DOCSLIB.ORG

Laboratory Standards

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Laboratory Standards LABORATORY STANDARDS GUFOR PRIMARIDELIY HEalth CARE CLINICSN IN IERAQ DISCLAIMER This guideline has made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) under Primary Health Care Project in Iraq (PHCPI) implemented by University Research Co,. LLC. This guideline has been developed in Iraq in close collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MoH) in 2013 Table of contents Table of contents ....................................................................................................................... 1 Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 9 2. Setting up a primary health care laboratory………………………………………..10 3. Safety in the Laboratory ...................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Physical Hazards ............................................................................................................12 3.2 Chemical Hazards ...........................................................................................................13 3.3 Biological Hazards .........................................................................................................14 3.4 Safety Measures ..............................................................................................................15 3.5 Cleaning, disinfection, sterilization and disposal of biohazard waste. ...........................19 3.6 Disposalof BiohazardWaste ...........................................................................................22 4. Hematology ......................................................................................................................... 26 4.1Collection & Handling of blood ......................................................................................26 4.2Part One: Automated Blood Count Techniques ..............................................................29 4.2.1 Hemoglobin Concentration ....................................................................... 30 4.2.2 Red Blood Cell Count ............................................................................... 30 4.2.3 Counting Systems ..................................................................................... 30 4.2.4 Reliability of Electronic Counters .............................................................. 32 4.2.6 Packed Cell Volume and Mean Cell Volume ............................................ 35 4.2.7 Variationin Red Cell Volumes: .................................................................. 36 4.2.8 Total White Blood Cell Count .................................................................... 37 4.2.9 AutomatedDifferential Count ..................................................................... 37 4.2.10 New White Cell Parameters .................................................................... 39 4.2.11 Platelet Count ......................................................................................... 39 4.2.12 Mean Platelet Volume ............................................................................. 40 4.2.13 Reticulocytes Count ................................................................................ 41 4.2.14 Immature Reticulocyte Fraction .............................................................. 41 4.2.15 Calibrationof Automated Blood Cell Counters ........................................ 42 4.2.16 Flagging of Automated Blood Counts ..................................................... 43 4.3 Part Two: Manual Techniques ........................................................................................44 4.3.1 Haemoglobin Estimation ........................................................................... 44 4.3.2 Packed Cell Volumeor Haematocrit .......................................................... 49 4.3.3 Total White Blood Cell Count .................................................................. 522 4.3.4 PlateletCount .......................................................................................... 566 4.3.5 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate ............................................................... 60 1 | Page PHCPI Laboratory Standards Guideline 4.3.6 ReticulocyteCount ................................................................................... 644 4.3.7 Preparation of blood films ....................................................................... 677 4.3.8. Antiglobulin or Coombs' Test ................................................................. 700 4.3.9. ABO & Rh Group ................................................................................... 722 5. Serology ………………………………………………………………………………...74 5.1Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) TEST ...............................................................................744 5.2 TPHA(Treponema pallidum Haemagglutination Assay ) TEST ..................................777 5.3Widal Test ((agglutination test))....................................................................................800 5.4Rose Bengal Test for Brucellosis ..................................................................................844 5.5C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Test ......................................................................................877 5.6ASO latex slide agglutination test ...................................................................................89 5.7 Rheumatoid Factor (RF) ...............................................................................................900 5.7 Toxoplasmosis Test ......................................................................................................... 933 5.8Infectious Mononucleosis test .......................................................................................977 5.9 Rota Virus Latex Test .....................................................................................................99 5.10Pregnancy Test ..........................................................................................................1000 5.10.1 Rapid test for detection of human Chorionic Gonadotrophin in Urine . 1000 5.10.2 Direct hCG Latex Pregnancy Kit ...........................................................................1011 6. Bacteriology .................................................................................................................... 1033 6.1General urine examination ..........................................................................................1033 6.1.1 Macroscopical Examination of Urine ................................................... 1055 Bilirubin Test .................................................................................................................. 10909 Bence - Jones protein Test.........................................................................................…...109 Specific gravity test ........................................................................................................10910 6.1.2 Microscopical Examination of Urine ...................................................... 1144 6.2 General Stool Examination .........................................................................................1266 6.2.1Macroscopical examination .................................................................... 1277 6.2.2 Microscopic Examination ...................................................................... 1300 6.3Urine Culture ...............................................................................................................1344 6.4Throat Swab.................................................................................................................1465 6.5 Nasal Swab .................................................................................................................1555 6.6. SMART Tests ............................................................................................................1600 6.6.1 Helicobacter pylori Serum/Whole Blood ............................................... 1600 6.6.2Salmonella TyphiAntigen………………………………………………………..1633 2 | Page PHCPI Laboratory Standards Guideline 6.6.3 Vibrio CholeraeRapid Visual Antigen Detection Test ............................ 1666 6.7Preparation of CultureMedia .......................................................................................1722 6.7.1 Blood agar: Tryptic Soya Agar(TSA) with 5% sheep blood .................. 1733 6.7.2 Chocolate agar with TSA base and growth supplement ....................... 1744 6.7.3 MacConkey agar (MAC) ....................................................................... 1755 6.7.4 Mueller-Hinton agar .............................................................................. 1766 6.7.5 Cary-Blair medium, Amies medium, and Stuarts medium .................... 1777 6.8 Staining of bacteriological smears ..............................................................................1777 6.8.1 Gram’s Stain ......................................................................................... 1777 6.8.2 Ziehl-Neelsen’s stain (for acid fast bacilli) ............................................. 1788 7 Parasitology ...................................................................................................................... 1800 7.1 Malaria parasite diagnosis ....................................................................................1800
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Practice of Gastrointestinal Motility Laboratory During COVID-19 Pandemic
    J Neurogastroenterol Motil, Vol. 26 No. 3 July, 2020 pISSN: 2093-0879 eISSN: 2093-0887 https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm20107 JNM Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility Review The Practice of Gastrointestinal Motility Laboratory During COVID-19 Pandemic: Position Statements of the Asian Neurogastroenterology and Motility Association (ANMA-GML-COVID-19 Position Statements) Kewin T H Siah,1,2* M Masudur Rahman,3 Andrew M L Ong,4,5 Alex Y S Soh,1,2 Yeong Yeh Lee,6,7 Yinglian Xiao,8 Sanjeev Sachdeva,9 Kee Wook Jung,10 Yen-Po Wang,11 Tadayuki Oshima,12 Tanisa Patcharatrakul,13,14 Ping-Huei Tseng,15 Omesh Goyal,16 Junxiong Pang,17 Christopher K C Lai,18 Jung Ho Park,19 Sanjiv Mahadeva,20 Yu Kyung Cho,21 Justin C Y Wu,22 Uday C Ghoshal,23 and Hiroto Miwa12 1Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, The National University of Singapore, Singapore; 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore; 3Department of Gastroenterology, Sheikh Russel National Gastroliver Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; 5Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; 6School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia; 7St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, Australia; 8Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; 9Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India;
    [Show full text]
  • General Chemistry Laboratory I Manual
    GENERAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY I MANUAL Fall Semester Contents Laboratory Equipments .............................................................................................................................. i Experiment 1 Measurements and Density .............................................................................................. 10 Experiment 2 The Stoichiometry of a Reaction ..................................................................................... 31 Experiment 3 Titration of Acids and Bases ............................................................................................ 10 Experiment 4 Oxidation – Reduction Titration ..................................................................................... 49 Experiment 5 Quantitative Analysis Based on Gas Properties ............................................................ 57 Experiment 6 Thermochemistry: The Heat of Reaction ....................................................................... 67 Experiment 7 Group I: The Soluble Group ........................................................................................... 79 Experiment 8 Gravimetric Analysis ........................................................................................................ 84 Scores of the General Chemistry Laboratory I Experiments ............................................................... 93 LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS BEAKER (BEHER) Beakers are containers which can be used for carrying out reactions, heating solutions, and for water baths. They are for
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Equipment Reference Sheet
    Laboratory Equipment Stirring Rod: Reference Sheet: Iron Ring: Description: Glass rod. Uses: To stir combinations; To use in pouring liquids. Evaporating Dish: Description: Iron ring with a screw fastener; Several Sizes Uses: To fasten to the ring stand as a support for an apparatus Description: Porcelain dish. Buret Clamp/Test Tube Clamp: Uses: As a container for small amounts of liquids being evaporated. Glass Plate: Description: Metal clamp with a screw fastener, swivel and lock nut, adjusting screw, and a curved clamp. Uses: To hold an apparatus; May be fastened to a ring stand. Mortar and Pestle: Description: Thick glass. Uses: Many uses; Should not be heated Description: Heavy porcelain dish with a grinder. Watch Glass: Uses: To grind chemicals to a powder. Spatula: Description: Curved glass. Uses: May be used as a beaker cover; May be used in evaporating very small amounts of Description: Made of metal or porcelain. liquid. Uses: To transfer solid chemicals in weighing. Funnel: Triangular File: Description: Metal file with three cutting edges. Uses: To scratch glass or file. Rubber Connector: Description: Glass or plastic. Uses: To hold filter paper; May be used in pouring Description: Short length of tubing. Medicine Dropper: Uses: To connect parts of an apparatus. Pinch Clamp: Description: Glass tip with a rubber bulb. Uses: To transfer small amounts of liquid. Forceps: Description: Metal clamp with finger grips. Uses: To clamp a rubber connector. Test Tube Rack: Description: Metal Uses: To pick up or hold small objects. Beaker: Description: Rack; May be wood, metal, or plastic. Uses: To hold test tubes in an upright position.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Beverage Industry Supplies Catalog Table of Contents
    2019 Beverage Industry Supplies Catalog Table of Contents Barrels, Racks & Wood Products……………………………………………………………...4 Chemicals Cleaners and Sanitizers…………………………………………………………..10 Processing Chemicals……………………………………………………………..13 Clamps, Fittings & Valves……………………………………………………………………….14 Fermentation Bins…………………………………………………………………………………18 Filtration Equipment and Supplies……...…………………………………………………..19 Fining Agents………………………………………………………………………………………..22 Hoses…………………………………………………………………………………………………..23 Laboratory Assemblies & Kits…………………………………………………………………..25 Chemicals……………………………………………………………………………..28 Supplies………………………………………………………………………………..29 Testers………………………………………………………………………………… 37 Malo-Lactic Bacteria & Nutrients…………………………………………………………….43 Munton’s Malts……………………………………………………………………………………..44 Packaging Products Bottles, Bottle Wax, Capsules………………………………………………….45 Natural Corks………………………………………………………………………..46 Synthetic Corks……………………………………………………………………..47 Packaging Equipment…………………………………………………………………………….48 Pumps………………………………………………………………………………………………….50 Sulfiting Agents…………………………………………………………………………………….51 Supplies……………………………………………………………………………………………….52 Tanks…………………………………………………………………………………………………..57 Tank Accessories…………………………………………………………………………………..58 Tannins………………………………………………………………………………………………..59 Yeast, Nutrient & Enzymes……………………………………………………………………..61 Barrels, Racks & Wood Products Barrels Description Size Price LeRoi, New French Oak 59 gl Call for Pricing Charlois, New American Oak 59 gl Call for Pricing Charlois, New Hungarian Oak 59 gl Call for Pricing Used
    [Show full text]
  • 20 Hemolytic Anemias Due to Abnormal Red Cell Enzymes
    Hemolytic Anemias Due to Abnormal Red Cell Enzymes MODULE Hematology and Blood Bank Technique 20 HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS DUE TO Notes ABNORMAL RED CELL ENZYMES 20.1 INTRODUCTION The main metabolic substrate for the RBCs is glucose. It is metabolized by two pathways: approximately 90% of the glucose is metabolized through the Embden Meyerhoff (glycolytic) pathway and the rest by the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway. In the Embden Meyerhoff (glycolytic) pathway glucose is metabolized to lactate through a series of enzymatic steps. Each molecule of glucose gives rise to 2 molecules of ATP. The ATP provides energy to maintain red cell volume, shape and flexibility. An ATP dependent pump in the red cell membrane actively keeps sodium out of the cell and potassium inside. The red cell has the enzymes that are needed for the glycolytic pathway. These enzymes help break down glucose to generate ATP which is the source of energy. About 10% of the glucose is diverted to the Hexose Monophosphate shunt pathway and this is essential for protection of red cells from oxidative stress. This pathway is necessary for the generation of NADPH which then reduces oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH). GSH prevents the accumulation of H2O2 and the oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. When the level of GSH falls, H2O2 accumulates in the cell and oxidizes the hemoglobin to methemoglobin which becomes denatured and precipitates as Heinz bodies. These inclusions are rigid and attached to the red cell membrane and make the red cell susceptible to hemolysis. The NADPH required in this pathway is generated by the enzyme Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD).
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
    Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Part 1000 INTRODUCTION 1010 INTRODUCTION 1010 A. Scope and Application of Methods The procedures described in these standards are intended for the examination of waters of a wide range of quality, including water suitable for domestic or industrial supplies, surface water, ground water, cooling or circulating water, boiler water, boiler feed water, treated and untreated municipal or industrial wastewater, and saline water. The unity of the fields of water supply, receiving water quality, and wastewater treatment and disposal is recognized by presenting methods of analysis for each constituent in a single section for all types of waters. An effort has been made to present methods that apply generally. Where alternative methods are necessary for samples of different composition, the basis for selecting the most appropriate method is presented as clearly as possible. However, samples with extreme concentrations or otherwise unusual compositions or characteristics may present difficulties that preclude the direct use of these methods. Hence, some modification of a procedure may be necessary in specific instances. Whenever a procedure is modified, the analyst should state plainly the nature of modification in the report of results. Certain procedures are intended for use with sludges and sediments. Here again, the effort has been to present methods of the widest possible application, but when chemical sludges or slurries or other samples of highly unusual composition are encountered, the methods of this manual may require modification or may be inappropriate. Most of the methods included here have been endorsed by regulatory agencies. Procedural modification without formal approval may be unacceptable to a regulatory body.
    [Show full text]
  • SEED Haematology Sysmex Educational Enhancement and Development October 2012
    SEED Haematology Sysmex Educational Enhancement and Development October 2012 The red blood cell indices The full blood count has been used in conjunction with the traditional red The complete blood count (CBC) is central to clinical deci- cell indices in order to narrow down the possible causes sion making. This makes it one of the commonest laboratory of anaemia in an individual patient. investigations performed worldwide. Whilst the definition of what constitutes an CBC is influenced by the number Impedance technology and type of parameters measured by different haematology The RBC, HCT and MCV are all closely interrelated as they analysers, the traditional red cell indices that are widely are derived from information obtained from the passage used to classify anaemias are common to all. of cells through the aperture of the impedance channel of an automated haematology analyser. The impedance The laboratory approach to anaemia technology is based on the principle that an electrical field, Anaemia is an extremely common global healthcare prob- created between two electrodes of opposite charge, can lem. However, anaemia is merely a symptom which can be used to count and determine the size of cells. Blood result from a multitude of causes. Effective treatment is cells are poor conductors of electricity. The diluent in which only possible if the underlying cause is correctly identified. they are suspended as they pass through the aperture To this end, several classification systems have been devis- during counting is an isotonic solution which is a good ed. The most useful and widely used classification system conductor of electricity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Widespread Application of Red Cell Survival Sive Red
    CLINICAL DETERMINATION OF THE SITES OF RED CELL SEQUESTRATION IN HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS1 By JAMES H. JANDL, MORTIMER S. GREENBERG, ROBERT H. YONEMOTO, AND WILLIAM B. CASTLE (From the Thorndike Memorial Laboratory and Second and Fourth (Harvard), Medical Services Boston City Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.) (Submitted for publication January 30, 1956; accepted April 3, 1956) The widespread application of red cell survival greater than that of other tissues even when cor- techniques has revealed the importance of exces- rection was made for the Cr5l activity of the re- sive red cell destruction in the pathologic physi- sidual red cells. Moreover, the radioactivity of ology of many of the anemias. An increasing ar- the packed red cells removed from the spleen ex- ray of in vitro methods for detecting red cell or ceeded that of a comparable sample of packed red serum abnormalities has provided insight into the cells from the peripheral blood. In order to in- in vivo mechanisms underlying some of these proc- vestigate the possibility that Cr51-labelled red cell esses. In certain disease states the presence of deposition could be determined by measuring body visible or physically measurable alterations of the surface radioactivity, several questions required red cells has permitted detection of the sites and exploration: 1) Are the emanations of Cr5 suit- to some extent of the mechanisms of sequestration able for external body scanning at safe dosage of these cells. Such valuable observations have levels? 2) Does the site of tissue deposition of been made upon pathologic material from patients Cr65 following the intravenous injection of Cr51- with congenital hemolytic anemia (1-5) and labelled red cells necessarily indicate the site of sickle cell anemia (1, 5-7).
    [Show full text]
  • Biodegradable Esophageal Stents for the Treatment of Refractory Benign Esophageal Strictures
    INVITED REVIEW Annals of Gastroenterology (2020) 33, 1-8 Biodegradable esophageal stents for the treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures Paraskevas Gkolfakisa, Peter D. Siersemab, Georgios Tziatziosc, Konstantinos Triantafyllouc, Ioannis S. Papanikolaouc Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; “Attikon” University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Abstract This review attempts to present the available evidence regarding the use of biodegradable stents in refractory benign esophageal strictures, especially highlighting their impact on clinical success and complications. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, using the terms “biodegradable” and “benign”; evidence from cohort and comparative studies, as well as data from one pooled analysis and one meta-analysis are presented. In summary, the results from these studies indicate that the effectiveness of biodegradable stents ranges from more than one third to a quarter of cases, fairly similar to other types of stents used for the same indication. However, their implementation may reduce the need for re-intervention during follow up. Biodegradable stents also seem to reduce the need for additional types of endoscopic therapeutic modalities, mostly balloon or bougie dilations. Results from pooled data are consistent, showing moderate efficacy along with a higher complication rate. Nonetheless, the validity of these results is questionable, given the heterogeneity of the studies included. Finally, adverse events may occur at a higher rate but are most often minor. The lack of high-quality studies with sufficient patient numbers mandates further studies, preferably randomized, to elucidate the exact role of biodegradable stents in the treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Flexible Endoscopy
    Advances in Flexible Endoscopy Anant Radhakrishnan, DVM KEYWORDS Flexible endoscopy Minimally invasive procedures Gastroduodenoscopy Minimally invasive surgery KEY POINTS Although some therapeutic uses exist, flexible endoscopy is primarily used as a diagnostic tool. Several novel flexible endoscopic procedures have been studied recently and show prom- ise in veterinary medicine. These procedures provide the clinician with increased diagnostic capability. As the demand for minimally invasive procedures continues to increase, flexible endos- copy is being more readily investigated for therapeutic uses. The utility of flexible endoscopy in small animal practice should increase in the future with development of the advanced procedures summarized herein. INTRODUCTION The demand for minimally invasive therapeutic measures continues to increase in hu- man and veterinary medicine. Pet owners are increasingly aware of technology and diagnostic options and often desire the same care for their pet that they may receive if hospitalized. Certain diseases, such as neoplasia, hepatobiliary disease, pancreatic disease, and gastric dilatation–volvulus, can have significant morbidity associated with them such that aggressive, invasive measures may be deemed unacceptable. Even less severe chronic illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease can be asso- ciated with frustration for the pet owner such that more immediate and detailed infor- mation regarding their pet’s disease may prove to be beneficial. Minimally invasive procedures that can increase diagnostic and therapeutic capability with reduced pa- tient morbidity will be in demand and are therefore an area of active investigation. The author has nothing to disclose. Department of Internal Medicine, Bluegrass Veterinary Specialists 1 Animal Emergency, 1591 Winchester Road, Suite 106, Lexington, KY 40505, USA E-mail address: [email protected] Vet Clin Small Anim 46 (2016) 85–112 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.08.003 vetsmall.theclinics.com 0195-5616/16/$ – see front matter Ó 2016 Elsevier Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Dr. Melody Joy V. Mique Biochemistry of Digestion 2
    DR. MELODY JOY V. MIQUE BIOCHEMISTRY OF DIGESTION 2 UNIT IV BIOCHEMISTRY OF DIGESTION 2 OBJECTIVE: 1. Explain the chemical reactions involved in the process of digestion. 2. Analyze certain basic biochemical processes to explain commonly occurring health- related problems in digestion 3. Discuss the digestion of complex biomolecules in the body; TOPICS Unit 4: BIOCHEMISTRY OF DIGESTION 3. Chemical changes in the 1. Definition and factors affecting Digestion large intestines and feces 2. Phases of Digestion a. Fermentation a. Salivary Digestion b. Putrefaction b. Gastric Digestion c. Deamination c. Intestinal Digestion d. Decarboxylation d. Pancreatic Juice e. Detoxification e. Intestinal Juice 4. Feces and its Chemical Composition f. Bile CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE LARGE INTESTINE AND FECES, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FECES The large intestine, also known as colon or the the large bowel, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates. The digestive tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and the rectum. There are 4 major functions of the large intestine: 1. recovery of water and electrolytes (Na, Cl etc) 2. formation and temporary storage of feces 3. maintaining a resident population of over 500 species of bacteria 3. fermentation of some of the indigestible food matter by bacteria. By the time partially digested foodstuffs reach the end of the small intestine (ileum), about 80% of the water content will be absorbed by the large intestine. The colon absorbs most of the remaining water. As the remnant food material moves through the colon, it is mixed with bacteria and mucus, and formed into feces for temporary storage before being eliminated by defecation In humans, the large intestine begins in the right iliac region of the pelvis, just at or below the waist, where it is joined to the end of the small intestine at the cecum, via the ileocecal valve.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Equipment Used in Filtration
    KNOW YOUR LAB EQUIPMENTS Test tube A test tube, also known as a sample tube, is a common piece of laboratory glassware consisting of a finger-like length of glass or clear plastic tubing, open at the top and closed at the bottom. Beakers Beakers are used as containers. They are available in a variety of sizes. Although they often possess volume markings, these are only rough estimates of the liquid volume. The markings are not necessarily accurate. Erlenmeyer flask Erlenmeyer flasks are often used as reaction vessels, particularly in titrations. As with beakers, the volume markings should not be considered accurate. Volumetric flask Volumetric flasks are used to measure and store solutions with a high degree of accuracy. These flasks generally possess a marking near the top that indicates the level at which the volume of the liquid is equal to the volume written on the outside of the flask. These devices are often used when solutions containing dissolved solids of known concentration are needed. Graduated cylinder Graduated cylinders are used to transfer liquids with a moderate degree of accuracy. Pipette Pipettes are used for transferring liquids with a fixed volume and quantity of liquid must be known to a high degree of accuracy. Graduated pipette These Pipettes are calibrated in the factory to release the desired quantity of liquid. Disposable pipette Disposable transfer. These Pipettes are made of plastic and are useful for transferring liquids dropwise. Burette Burettes are devices used typically in analytical, quantitative chemistry applications for measuring liquid solution. Differing from a pipette since the sample quantity delivered is changeable, graduated Burettes are used heavily in titration experiments.
    [Show full text]