forward and backwards emailing . In this line of thinking, I also thank my second advisor Jay Rothman, thank you for your engaging discussion and sharing you widespread network with me for my first interview study. Working on the ground in a foreign country is not possible without the outstanding support from a local team– I want to thank Svetlana Haraz for her tremendous impact and effort to coordinate my study in Moldova. Thanks to her endless efforts, insight and persistence I was able to reach such a huge and even distributed pool of participants on both banks of the Dniester. In this manner, I also want to thank my translators Daniela Haraz, Katja Bedicov and Mirabela Osadci for giving me a voice through their translation efforts. I also wish to thank Rebecca Chamberlain and Denis Matveev for their help before I set first foot in Moldova. Thank you both for connecting me and for being such an endless source of knowledge for the Moldovan-Transdniestrian relations. After gathering the data in the region, the hard work only got started. In this matter, I want to thank Anne Wirth, Bimini Carter and Caroline Hartman for their support in the data preparation. Thank you for your patience, effort and inspiring discussions, during the long and tedious endeavor creating the coding schemes. Very special thanks goes to my writing buddies Joanna DeDas, Franny Sullivan and Arthi Devarajan for all your moral support on the final stretch of the dissertation. You kept me sane over the past nine months. Thank you all for your cheery good humor during our 4 long hours together in the library and of course for the countless proof reading efforts and support to find the right English terminology for my huge cumbersome German terms. Similarly, I would like to thank Janice Adelman and Matthew Jarman, my online writing buddies in California. Thank you for your bi-weekly commitment for joint objective setting and your availability to me when I ask countless methodological and internal logic questions. Thank you also to Aurore Chow, who helped as well with proofreading. I really want to thank my host Department of Conflict Resolution, namely Eben Weitzman, Darren Kew, Rezarta Bilali, Robert Weiner, David Matz and Roni Lipton. Thank you all for extending your knowledge to me, giving me advice and the opportunity to practice and present my research. All your feedback including conceptual methodological and content- based insights, as well as hands on advice on how to overcome the writing block, was incredibly helpful. And of course I thank all the participants in my two studies who took the time and meet with me to share their insights and perceptions regarding trust in large-group conflicts. I hope that the findings of my dissertation give justice to their insight and personal story. I also thank the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) for funding this project. I wouldn’t be today where I am if it hadn’t been for my family, who accompanied me longer than just on the path of the Ph.D. Thank you for your support, to my dad and my sister for always believing in me. And my very special thanks goes to my partner Neil Fernandes: For your ongoing belief in my work, that came with a price on the two of us, never doubting my capability to pull it off and supporting me morally throughout the path of the dissertation as well as with countless delicious meals so my brain can keep functioning. I would not have been able to create this dissertation without any of you! Thank you again for the accompaniment on the long path we traveled! 5 Table of Contents Summary ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 1. Theory: No Peace without Trust ................................................................................................... 11 1.1. Conflict: General and Large-Group Specific ........................................................................ 12 1.2. No Peace Without Trust ............................................................................................................... 16 1.2.1. Definition of Trust ..............................................................................................................19 1.2.2. Trust Construct....................................................................................................................20 1.2.3. Trust Conditions and the Assumed Interplay Between Trust Conditions and Trust ....................................................................................................................................................23 1.2.4. Summary of Trust...............................................................................................................25 1.3. Conflict Assessment and Conflict Assessment Tools ......................................................... 26 1.4. Third party Intervention in Large Group Conflicts .......................................................... 31 1.5. Summary: No Peace Without Trust ........................................................................................ 34 2. Research Objectives, Design and Dissertation Outline ...................................................... 36 2.1. Research Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 36 2.1.1. Conceptual Research Objective ....................................................................................37 2.1.2. Applied Research Objectives: Development of a Trust-Sensitive Conflict Assessment Framework .......................................................................................................................37 2.2. Preoperational Overview on the Research Design ........................................................... 39 2.3. Dissertation Outline ....................................................................................................................... 40 3. Instrument Development Conflict & Trust Map Interview & Trust Map Questionnaire ......................................................................................................................................... 43 3.1. Literature review ............................................................................................................................ 43 3.1.1. Conditions of Trust Inventory (Butler, 1991) .........................................................44 3.1.2. Trust Index (Emergency Capacity Building Project, 2007) ..............................45 3.1.3. Comparison of the CTI (Butler, 1991) and Trust Index (ECBP, 2007) .........47 3.2. Pre-Study: Expert Observation on Conditions That Foster Trust in Conflict Settings ................................................................................................................................................ 49 3.2.1. Method ....................................................................................................................................49 3.2.2. Results .....................................................................................................................................50 3.3. Trust Conditions of the Trust Map Questionnaire (TMQ) ............................................. 52 3.3.1. Structure of the Trust Map Questionnaire (TMQ) ................................................54 3.4. Conflict & Trust Map Interview (CTMI)................................................................................. 55 3.5. Summary: Instrument Development Conflict & Trust Map Interview & Trust Map Questionnaire ................................................................................................................................... 57 4. Background: Transdniestrian Conflict ....................................................................................... 58 4.1. Synopsis: the Moldova – Transdniestria conflict
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