Mauritius country profile pdf

Continue The first Europeans to visit Mauritius were the Portuguese in the early 16th century. In 1598, a Dutch naval expedition landed in a sheltered bay on a volcanic island in the Indian Ocean. Its members decided to name the island after the navy's main ship, Mauritius, which in turn was named after the Dutch prince Maurita van Nassau. They introduced sugar cane and Javanese deer. After the Dutch left the island in 1710, the French occupied the island and renamed it Island of France. Today, the population of the Republic of Mauritius is estimated at 1.3 million; the capital is Port Louis. The island nation has a tropical climate influenced by the southeastern trade winds. It is known for its multicultural society, consisting of various religions (Hindu, Christian, Muslim) and ethnic groups (Indian, African, Chinese) living together in harmony. The main languages are Mauritian Creole, French, English and Bhojpuri, and English is the official language of the National Assembly. The civil-legal system is based on French civil law with certain elements of English common law. The country gained independence from Great Britain on March 12, 1968 and became a republic in 1992. It occupies full democracy by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The current President is the Honourable Amina Gurib-Fakim, the first woman to take up the post. The Prime Minister is the Honourable Pravind Jugnaut. FACTS AND FIGURES The economy of Mauritius is considered the most competitive economy in sub-Saharan Africa, with very high GDP per capita. The country's economy is based on a variety of sectors, including the sugar and textile industry, tourism and financial services. Mauritius is one of Africa's most popular tourist destinations. It is famous for its natural beauty, with sandy beaches, crystal clear turquoise lagoons, ubiquitous sugar cane fields and breathtaking peaks and valleys. The tourism industry, as one of the main pillars of the country's economy, is vital for its economic development. The sector attracts revenue and is responsible for the creation of 70,000 direct and indirect jobs. Hotels in Mauritius are usually of high standard and welcome tourists from all over the world. Sugar continues to be one of the most important contributors to Mauritius' economy. About 72,000 hectares of land are dedicated to sugar cane. Experts estimate that 600,000 tons of sugar are produced annually, with slightly more than 80% exported to Europe. The Government is committed to modernizing the economy through information and communication technologies (ICT), hospitality and real estate development. Mauritius has completely revamped its ICT industry and now boasts Africa's highest ICC development index. Since independence in 1968, the Mauritian education system has generally been based on the British model. Model. significant changes and improvements have been made over time. The Government provides citizens with free education in order to improve their opportunities in the labour market. Children attend six grades of primary school between the ages of 5 and 11; the middle level goes from seventh grade to 12th grade. According to statistics, the adult literacy rate for both sexes is estimated at 90.6% (men 92.9%, women 88.5%). to make Mauritius a smart island based on digital communication. Among the advances are the country's high-tech infrastructure, especially Ebene Cyber City, which provides high-speed Internet and backup power generators to cope with frequent power outages. The adoption of e-schools in Mauritius was introduced into digital education as part of the Sancore project launched by DIENA (D'egation interminist'rielle and l'ducation num'ruique en Afrique). These efforts enable teachers to create, use, and share digital resources. In addition, in March 2016, an e-learning system (ELS) was launched for public servants, providing them with short, practical online courses that complement traditional such proposals, a system developed by the Ministry of Civil Service and Administrative Reforms in collaboration with UNDP and helping public servants learn at their own pace. The Government firmly believes that ICTs promote the acquisition of knowledge and thus contribute to and strengthen the personal and professional development of Mauritians. In addition, Mauritius has four public and two private universities, including a number of other institutions of higher education, five of which were established in 2000 or later. The oldest institution, the University of Mauritius, was founded in 1965. In 2001, the University of Mauritius began work on the e-learning element and has since developed these resources, expanding access to both university and education in a wide range of courses. The Open University of Mauritius was established in 2012 as a result of the unification of the Mauritius Air College. This element has provided a strong focus on distance education through e-learning platforms. eLearning Africa 2017 eLearning Africa 2017 will be held in Balaclava, Mauritius, September 27-29. Photo Ashok Prabhakaran under the following CC license This article on the African island indian Ocean. For a country on the African continent, see For other purposes, see Mauritius (disambigation). Island Nation in the Indian Ocean Republic mauritiusUnpublic De Maurice (French) Repiblik Maurice (Morisien) Flag Herb Motto: Stella Clavisque Maris Indici (Latin) Archipelago Chagos and Tromelin claim Mauritius.Capitali largest cityPort Louis 20'S 57'30'E / 20.2'S 57'E/20.2 57.5Coordinates: 20'12's 57'30'E / 20.2'S 57.5'E / -20.2; 57.5Official languagesNone (de jure)[Note 1][2]Languages spoken[Note 2][3]84.0% Mauritian Creole5.3% Bhojpuri3.6% French7.1% OtherEthnic groups See Ethnic groups in MauritiusReligion (2011 census)[4]48.54% Hinduism32.71% Christianity—26.26% Catholicism—6.45% Other Christian17.30% Islam1.45% Others/NoneDemonym(s)MauritianGovernmentUnitary parliamentary republic• President Prithvirajsing Roopun• Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth• Speaker of the National Assembly Sooroojdev Phokeer LegislatureNational AssemblyIndependence from the United Kingdom• Constitution of Mauritius 12 March 1968• Republic 12 March 1992 Area • Total2,040 km2 (790 sq mi) (170th)• Water (%)0.07Population• 2019 estimate1,265,475[5] (158th)• 2011 census1,237,091[3]• Density618.24/km2 (1,601.2/sq mi) (10th)GDP (PPP)2019 estimate• Total$31.705 billion[6] (133rd)• Per capita$25,029[6] (61st)GDP (nominal)2019 estimate• Total$14.812 billion[6] (129th)• Per capita$11,693[6] (64th)Gini (2017)36.8[7]mediumHDI (2018) 0.796[8]high · 66thCurrencyMauritian rupee (MUR)Time zoneUTC+4 (MUT)Date formatdd/mm/yyyy (AD)Driving sideleftCalling code+230ISO 3166 codeMUInternet TLD.mu Mauritius (/məˈrɪʃ(i)əs , mɔːˈ-/ (listen) mae RISH-(e-) , mau-; French: Maurice (mɔʁis, moʁis) (listen); Morisien: Maurice (moʁis), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2,000 kilometers (1,200 miles) off the southeastern coast of the African continent. It includes the eponymous main island of Mauritius and Rodriguez, Agalaga and St. Brandon. The islands of Mauritius and Rodriguez are part of the Mascarene Islands, along with nearby Reunion, the French Overseas Department. The capital and largest city of Port Louis is located in Mauritius, where most of the population is concentrated. The country covers 2,040 square kilometers (790 square miles) and has an exclusive economic zone covering 2.3 million square kilometers. Arab sailors may have been the first to discover the uninhabited island around 975, which they named Dina Arobi. The earliest confirmed discovery was in 1507 by Portuguese sailors who were otherwise little interested in the islands. The Dutch took in 1598, the establishment of a number of short-lived settlements before abandoning their efforts in 1710. France took control in 1715, renaming it the island of De France. In 1810, the island was captured by Great Britain, and four years later France led to Mauritius and its dependence on the former. As a British colony, Mauritius included Rodriguez, Agalega, St. Brandon, Tromelin, the Chagos archipelago, and, until 1906, the Seychelles. Sovereignty over Tromelin is disputed between Mauritius and France because it was not specifically mentioned in the Treaty of Paris. Mauritius remained mainly plantation colonies of the United Kingdom until independence in 1968. In 1965, three years before Mauritius gained independence, Great Britain separated the Chagos archipelago from Mauritian territory, and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Destrohees from the Seychelles to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). The local population was forcibly expelled, and the largest island, Diego Garcia, was leased to the United States. Britain has restricted access to the Chagos archipelago for casual tourists, the media and its former inhabitants. Chagos' sovereignty is disputed between Mauritius and the United Kingdom. In February 2019, the International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion ordering the UK to return the Chagos Islands to Mauritius as soon as possible in order to complete the decolonization of Mauritius. Because of their geographical location and centuries of colonialism, the people of Mauritius are very diverse in ethnicity, culture, language and faith; it is the only country in Africa where Hinduism is the largest religion. The Island's Government is closely based on the Westminster parliamentary system, and Mauritius ranks high in the ranking for democracy and economic and political freedom. Mauritius is classified as high in the Human Development Index. According to the World Bank, the country is classified as a high-income economy. Mauritius is considered to be the most competitive and one of the most developed economies in the African region. The country is a welfare state; the Government provides free universal health care, free education to the highest level and free public transport for students, the elderly and the disabled. Mauritius has been recognized as one of the safest and most peaceful countries in the global Peace Index of 2019. Along with other mascarren islands, Mauritius is known for its diverse flora and fauna, with many species endemic to the island. The island was the only known dodo house, which, along with several other bird species, was extinct as a result of human activity relatively soon after the settlement of the island. Etymology First Historical Evidence of Existence now known as Mauritius, are on a map made by Italian cartographer Alberto Cantino in 1502. From it appears that Mauritius bore the name Dina Arobi, most likely a name shared with Portuguese sailors from the subcontinent. In 1507, Portuguese sailors visited an uninhabited island. The island appears with the Portuguese name Cirne on the early Portuguese maps, probably from the name of the ship in the expedition of 1507. Another Portuguese sailor, Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, gave the archipelago the name Mascarens. In 1598, a Dutch squadron led by Admiral Vibrand van Warwick landed in the Grand Port and named the island of Mauritius after Prince Maurice van Nassau, Stadtoholder of the Dutch Republic. The island later became a French colony and was renamed de France. On December 3, 1810, the French surrendered the island to Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. Under British rule, the name of the island returned to Mauritius /məˈrɪʃəs/ (listen). Mauritius is also widely known as Maurice (pronounced mɔˈʁis) and Il Maurice in French, Maurice (pronounced moʁis) in Mauritian Creole. Main story article: The History of Mauritius Early History Island Mauritius was uninhabited before its first recorded visit of the Dutch in the late 16th century. The name Dina Arobi has been associated with Arab sailors, but it is speculative, since the name is obviously sankrite origin (dwip (island) of zgt; diba zgt; dina). Portuguese Mauritius Pedro Mascarenhas, Viceroy of Portuguese India and namesake of the Mascarene Islands. The Treaty of Tordeshil supposedly gives Portugal the right to colonize this part of the world. In 1507, Portuguese sailors arrived on a desert island and established a visiting base. Diogo Fernandez Pereira, a Portuguese navigator, was the first European known to have landed in Mauritius. He named the island of Ilya d-Sirn (Chirn Island). The Portuguese did not stay long because they were not interested in these islands. The Mascarene Islands were named after Pedro Mascarenhas, Viceroy of Portuguese India, after his visit to the islands in 1512. The island of Rodriguez was named after the Portuguese explorer Diogo Rodriguez, who first appeared on the island in 1528. Dutch Mauritius (1638-1710) Main article: Dutch Mauritius Dutch activities on the shores of Mauritius, as well as the first published image of the dodo bird, left, 1601 In 1598, a Dutch squadron under Admiral Wybrand Van Warck landed in the Grand Port and named the island of Mauritius after Prince Maurice Nassau (Dutch: Moricus van Nassau) of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch inhabited the island in 1638, from which they exploited black wood and introduced sugar cane, pets and deer. It was from here that Dutch navigator Abel Tasman went looking for the Great Southern Land, mapping parts of Tasmania, Aotearoa/New zealand and New Guinea. The first Dutch settlement lasted 20 years. In 1639, slaves arrived in Mauritius Dutch East Indies East Indies brought them to cut down the black tree and work in new tobacco and sugar cane plantations. Subsequently, several attempts were made to establish a permanent colony, but the settlements never developed sufficiently to pay dividends, leaving Mauritius in 1710. French Mauritius (1715-1810) Main article: The island of France (Mauritius) France, which already controlled the neighbouring Il Bourbon (now Reunion), took control of Mauritius in 1715 and renamed it the Island of France. In 1723, the Noir Code was adopted, which classified one group of people as goods so that the owner of these goods could receive insurance money and compensation in the event of loss of his goods. The arrival in 1735 of the French Governor Bertrand-Francois Mae de La Bourd de La Bourdain coincided with the development of a thriving sugar-based economy. Mahe de La Bourdonne founded Port Louis as a naval base and shipbuilding center. Under his leadership, numerous buildings were erected, some of which still stand. These include part of the Government House, the Chateau de Mont Plaisir and the linear barracks at the police headquarters. The island was managed by the French East India Company, which maintained its presence until 1767. During French rule, slaves were brought from parts of Africa, such as Mozambique and zanzibar. As a result, the island's population has increased dramatically from 15,000 to 49,000 over 30 years. At the end of the eighteenth century, African slaves made up about 80 per cent of the island's population, and by the early nineteenth century there were 60,000 slaves on the island. In early 1729, Indians from Pondicherry, India, arrived in Mauritius aboard the ship La Siren. Contracts for the work of these masters were signed in 1734, when they gained their freedom. From 1767 to 1810, with the exception of a brief period during the French Revolution, when the inhabitants established a government virtually independent of France, the island was controlled by officials appointed by the French government. From 1768 to 1771, the island was home to Jean-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, and then returned to France, where he wrote Paul and Virginie a love story that made the island of De France famous, wherever french is spoken. In 1796, settlers broke away from French control when the government in Paris tried to abolish slavery. The two famous French governors were Viscount de Suilak (who built Chausse in Port Louis and encouraged farmers to settle in the Savannah area) and Antoine Bruni d'Entrecisto (who saw that the French in the Indian Ocean should have their headquarters in Mauritius instead of Pondicherry in India). Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen was a successful general of the French Revolution and, in a sense, rival Napolina I. From 1803 to 1810, he was governor of the island of France and Reunion. British naval cartographer and explorer Matthew Flinders was arrested and detained by General Decaen on the island from 1803 to 1810'34'35, in violation of the order from Napol'on. During the Napoleonic Wars, Mauritius became the base from which the French corsairs organized successful raids on British commercial vessels. Raids continued until 1810, when an expedition of the Royal Navy led by Commodore Josias Rowley, R.N., anglo-Irish aristocrat, was sent to capture the island. Despite winning the Battle of Grand Porte, the only victory of the French navy over the British during these wars, the French were unable to prevent the British from landing in Cap Malheor three months later. They officially surrendered the island on the fifth day of the invasion, on 3 December 1810, under conditions allowing settlers to preserve their land and property and to use French and French law in criminal and civil cases. Under British rule, the name of the island returned to Mauritius. The rapid conquest of Mauritius was fictional in Patrick O'Brien's Mauritius Command, first published in 1977. British Mauritius (1810-1968) Main article: British Mauritian British troops captured the island of France on December 2, 1810 British administration, which began with Sir Robert Farquhar as Governor, led to rapid social and economic changes. However, it was spoiled by an episode of Ratsitatane. Ratitatane, nephew of King Radama of Madagascar, was brought to Mauritius as a political prisoner. He managed to escape from prison and plot an uprising that would free the slaves of the island. He was betrayed by an associate and was captured by British troops, summarily convicted and sentenced to death. He was beheaded in Plain Verta on April 15, 1822, and his head was shown as a deterrent against future slave uprisings. In 1832, Adrien d'Epinai launched the first Mauritian newspaper (Le Cern'en), which was not controlled by the government. In the same year, the Attorney-General's Office proposed abolishing slavery without compensating slave owners. This caused discontent, and in order to check for a possible uprising, the Government ordered all residents to surrender their weapons. In addition, a stone fortress, Fort Adelaide, was built on a hill (now known as the Citadel Hill) in the centre of Port Louis to quell any rebellion. Slavery was abolished in 1835, and planters eventually received two million pounds in compensation for the loss of their slaves, which were imported from Africa and Madagascar during the French occupation. The abolition of slavery had important consequences for the society, the economy and the people of Mauritius. Planters brought a large number of from India to work in sugar cane fields. Between 1834 and 1921, the island was attended by about half a million snow-covered workers. They worked on sugar estates, factories, transport and construction sites. In addition, the British brought to the island 8,740 Indian soldiers. Aaravasi Gat, in the Bay of Port Louis, and now in the place where UNESCO is located, was the first British colony, which served as a major reception center for servants. An important figure of the 19th century was Remi Allir, a journalist of mixed origin. In 1828, the color bar was officially abolished in Mauritius, but The British rulers gave little authority to people of color and appointed only whites as top officials. Remy Allir asked the queen of Victoria to allow flowers in the council of the government, and this was made possible a few years later. It also made Port Louis become a municipality so that citizens could govern the city through their elected representatives. The street was named after him in Port Louis, and his bust was erected in Jardin de la Compagnie in 1906. In 1885, a new constitution was introduced in Mauritius. It created elected positions on the executive board, but the franchise was limited mainly to French and creole styles. The marlectrum of Mars Palace, Port Louis, 1880 Workers brought from India were not always fairly processed, and the German Adolf von Plevits made himself the unofficial protector of these immigrants. He mingled with many of the workers, and in 1871 helped them write a petition that was sent to Governor Gordon. A commission was appointed to deal with complaints by Indian immigrants, and in 1872 two lawyers appointed by the British Crown were sent from England to investigate. The Royal Commission recommended a number of measures that would affect the lives of Indian workers over the next fifty years. In November 1901, Mahatma Gandhi visited Mauritius, en route from southern Africa to India. He remained on the island for two weeks and urged the Indo-Moorish community to take an interest in education and to play a more active role in politics. Back in India, he sent a young lawyer, Manilal Doctor, to improve the situation of the Indo-Moors. In the same year, faster connections were established with the island of Rodriguez thanks to wireless. In 1903, cars were introduced in Mauritius, and in 1910 the first taxis operated by Joseph Merven came into operation. The electrification of Port Louis took place in 1909, and in the same decade the Mauritian hydroelectric power plant (managed by the Atchia brothers) was authorized to provide electricity to the upper plains of Wilhams. The Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York in Mauritius, 1901 1910 were a period of political agitation. The growing middle class (in which doctors, lawyers and teachers hang) has begun to challenge the political sugar cane landowners. Dr. Eugene Laurent, Mayor of Port Louis, was the leader of this new group; his Action Liberal party had demanded that more people be allowed to vote. Liberal de L.A. party led by Henri Leclizio, the most influential sugar tycoon, opposed the actions of the Liberals. In 1911, there were riots in Port Louis over false rumors that Dr. Eugene Laurent had been murdered by oligarchs in Curepipe. Shops and offices were damaged in the capital, and one person was killed. In the same 1911, the first public film festival was held in Curepipe, and a stone building for the Royal College was erected in the same city. In 1912, a wider telephone network used by the government, business firms and several private households was put into operation. The World War began in August 1914. Many Mauritians volunteered to fight in Europe against the Germans and in Mesopotamia against the Turks. But the war affected Mauritius far less than the wars of the eighteenth century. In fact, the 1914-1918 war was a period of great prosperity due to the sugar boom. In 1919, the Mauritian Sugar Syndicate was established, which included 70% of all sugar producers. In the 1920s there was a movement of retrocessionism that favours the retrocession of Mauritius of France. The movement quickly collapsed because none of the candidates who wanted Mauritius to be given to France was elected in the 1921 elections. In the post-war recession there was a sharp drop in the price of sugar. Many sugar estates closed, which was the end of an era for sugar tycoons who controlled not only the economy, but also the political life of the country. Raul Rivett, editor of Le Mauricien newspaper, campaigned for a constitutional overhaul that would give the emerging middle class a greater role in running the country. The principles of Arya Samaj began to penetrate into the Hindu community, which demanded greater social justice. In the 1930s, the Labour Party was born, created by Dr. Maurice Coure. Emmanuel Anquetil rallied urban workers, while Pandit Sahadeo focused on the rural working class. The riots in Uba in 1937 led to reforms of the local British government, which improved working conditions and led to the banning of trade unions. Labor Day was first celebrated in 1938. More than 30,000 workers donated their daily wages and came from all over the island to take part in a giant gathering on the Champ de Mars. At the beginning of World War II in 1939, many Mauritians volunteered to serve under the British flag in Africa and the Middle East, fighting against the German and Italian armies. Some of them travelled to England to become royal pilots and ground personnel of the Royal Air Force. Mauritius was never threatened, but several British ships were sunk Port Louis by German submarines in 1943. During World War II, the country was in dire conditions; commodity prices doubled, but workers' wages increased by only 10-20 per cent. There were civil unrest, and the colonial government crushed all trade union activities. However, on September 27, 1943, belle Vue Harel Sugar Estate workers went on strike. Officers eventually opened fire on the crowd and killed three workers, including a 10-year-old boy and a pregnant woman, Anjali Kupen. The first general election was held on 9 August 1948 and was won by the Labour Party. This party, led by Guy Rosemont, in 1953 became a joy and, according to the results of the elections, demanded universal suffrage. Constitutional conferences were held in London in 1955 and 1957, and a system of ministers was introduced. Voting was first held on the basis of universal adult suffrage on 9 March 1959. The general election was won again by the Labour Party, led this time by Sir Sivuzagur Ramgulam. In 1961, a Conference on the Revision of the Constitution was held in London and a programme of further constitutional progress was established. The 1963 election was won by the Labour Party and its allies. The Colonial Office noted that community policy was gaining momentum in Mauritius and that the choice of candidates (parties) and the behaviour of voters (voters) were governed by ethnic and casteal considerations. Around the same time, two prominent British scientists, Richard Titmus and James Mead, published a report on the island's social problems caused by overpopulation and the sugar cane monoculture. This has led to an intensive campaign to end the population explosions, and a sharp decline in population growth has been recorded over the course of a decade. Independence (since 1968) Main article: Mauritius (1968-1992) At the Lancaster Conference of 1965 it became clear that Britain wanted to free itself from the colony of Mauritius. In 1959, Harold Macmillan gave his famous Winds of Change speech, where he recognized that the best option for Britain was the complete independence of its colonies. Thus, since the late fifties, the path to independence has been paved. Later, in 1965, after the Lancaster Conference, the Chagos archipelago was carved from Mauritius to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). A general election was held on 7 August 1967, and the Labour Party and its two allies won a majority of seats. In January 1968, six weeks before independence, the 1968 Mauritius riots took place in Port Louis, killing 25 people. Elizabeth II was queen of Mauritius from 1968 to 1992. Mauritius adopted a new constitution and independence was proclaimed on 12 March 1968. Sir Ramgulam becomes first prime minister of independent Mauritius Mauritius Queen Elizabeth II remains the head of state as queen of Mauritius. In 1969, the opposition Party of Mauritius Militant Movement (MMM) was founded, led by Paul Berenge. Later, in 1971, MMM, with the support of trade unions, called a series of strikes in the port, which resulted in a state of emergency. The coalition government of the Labour Party and the MPC (Mauriciien Party) reacted by restricting civil liberties and restricting freedom of the press. Two unsuccessful assassination attempts were made against Paul Berenger. The second led to the death of Azor Adelaide, a dock worker and activist, on 25 November 1971. General elections have been postponed and public gatherings are banned. MMM members, including Paul Berenger, were imprisoned on 23 December 1971. A year later, the leader of MMM was released. In May 1975, a student revolt erupted throughout the country, beginning at the University of Mauritius. Students were dissatisfied with the education system, which did not meet their aspirations and gave limited prospects for future work. On 20 May, thousands of students attempted to enter Port Louis via the northwest Grand River Bridge and clashed with police. On 16 December 1975, a parliamentary act was passed to apply to 18- year-olds. This was shattered as an attempt to soothe the frustration of the younger generation. The next general election was held on 20 December 1976. The Labour Party won 28 seats out of 62, but Prime Minister Sir Sivuzagur Ramgulam managed to remain in office with a two-seat majority after he was allied with PMD's Gaetan Duval. In 1982, the MMM government was elected, headed by Prime Minister Anerud Jugnaut and Finance Minister Paul Berenge. However, ideological and personal differences arose in the leadership of MMM. The power struggle between Behrenge and Jugnaut peaked in March 1983. Jugnaut arrived in New Delhi to attend the Non-Aligned Movement Summit; On his return, Berenger proposed constitutional changes that would deprive the Prime Minister of power. At Jugnaut's request, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi planned an armed intervention involving the Indian Navy and the Indian army to prevent a coup codenamed Operation Lal Dora. The MMM government disintegrated nine months after the June 1982 elections. A Ministry of Information spokesman said the nine months were a socialist experiment. The new MSM party, led by Anerud Jugnaut, was elected in 1983. Gaetan Duval became deputy prime minister. Throughout the decade, Anerud Jugnaut ruled the country with the help of the PMSR and the Labour Party. During this period, there was an increase in the EEK sector (export processing zone). Industrialization has begun to spread to villages and has attracted young workers from all ethnic communities. as a result, the sugar industry began to start lose their position in the economy. Large retail chains began opening stores in 1985 and provided credit services to the poor, allowing them to afford basic household appliances. There was also a boom in the tourism industry, and new hotels appeared all over the island. In 1989, the doors of the stock exchange opened, and in 1992 began to operate a free port. In 1990, the Prime Minister lost a vote to amend the Constitution to make the country a republic with Behreng as president. The Republic (since 1992) on 12 March 1992, twenty-four years after independence, Mauritius was proclaimed a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations. The last president was the last Governor-General, Sir Virasami Ringado. This was in accordance with the transitional agreement in which he was replaced by Kassam Utim in the same year. The prime minister remained in power. Despite the improvement in the economy, which coincided with the fall in gasoline prices and the favorable exchange rate of the dollar, the government was not fully popular. Back in 1984 there was discontent. Under the Newspaper Amendments and Periodicals Act, the Government tried to force each newspaper to provide a bank guarantee of half a million rupees. Forty-three journalists protested while participating in a public demonstration in Port Luis in front of the Parliament building. They were arrested and released on bail. This caused a public outcry, and the Government had to rethink its policies. There was also dissatisfaction in the education sector. There were not enough high-quality secondary colleges to respond to the growing demand of primary school graduates who went through their CPE (Certificate of Primary Education). In 1991, the General Education Plan received no national support and contributed to the fall of the Government. Navin Ramgualum was elected Prime Minister in 1995. In February 1999, the country experienced a brief period of civil unrest. President Kassam Utim and Cardinal Jin Margyo visited the country, and after four days of unrest, calm was restored. A commission of inquiry has been set up to investigate the root causes of social unrest. The report delved into the cause of poverty and characterized many persistent beliefs as perceptions. Anerud Jugnaut of MSM returned to power in 2000 after allied with MMM. In 2002, Rodriguez Island became an autonomous entity within the republic and was thus able to elect its own representatives to govern the island. In 2003, the Prime Ministership was handed over to Paul Berenger of MMM, and Anerud Jugnaut went to Le Reduit as President. Berenger became the first Franco-Mauritian prime minister in the country's history. In 2005, Navin Ramgulam and the Labour Party returned to power. Ramgulam lost power in 2014 He was replaced by Anerud Anerud On 21 January 2017, Anerud Jugnaut announced that he would step down in two days in favour of his son, Finance Minister Pravinud Jugnaut, who would take over as Prime Minister. The transition took place as planned on January 23, 2017. In 2018, Mauritius President Amina Gurib-Fakim (the only former female head of state in the African Union) resigned over a financial scandal. The current president is Pritvirajging Rupun, who has been serving since December 2019. On July 25, 2020, Japan-owned MV Wakashio ran aground on a coral reef off the coast of Mauritius, leaking up to 1,000 tons of heavy oil into an untouched lagoon. Its location on the edge of protected marine ecosystems and wetlands of international importance made the spill one of the worst environmental disasters ever to hit the western Indian Ocean. Geography Main article: Geography of Mauritius Total land area in the country is 2040 km2 (790 sq m). It is the 170th largest country in the world in size. The Republic of Mauritius consists of the island of Mauritius and several islands. The country's exclusive economic zone (EEA) covers about 2.3 million sq km (890,000 sq m) of the Indian Ocean, including some 400,000 sq km (150,000 sq m) in conjunction with the Seychelles. Mauritius is 2,000 km (1,200 miles) off the southeastern coast of Africa, between latitudes 19'58.8'S and 20'31.7'S and longitude 57'18'0'E and 57'46.5'E. It is 65 km long and 45 km wide. The island is surrounded by more than 150 km (100 miles) of white sandy beaches, and the lagoons are protected from the open sea by the third largest coral reef in the world, which surrounds the island. Not far from the coast of Mauritius are about 49 uninhabited islands and islets, some of which have been declared nature reserves for endangered species. The island of Mauritius (Mauritius Creole: Maurice Island; French: Il Maurice, pronounced il mɔʁis) is relatively young geologically, having been created by volcanic activity about 8 million years ago. Together with St. Brandon, Reunion and Rodriguez, the island is part of the Mascarene Islands. These islands were the result of giant underwater volcanic eruptions that occurred thousands of kilometres east of the continental quarter, which included Africa and Madagascar. They are no longer volcanically active, and the hot spot is now under Reunion Island. Mauritius is surrounded by a broken ring of mountain ranges, 300 to 800 meters above sea level. The land rises from the coastal plains to the central plateau, where it reaches a height of 670 m (2,200 feet); The highest peak is in the southwest, the Python de la Petit Riviera Noir at 828 meters (2,717 feet). Flows river is a speck of the island, many of which are formed in cracks created by lava flows. Panoramic view of the island of Mauritius Rodriguez Home article: Rodriguez Autonomous Island Rodriguez is located 560 km (350 miles) east of Mauritius, with an area of 108 km2 (42 sq m). Rodriguez is a volcanic island rising from a ridge along the edge of the Mascaren plateau. The island is hilly with a central spine culminating in the highest peak, a mountain lemon at 398 m (1,306 ft). The island also has a coral reef and extensive limestone deposits. According to statistics of Mauritius, as of July 1, 2019, the population of the island was estimated at 43,371 people. The main article of the Chagos archipelago: The Chagos Archipelago of the Chagos Archipelago consists of atolls and islands and is located about 2,200 km northeast of the main island of Mauritius. To the north of the Chagos archipelago are Peros Banos, Salomon Islands and Nelsons Island; in the southwest are Three Brothers, Eagle Islands, Egmont Islands and Danger Island. Diego Garcia is located in the southeast of the archipelago. In 2016, the population of Chagossia in Mauritius was estimated at 8,700, including 483 natives; 350 Chagos live in the Seychelles, including 75 natives, while 3,000, including 127 natives, live in the UK (the population grew out of 1,200 Chagosians who moved there). Home article of St. Brandon: St. Brandon St. Brandon St. Brandon, also known as Cargados Carajos Shoals, is located 402 kilometers northeast of the island of Mauritius. The archipelago consists of 16 islands and islands. St. Brandon consists of five island groups, with about 28-40 islands and islets in total, depending on the seasonal storms and associated sand movements. The main article of the Agalaga Islands: Agalaga Twin Islands Agalega are located about 1,000 km north of Mauritius. Its North Island is 12.5 km (7 3⁄4 miles) long and 1.5 km (7⁄8 miles) wide, while its southern island is 7 by 4.5 km (4 1⁄4 by 2 3⁄4 miles). The total area of both islands is 26 km2 (10 sq m). According to statistics from Mauritius, as of July 1, 2019, the population of Agalegi and St. Brandon was estimated at 274. Tromelin's main article: View from Tromelin Island from Tromelin Island to Tromelin Island is located 430 km northwest of Mauritius. Mauritius claims sovereignty over the island of Tromelin, as does France. The French took control of Mauritius in 1715, renaming it the island of De France. France officially pricked Mauritius by including all its dependence on Great Britain under the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 May 1814, in which Reunion was returned to France. The British colony of Mauritius consisted of the main island of Mauritius along with its dependencies Rodriguez, Agalega, St. Brandon, Tromelin (controversial) and the Chagos archipelago, while the Seychelles a separate colony in 1906. It's This. whether the transfer of the island de France (as Mauritius was formerly known under French rule) and its dependencies to the UK in 1814 included the islands of Tromelin. Article 8 of the Treaty of Paris provides for France to abandon the island of France and its dependencies, namely Rodriguez and the Seychelles. France believes that the sovereignty of the island of Tromelin has never been transferred to the UK. Mauritius's claims are based on the fact that the transfer of the island of De France and its dependences to Great Britain in 1814 was common, it was higher than those called in the Treaty of Paris, all the dependences of the island of De France were not specifically mentioned in the Treaty. Mauritius claims that because Tromelin was dependent on the island of de France, it was de facto transferred to Britain in 1814. In addition, the islands of Rodriguez, Agalega, Saint-Brandon and the Chagos archipelago were also not specifically mentioned in the Treaty of Paris, but became part of the British colony of Mauritius, as at that time they were dependent on the island of De France. In addition, the British authorities in Mauritius have for many years taken administrative action against Tromelin, for example, British officials granted four concessions for the operation of guano on the island of Tromelin between 1901 and 1951. In 1959, British officials in Mauritius informed the World Meteorological Organization that it considered Tromelin part of its territory. The cooperation agreement was reached by France and Mauritius in 2010 but has not been ratified. Key articles on the island of Mauritius: Mauritius mauritius is divided into nine districts, they consist of different cities, towns and villages. Savannah Flack Riviernoire Port Louis RivieresePump Pamplomuss PlainesWilhems Grand Port Moca Territorial Disputes Chagos Archipelago Main Articles: Chagos archipelago sovereignty dispute and expulsion of the Chagoss Mauritius has long sought sovereignty over the Chagos archipelago, located 1,287 km (800 miles) northeast. Chagos has been an administrative part of Mauritius since the 18th century, when the French first settled the islands. All the islands, which includes the French colonial territory of the island of De France (as Mauritius was then known), were sealed by the British in 1810 under the Surrender Act signed between the two powers. In 1965, three years before Mauritius gained independence, the United Kingdom separated the Chagos archipelago from Mauritius and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Destrohees from the Seychelles to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). The islands were officially established as an overseas territory of the United Kingdom on 8 November 1965. On 23 June 1976, Aldabra, Farquhar and Destroch were returned to the Seychelles as a result of independence. BIOT now includes Just an archipelago. The United Kingdom leased the main island of the Diego Garcia archipelago to the United States for 50 years to build a military base. In 2016, the United Kingdom unilaterally extended the U.S. lease until 2036. Mauritius has repeatedly stated that the division of its territories is in violation of United Nations resolutions prohibiting the dismemberment of colonial territories prior to independence, and argues that the Chagos archipelago, including Diego Garcia, is an integral part of Mauritius, both under Mauritian law and international law. After initially denying that the islands had been inhabited, British officials forcibly expelled some 2,000 Chagosians who had lived on the islands for a century. In order to force the inhabitants to leave the country, the British authorities first cut off food supplies and those who resisted were threatened with firing squad or bombing if they did not leave the island. To scare them, their dogs and pets were brutally gassed to death. At the United Nations and in its speeches to Parliament, britain pretended that there was no permanent population in the Chagos archipelago, and described the population as mere contractors who had been resettled. Since 1971, diego Garcia Atoll has been home to about 3,000 British and American military and civilian contract staff. Since then, chagossians have been actively engaged in returning to the archipelago, claiming that their forced expulsion and removal were illegal. Section 111 of the Mauritius Constitution states that Mauritius includes (a) the islands of Mauritius, Rodriguez, Agalega, Tromelin, Kargados Karajos and the Chagos Archipelago, including Diego Garcia and any other island that includes the State of Mauritius; (b) Territorial sea and airspace over the territorial sea and islands specified in paragraph (a); (c) Continental shelf; and (d) places or areas that can be defined by the Prime Minister's provisions, the rights to which are exercised or can be exercised by Mauritius. Mauritius considers the territorial sea of the Chagos archipelago and Tromelin Island part of its exclusive economic zone. On 20 December 2010, Mauritius initiated proceedings against the United Kingdom under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to challenge the legality of the Chagos Marine Protected Area (MPA), which the United Kingdom intended to declare around the Chagos archipelago in April 2010. The dispute was the arbitration court of the Permanent Arbitration Panel. The sovereignty of Mauritius was explicitly recognized by two arbitrators and denied by none of the other three. The three members of the Tribunal considered that they had no jurisdiction to rule on this issue they did not express any opinion on which of the two States had sovereignty over the Chagos archipelago. The Judges of the Tribunal, Rudiger Wolfrum and James Kotek, ruled that the Tribunal had jurisdiction to deal with the matter and concluded that the United Kingdom did not have sovereignty over the Chagos archipelago. They found that: the internal documents of the United Kingdom show a hidden motive of the IPA, which indicates an alarming similarity and general model between the creation of the so-called BIOT in 1965 and the proclamation of the MPA in 2010; the excision of the Chagos archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 demonstrates the United Kingdom's total disregard for the territorial integrity of Mauritius; British Prime Minister Harold Wilson's threat to Prime Minister Sir Siwuzagura Ramgulum in 1965 that he could return home without independence if he did not agree to the excision of the Chagos Archipelago, as well as coercion; Mauritian ministers were forced to agree to the secession of the Chagos Archipelago, which violated international right to self-determination; The MPA is legally invalid. The Tribunal's decision found that the United Kingdom's commitment to return the Chagos archipelago to Mauritius gave Mauritius an interest in making important decisions to be taken regarding the possible use of the archipelago in the future. The result of the Tribunal's decision is that parties can now enter into negotiations that the Tribunal would have expected before the IPA was declared in order to achieve a mutually acceptable mechanism for the protection of the marine environment to the extent necessary under the umbrella of sovereignty. In 2004, following the British Government's decision to issue a British decree on the Indian Ocean, prohibiting Chagosians from remaining on the islands without explicit permission, Mauritius considered appealing to the International Court of Justice to resolve the dispute definitively and definitively. Article 36 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, however, provides that the State has the capacity to fall under the jurisdiction of the court. Where the State decides to be so bound, it may also limit or limit the court's jurisdiction in a number of ways. The united Kingdom's provision in court excludes, among other things, the jurisdiction of the court over any dispute with the Government of any country that is a member of the Commonwealth regarding situations or facts that exist prior to 1 January 1969. A temporary restriction of 1 January 1969 was introduced to eliminate all disputes arising during decolonization. Thus, the UK exclusion clause would not allow Mauritius to take legal action in connection with the Chagos dispute, since it is a member of the Commonwealth. When by threatening to leave the Commonwealth, the United Kingdom quickly amended its exclusion clause to eliminate any disputes between it, the Commonwealth and the former Commonwealth States, thereby cancelling any hope Mauritius would ever resort to the court's disputed jurisdiction, even if it withered. The advisory opinion of 22 June 2017, by a margin of 94 to 15 countries, the UN General Assembly asked the International Court of Justice to provide an advisory opinion on the separation of the Chagos archipelago from Mauritius until independence in the 1960s. In September 2018, the International Court of Justice began hearing the case. Seventeen countries expressed support for Mauritius. The United Kingdom apologized for the shameful way of evicting the islanders from the Chagos archipelago, but insisted that Mauritius was wrong to argue the sovereignty of the strategic atolls group in the UN Supreme Court. The UK and its allies argued that the issue should not be decided by the court, but should be resolved through bilateral negotiations, while bilateral negotiations with Mauritius have been non-factional for the past 50 years. On 25 February 2019, judges of the International Court of Justice, by thirteen votes to one, declared that the United Kingdom had a duty to put an end to the management of the Chagos Archipelago as soon as possible. Only American Judge Joan Donoghue voted for Great Britain. The President of the Court, Abdulkawi Ahmed Yusuf, stated that the separation of the Chagos archipelago in 1965 from Mauritius was not based on the free and genuine expression of the views of the people. This permanent administration is an illegal act, he said, adding: The UK has an obligation to end the management of the Chagos archipelago as soon as possible and that all Member States must work with the United Nations to complete the decolonization of Mauritius. On 1 May 2019, British Foreign Secretary Alan Duncan stated that Mauritius had never held sovereignty over the archipelago and that the UK did not recognize its claim. He stated that the decision was only an advisory opinion and not a legally binding decision. Jeremy Corbyn, the leader of Britain's main opposition party, has written to the British Prime Minister condemning her decision to ignore the decision of the UN's main court, which concluded that the UK should return the Chagos Islands to Mauritius. He expressed concern that the British Government seemed ready to ignore international law and ignore the decision of the international court and the right of Chagosians to return to their homes. On 22 May 2019, the UN General Assembly discussed and adopted a resolution stating that the Chagos archipelago, which has been occupied by the United Kingdom for more than 50 years, is an integral part of Mauritius. The resolution gives force to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and demanded that the UK withdraw its colonial administration... for no more than six months. 116 states voted in favor of the resolution, 55 abstained and only Australia, Hungary, Israel and the Maldives supported the UNITED Kingdom and the United States. During the debate, the Prime Minister of Mauritius described the expulsion of Chagosians as a crime against humanity. Despite the fact that the resolution is not legally binding, it has considerable political weight, as the decision was taken by the highest court of the UN, and the vote in the assembly reflects world opinion. The resolution also has immediate practical implications: the UN, its specialized agencies and all other international organizations are now obliged, under UN law, to support the decolonization of Mauritius, even if the UK claims that it has no doubts about its sovereignty. Main article on biodiversity: The wildlife of Mauritius Mauritius is richly decorated with gecko, the country is home to some of the rarest plants and animals in the world, but human habitation and the introduction of non-indigenous species have threatened its local flora and fauna. Because of its volcanic origin, age, isolation and unique terrain, Mauritius is home to a variety of flora and fauna not normally found in such a small area. Before the arrival of the Portuguese in 1507, there were no terrestrial mammals on the island. This allowed the evolution of a number of flightless birds and large reptile species. The arrival of humans saw the introduction of invasive alien species, the rapid destruction of habitat and the loss of much of endemic flora and fauna. Currently, less than 2% of the local forests remain concentrated in the Black River Gorge National Park in the southwest, the Bambus Mountain Range in the southeast and the Moca Port Louis Range in the northwest. There are some isolated mountains, Corpus de Garde, Le Morne Brabant, and several coastal islands, with remnants of coastal and mainland diversity. More than 100 species of plants and animals have died out, and many others are endangered. Conservation activities began in the 1980s with programmes to reproduce endangered species of birds and plants, as well as to restore habitats in national parks and reserves. In 2011, the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development published the Mauritius Environment Outlook Report, which recommended that St. Brandon be declared a protected marine area. In a March 2016 report by the President of the Mauritian Wildlife Fund, St. Brandon announced an official MWF project to promote the preservation of the atoll. The Mauritian flying fox is the only remaining mammal endemic to the island and has been under the threat because of the The sanctioning was imposed in November 2015 because of the belief that they posed a threat to fruit plantations. Until 2015, due to the absence of a strong cyclone, the population of fruit bats increased, and in 2014 the IUCN changed the status of this species from threatened to vulnerable. In October 2018, 20% of the fruit bat population was approved, representing 13,000 of the approximately 65,000 remaining fruit bats, although their status had already returned to endangered due to the cull of previous years. The main article of the Dodo: Dodo Mauritius was the only known habitat of extinct dodo, not log bird. When it was discovered, Mauritius was home to a previously unknown species of bird, dodo, a descendant of a pigeon type that settled in Mauritius more than four million years ago. Without predators to attack them, they have lost the ability to fly. The Portuguese discovered the island around 1505 and the island quickly became a stop for ships involved in the spice trade. Weighing up to 23kg (50lbs), the dodo was a welcome source of fresh meat for sailors. A large number of dodos were killed because of the food. Later, when the Dutch used the island as a colony, new species were introduced on the island. Rats, pigs and monkeys ate dodo eggs in earth nests. The combination of human exploitation and introduced species has significantly reduced the dodo population. Within 100 years of the arrival of humans in Mauritius, the once abundant dodo became a rare bird. The latter was killed in 1681. Dodo is prominent as a (heraldic) supporter of the national coat of arms of Mauritius. The environment and climate of the Black River Gorge National Park Environment in Mauritius is usually tropical in coastal areas with forests in mountainous areas. Seasonal cyclones are destructive to flora and fauna, although they are recovering quickly. Mauritius ranked second in the air quality index published by the World Health Organization in 2011. Located near the Tropic of Capricorn, Mauritius has a tropical climate. There are 2 seasons: warm wet summer from November to April, with an average temperature of 24.7 degrees Celsius (76.5 degrees Fahrenheit) and a relatively cool dry winter from June to September with an average temperature of 20.4 degrees Celsius (68.7 degrees Fahrenheit). The temperature difference between the seasons is only 4.3 degrees Celsius (7.7 degrees Fahrenheit). The warmest months are January and February with an average daily maximum temperature of 29.2 degrees Celsius (84.6 degrees Fahrenheit), while the coldest months are July and August with an average overnight minimum temperature of 16.4 degrees Celsius (61.5 degrees Fahrenheit). Annual precipitation ranges from 900 mm (35 inches) on the coast to 1500 mm (59 inches) on the central plateau. Although there is no noticeable rainy season, most precipitation in the summer months. The sea temperature in the lagoon ranges from 22 to 27 degrees Celsius (72-81 degrees Fahrenheit). Fahrenheit). the central plateau is much cooler than the surrounding coastal areas and can experience as much as twice as much precipitation. The prevailing trade winds keep the eastern side of the island cooler and bring more precipitation. Sometimes tropical cyclones usually occur between January and March and usually disrupt the weather for about three days, bringing heavy rains. Prime Minister Pravind Jugnaut declared an environmental emergency after the MV Wakashio oil spill on July 25, 2020. France has sent planes and experts from Reunion and Greenpeace said the leak threatens the survival of thousands of species that are at risk of drowning in sea pollution. Government and Politics Home Article: Politics of the Government House of Mauritius, Port Louis Politics of Mauritius takes place within the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic in which the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government with the assistance of the Council of Ministers. Mauritius has a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power belongs to both the Government and the National Assembly. The National Assembly is the unicameral legislature of Mauritius, which was called the Legislative Assembly until 1992, when the country became a republic. It consists of 70 members, 62 elected for a four-year term in multi-party constituencies and eight additional members, known as the best losers, appointed by the Electoral Commission to ensure fair representation of ethnic and religious minorities. The UN Human Rights Committee (UNHRC), which monitors member states' compliance with the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights (ICPD), criticized the country's best losing system after a complaint by the local youth and trade union movement. The President is elected by Parliament for a five-year term. The island of Mauritius is divided into 20 constituencies, which return three members, while Rodriguez is a single constituency that returns two members. After the general election, the Electoral Oversight Commission could appoint up to eight more members in order to correct any imbalance in the representation of ethnic minorities in Parliament. This system of nominating candidates is usually called the best system of losers. A political party or party alliance that wins a majority of seats in parliament forms a government. Its leader is the Prime Minister, who elects a Cabinet from elected members of the Assembly, with the exception of the Attorney-General, who cannot be elected a member of the Assembly. A political party or alliance with the second largest majority forms the Official Opposition, and its leader is usually nominated by the President of the Republic as leader of the opposition. Assembly elects Vice- Speaker and Chairman of the committees as one of his first tasks. Mauritius is a democracy with a government elected every five years. The last National Assembly elections were held on 10 December 2014 in all 20 mainland counties, as well as in constituencies covering Rodriguez Island. Elections are usually a contest between the two main coalitions of parties. The 2018 Africa Ibrahim Governance Index put Mauritius at the top of the good governance index. According to the 2017 Democracy Index compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit, which measures the state of democracy in 167 countries, Mauritius ranks 16th in the world and is the only country associated with Africa with full democracy. The Office was held by President Pritvirajsing Rukun on 02 December 2019, Prime Minister Pravind Jugnaut on 23 January 2017. Vice President Of Marie Cyril Eddie Boisseason December 2019 Deputy Prime Minister Steven Obeigadu June 25, 2020 Chief Justice Asraf Ellie Kaunheer 04 May 2020 Speaker of the National Assembly Soojorodev Phokeer November 21, 2019 Leader of the Opposition Arvind Bulell December 2019. : The Military of Mauritius All military, police and security functions in Mauritius are performed by 10,000 troops operating under the Commissioner of Police. The national police force, of 8,000, is responsible for internal law enforcement agencies. The 1,400-strong Special Mobile Force (SMM) and the 688-member National Coastguard are the only two paramilitaries in Mauritius. Both units are composed of police officers who have been on these services for a long time. Main article on international relations: Mauritius Prime Minister Pravind Jugnaut's international relations with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, April 19, 2018 Mauritius has strong and friendly relations with various African, American, Asian, European and ocean countries. Mauritius, considered geographically part of Africa, has friendly relations with African States in the region, particularly South Africa, and is by far its largest continental trading partner. Mauritian investors are gradually entering African markets, particularly Madagascar, Mozambique and zimbabwe. The country's political heritage and dependence on Western markets have led to close ties with the European Union and its member states, particularly France. Relations with India are very strong for both historical and commercial reasons. Mauritius established diplomatic relations with China in April 1972 and was forced to defend the decision, along with maritime contracts with the USSR in the same year. Mauritius is a member of the World Trade Organization, the Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie, the African Union, the Development Community (SADC), the Indian Ocean Commission, KYSA, and established the Indian Ocean Association. Mauritius' legal system has a hybrid legal system, a system common law and French civil law. The Constitution of Mauritius establishes a separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary and guarantees the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. Mauritius has a single structured judicial system consisting of two levels: the Supreme Court and the subordinate courts. The Supreme Court consists of various jurisdictional divisions, such as the Magistrate's Office, the Family Division, the Commercial Division (bankruptcy), the Criminal Division, the Mediation Division, the Civil and Criminal Court of First Instance, the Court of Appeals: the Civil Court of Appeal and the Court of Criminal Appeal. The jurisdictional courts consist of the Intermediate Court, the Industrial Court, the District Courts, the Bail and Detention Court and the Rodriguez Court. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the final court of appeal of Mauritius. After Mauritius gained independence in 1968, Mauritius retained the Privy Council as the highest court of appeal. Appeals to the Judicial Committee against the decisions of the Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court may be considered both by their own right and with the outcome of the court, as established in section 81 of the Constitution and section 70A of the Courts Act. The Judicial Committee may also grant special permission to appeal against the decision of any court in any civil or criminal case under article 81 (5) of the Constitution. Key demographics: Mauritius's demography and religion in the Mauritius Population Pyramid, according to the 2011 census, estimated that as of 1 July 2019, the population of the Republic of Mauritius was 1,265,985, of whom 626,341 were men and 639,644 were women. Mauritius has a population of 1,222,340 and Rodriguez has 43,371; The total population of Agalegi and St. Brandon is estimated at 274. Mauritius has the second most dense population in Africa. Since the Constitutional amendment in 1982, Mauritians have not had to disclose their ethnic identity for the purpose of the census. There are no official statistics on ethnicity. The 1972 Census was the last to measure ethnicity. Mauritius is a multi-ethnic society derived from Indian, African, Chinese and European (mostly French) ancestry. Religion Main article: Religion in Mauritius According to the 2011 Census conducted by Statistics Mauritius, 48.5% of the population of Mauritius follows Hinduism, followed by Christianity (32.7%), Islam (17.2%) and Islam (17.2%). and other religions (0.7%). 117 Languages Main article: Languages Mauritius Native Language of Mauritians (2011 Census) Language. The Constitution merely mentions that the official language of the National Assembly is English; however, any member could also address the President in French. English and French are generally considered to be the de facto national and common languages of Mauritius because they are the languages of government, courts and business. The Constitution of Mauritius is written in English, while some laws, such as the Civil Code and the Criminal Code, are written in French. The Mauritian currency contains Latin, Tamil and Devanagara fonts. The population of Mauritius is multilingual; while Mauritian Creole was the mother tongue of most Mauritians, most people were also fluent in English and French; they tend to change languages depending on the situation. French and English will be used in educational and professional settings, while Asian languages are used mainly in music, religious and cultural activities. The media and literature are mainly in French. The Creole language, based in French with some additional influences, is spoken by the majority of the population as the native language. Creole languages spoken on different islands of the country are more or less similar: the Mauritian Creole, Rodriguez Creole, Agaleg creole and Chagossian Creole languages are spoken by such people from the islands of Mauritius, Rodriguez, Agalega and Chagos. Some ancestral languages also spoken in Mauritius include Bhojpuri, 121 Chinese, 122 Hindi, 123 Marathi, Tamil, 125 Telugu 126 and Urdu. Bhojpuri, once widely known as his native language, has become less spoken over the years. According to the 2011 census, 5% of the population spoke in Bhipuri, up from 12% in 2000. Pupils should learn English and French; they can also choose Asian or Mauritian Creole. The learning environment varies from school to school, but usually Creole, French and English. Main article of education: Education in Mauritius Education System in Mauritius consists of pre-school, primary, secondary and higher sectors. The structure of education consists of two to three years of pre- school education, six years of primary schooling, which results in a certificate of achievement in primary school, five years of secondary education leading to a school certificate, and two years of secondary school, which is certified by a high school. Secondary schools have college as part of their name. The Government of Mauritius provides free education to its citizens from pre-school to higher education. In 2013, government spending on education was estimated at about 13,584 million rubles, which is 13% of total expenditure. From January 2017 amended the education system under the nine-year Continuing Basic Education Programme, which abolished the Certificate of Primary Education O-Level and A-Level exams are held by the University of Cambridge in the international exams of the University of Cambridge. The higher education sector includes universities and other technical institutions in Mauritius. The two main public universities are the University of Mauritius and the University of Technology, as well as the University of Mascarene, founded in 2012, and the Open University of Mauritius. These four public universities and a number of other technical institutes and higher education institutions are free for students from 2019. The adult literacy rate was estimated at 92.7% in 2015. Key economics: Mauritius's economy and Mauritius' International Sugar Cane Ratings in Mauritius Since independence from The United Kingdom in 1968, Mauritius has evolved from a low-income agricultural economy to a diversified, high-income economy based on tourism, textiles, sugar and financial services. The economic history of Mauritius since independence has been called the Mauritian miracle and success of Africa (Romer, 1992; Frankel, 2010; Stiglitz, 2011). In recent years, information and communication technologies, seafood, hospitality and property development, health, renewable energy, education and training have become important sectors, attracting significant investment from both local and foreign investors. Mauritius has no exploited fossil fuel reserves and therefore relies on petroleum products to meet most of its energy needs. Local and renewable sources of energy are biomass, hydropower, solar and wind energy. The country will potentially be among the major winners once the global transition to renewable energy is completed; it ranks 8th out of 156 countries in the index of geopolitical gains and losses after the transition to energy (GeGaLo index). Mauritius has one of the largest exclusive economic zones in the world, and in 2012 the government announced its intention to develop the maritime economy. Mauritius ranks high in terms of economic competitiveness, a friendly investment climate, good governance and a free economy. Gross domestic product (PPP) was estimated at $29.187 billion in 2018, while GDP per capita was more than $22,909, the second highest in Africa. According to the World Bank, Mauritius' economy has a high-income economy in 2019. The World Bank's 2019 Easy Business Index ranks 13th out of the world's 190 economies in terms of ease of doing business. According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs the country faces serious problems related to dependence on several sectors of industry, high brain drain, shortage of skilled labour, ageing population and inefficient state-owned companies and parastual bodies. Mauritius has built its success on a free market economy. In accordance with the In the Economic Freedom of the World report, Mauritius ranks 9th in the world in free economy. Financial services of Port Louis, the capital of Mauritius. According to the Financial Services Commission, financial and insurance activities in 2018 amounted to 11.1% of the country's GDP. For many years, Mauritius has positioned itself as the preferred centre for investment in Africa because of its strategic location between Asia and Africa, the hybrid regulatory framework, ease of business, investment protection treaties, double taxation treaties, highly skilled and multilingual labour force, political stability, low crime combined with modern infrastructure and connectivity. It is home to a number of international banks, law firms, corporate services, investment funds and private equity funds. Financial products and services, including private banking, global business, insurance and reinsurance, limited liability companies, secure cellular companies, trust and fund, investment banking, global headquarters management. Although the press has been labeled by the press as a tax haven due to its low tax regime, the country has built a solid reputation by leveraging best practices and adopting a solid regulatory framework to demonstrate its compliance with international requirements for greater transparency. In June 2015, Mauritius joined the Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters and now has an information-sharing mechanism with 127 jurisdictions. Mauritius is a founding member of the Anti-Money Laundering Unit in Eastern and Southern Africa and is at the forefront of the fight against money laundering and other forms of financial crime. The country has adopted the exchange of information on an automatic basis in accordance with the General Reporting Standard and the Foreign Accounts Tax Compliance Act. In addition, Mauritius is on the OECD's white list of jurisdictions that have substantially met internationally agreed tax standards. The OECD whitelist looks at jurisdictions from different perspectives; fiscal transparency, fair taxation, OECD BEPS implementation and substantive requirements for zero-tax countries. Main article on tourism: Tourism on Mauritius Tropical Beach in Tru-o Beach Mauritius is one of the main tourist destinations, the tourism sector is the fourth contribution to the economy of Mauritius. The island nation has a tropical climate with clear warm sea waters, beaches, tropical fauna and flora, complemented by a multi-ethnic and cultural population. The 2019 tourist arrivals forecast remains at 1,450,000, up 3.6 per cent on 1,399,408 in 2018. Currently, Mauritius has two World Heritage Sites, namely: The cultural landscape of Gat and Le Morne. In addition, Black River Gorge National Park is currently on the World Heritage List. Transport Home article: Transport to Mauritius Urbos 100-3 at Rose Hill Central Station Since 2005 public buses in Mauritius have been free for students, people with disabilities and the elderly. There are currently no railways in Mauritius, and former private industrial railways have been abandoned. Port Louis Harbour is engaged in international trade as well as a cruise terminal. The only international airport for civil aviation is Sir Sivuzagur Ramgulam International Airport, which also serves as a base for the national airline Air Mauritius; In September 2013, the airport management opened a new passenger terminal. Another airport is Sir Gaetan Duval Airport in Rodriguez. Mauritius has a serious traffic problem due to the large number of road users, especially car drivers. To address the problem of traffic congestion, the government has launched the MetroExpress project. The line starts at Port Louis and will go to Curepipe after completion. The first phase of the project was completed in January 2020 and the second phase will be completed in 2021. The Information and Communication Technology Sector of the Information and Communication Technology Sector (ICT) accounted for 5.7% of GDP in 2016. Since 2016, Mauritius has been competing in international competitions under the leadership of cyberstorm.mu. They organized the 2016 and 2017 Google Code-in in Mauritius, leading to 2 finalists and 1 Grand Prix Winner. They also participated in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) hackathon, where they worked on TLS 1.3, HTTP 451 and SSH. In addition, the African Network Information Centre (AFRINIC), a regional Internet registry for Africa, is headquartered in Eben, Mauritius. Mauritius is also connected to the global Internet infrastructure using several optical fibers of underwater communications cables, including the Lower Indian Ocean cable network (LION), the Mauritius-Rodriguez underwater cable and the Far East Cable (SAFE). Culture Home article: Culture of Mauritius Art Prominent Mauritian artists include Waco Baysac, Henri Le Sidaner and Malcolm de Chazal. Gabriel Wiehe is a prominent illustrator and graphic designer. Mauritius is also the source of Mauritian Postage stamps, one of the rarest postage stamps in the world, last sold for $4 million, and is considered the greatest commodity in all philately by some. The architecture of Mauritius's distinctive architecture reflects the history of the island nation as a colonial trading base connecting Europe with the East. Styles and forms introduced by Dutch, French and British settlers from the seventeenth century, mixed with the influence of India and Africa, the result of a unique hybrid architecture of international historical, social and artistic significance. The Mauritian structures represent various designs, materials and decorative elements that are unique to the country and inform the historical context of the Indian Ocean and European colonialism. Decades of political, social and economic change have led to the regular destruction of Mauritius' architectural heritage. Between 1960 and 1980, the island's historic high-rise houses, known locally as campagnes, disappeared at an alarming rate. In recent years have witnessed the demolition of plantations, residences and civil buildings as they have been cleaned or overhauled for new buildings to serve the expanding tourism industry. The capital of Port Louis remained relatively unchanged until the mid-1990s, but now reflects the irreversible damage done to its built heritage. The rising value of land contrasted with the cultural value of Mauritius' historic buildings, while prohibitively high maintenance costs and a steady decline in traditional building skills made it difficult to invest in conservation. The population has historically lived in so-called Creole houses. Literary main article: Mauritian literature Famous Mauritian writers include Marie-Teresa Humbert, Malcolm de Chazal, Ananda Devi, Hannah Patel, Khal Torabubli, J.M. G. Le Clezio, Akil Gopi and Dev Virasavmi. J.M.G. Le Clezio, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2008, has a Mauritian heritage and dual French-Mauritian citizenship. The le prince Maurice Prize is held on the island. In accordance with the literary culture of the island, the prize is alternated annually between English-speaking and French-speaking writers. Music Main Articles: Music Mauritius and Sega (genre) Major musical genres Mauritius Sega and its genre fusion, Seggae, Bhojpuri folk songs, Indian film music especially Bollywood, and classical music are mostly Western classical music and Indian classical music. Kitchen Extra information: Mauritius Kitchen Mauritius Kitchen is a combination of Indian, Creole, French and Chinese, with many dishes unique to the island. Spices are also a big part of Mauritian cuisine. Fish fritters chop sui shrimp fish curry bread small salad sauce, piment, ketchup Alouda is a cold drink with milk, basil seeds and agar-agar jelly. Mauritius Public Holidays and Festivals include a mix of several cultures from the history of Mauritius. There are Hindu festivals, Chinese festivals, Muslim festivals, and Christian festivals. Mauritius has 15 annual public holidays. All public holidays associated with religious holidays have dates change from year to year, with the exception of Christmas. Other festivals, such as Holi, Holi, Bandhan, Durga Puja, Per Laval Pilgrimage also enriches the cultural landscape of Mauritius. Public Holidays in Mauritius in 2020 New Year's Day Wed 01 - Thu 2 January Chinese Spring Festival Sat 25 January Abolition of Slavery Sat 1 February Thaipoosam Kawadi Sat 8 February Maha Shivaratri Fri 21 February Independence and Republic Day Thu March 12 U Wed 25 March Labor Day Fri 1 May Eid ul-Fitr (depending on the appearance of the moon) Sun May 24 Assumption of Our Lady Sat 15 August Ganesh ethul Chathi Sun 23 August Arrival from Indentured Labour Mon 2 November Diwali Sat 14 November Christmas 25 December Sports Maiden Cup in 2006 See also: Football in Mauritius The most popular sport in Mauritius is football , and the national team known as Dodos or Club M. Other popular sports in Mauritius include cycling, table tennis, horse racing, badminton, volleyball, basketball, handball, boxing, judo, karate, taekwondo, weightlifting, bodybuilding and athletics. Water sports include swimming, sailing, snorkeling, windsurfing and kitesurfing. The horse racing choir, which dates back to 1812 when the racetrack at Mars Palace was opened, remains popular. The country hosted the second (1985), fifth (2003) and tenth edition (2019) of the Indian Ocean Islands Games. Mauritius won its first Olympic medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing when boxer Bruno Julie won a bronze medal. In golf, the former Mauritius Open and the current AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open were part of the European Tour. See also the African Islands Portal Description Mauritius Mauritius Rupee Index Mauritius related articles List mauritius related to the topics of Notes - the Mauritius Constitution does not mention the official language. The Constitution merely mentions that the official language of the National Assembly is English; however, any member could also address the President in French. The language is most often spoken at home, according to the 2011 census. Inquiries : State Information Service - coat of arms. www.govmu.org. received on July 29, 2019. a b Mauritius Constitution - 49. The official language. National Assembly, Government Portal of Mauritius. Received on November 11, 2017. b c d Mauritius Statistics. The 2011 census - the main results (PDF). Government portal Mauritius. Received on November 11, 2017. You need to quote a magazine with a journal (reference) and an archive copy (PDF). Archive from the original (PDF) dated May 14, 2014. Received April 26, 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as headline (link) - Population and life statistics - 2019. Mauritius statistics. March 2020. Received on May 6, 2020. b c d World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019. IMF.org International Monetary Fund. Received on June 8, 2019. GINI Index (World Bank Assessment) Mauritius. data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Received on July 1, 2020. 2019 Man Man Report (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2019. Received december 10, 2019. b c Written Statement of the Republic of Mauritius (PDF). 1. International Court of Justice. March 1, 2018: 23-24. The magazine needs to be quoted as the journal (help) and the Memorial of the Republic of Mauritius. 1. Permanent Court of Arbitration. August 1, 2012: 9. The magazine calls for the magazine (help) Mauritius Memorial: Charts (PDF). Permanent Arbitration Court. 2012. page 7. Received on October 12, 2019. B MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS TOM I. 1. Permanent Arbitration Court. August 1, 2012: 9. To quote the magazine requires magazine (help) - b Herve, Geinard (March 20, 2013). A. Un Differen Ansien Avek Maurice Kwant a la Suverinete Sur Tromelin. National Assembly (France). To quote the magazine requires a magazine (help) - Colonial Office Telegram No. 199 to Mauritius, No. 222 to Seychelles, July 21, 1965, FO 371/184524 (PDF). Permanent Arbitration Court. The magazine requires a magazine (help) Visiting the British territory of the Indian Ocean. Received on December 16, 2018. Religions in Africa African religions PU-GRF. www.globalreligiousfutures.org. received on 28 April 2020. Global religious landscape. Pew Research Center Religion and Public Life Project. December 18, 2012. Received on April 28, 2020. b World Bank Country and Credit Group. datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Received on July 1, 2020. World Economic Forum. Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018 (PDF). Received on December 24, 2018. Stiglitz, Joseph (March 7, 2011). Miracle Mauritius, or how to make a great success of a small economy. Keeper. GLOBAL PEACE INDEX, WHICH MEASURES THE WORLD IN THE COMPLEX GLOBAL WORLD INDEX 2019 (PDF). Institute of Economics and Peace. 2019. Received on 13 October 2019. - Torava, S. (2007). Medieval islands of Wakwak and Mascaren. Hassam Toorawa Trust, Port Louis, Mauritius - Cantino Planisphere Anonymous Portuguese (1502) - Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, Modena, Italy, Public Domain. Prime Minister's Office - Cabinet Decisions adopted on May 24, 2019. pmo.govmu.org. received on June 25, 2019. a b c d e f g History. Government portal Mauritius. Received on January 22, 2015. The slave trade in Mauritius. Rough guides. Received on September 13, 2020. History of Mauritius (PDF). Ministry of Arts and Culture, Government Portal of Mauritius. Received on January 22, 2015. USIP (PDF). The slave trade in Mauritius. Rough guides. Received on September 13, 2020. Tamula, les racines de l'histoire. L'Express. Received on February 5, 2004. Profile mauritius - Timeline. Received on 25 February 2019. a b Port Louis, tropical city, Agus Toussaint. ISBN 0 04 969001 9 - b c d e Short History of Mauritius, P.J. Barnwell and A. Toussaint - From Terra Australis to Australia Flinders. Flinders. Library nsw. Received on September 14, 2020. Mohipust, Anand. Matthew Flinders, a glorified prisoner. L'Express. Received on 24 October 2003. a b New Comprehensive History of Mauritius, Sydney Selvon, 2012. ISBN 978-99949-34-91-1 - Project of the Encyclopedia of African Democracy. Mauritius: Sugar, snow-covered labor and its consequences (1835-1910). Eisa. Received on September 20, 2020. a b c d e f g Mauritius in the 1846-2000 census, Monique Dinan. ISBN 99903-904-6-0 - Republic of Mauritius- History. www.govmu.org. Received on 29 May 2020. Storey, William Kelleher (1995). Small-scale sugarcane and biotechnology farmers in Mauritius: Uba Riots 1937. Agricultural history. 69 (2): 163–176. JSTOR 3744263. Richard Croucher; John McIlroy (July 1, 2013). Mauritius 1937: Origins a crowning achievement in colonial trade union law. The history of labor. 54 (3): 223–239. doi:10.1080/0023656X.2013.804268. 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Untold Stories, Collection of Social and Political Essays, 1950-1995, Sir Satkam Boull, EOI. ISBN 99903-0-234-0 - When India drew a top-secret red line on Mauritius. Hindu. March 10, 2013. Received on March 22, 2013. Rory Medcalf (March 19, 2013). When India (almost) invaded Mauritius. Diplomat. Received on March 22, 2013. David Brewster. Ocean of India: The history of India's bid for regional leadership... Received August 13, 2014 - John D. Battersby (December 28, 1987). Port Louis Journal; The land of apartheid befriended an island in the Indian Ocean. The New York Times. Received on December 29, 2016. Jane Perles, especially for The New York Times (August 27, 1990). Political quarrel Mauritius saves the queen. The New York Times. Great Britain; Mauritius. Received on September 6, 2016. AAPS Newsletter, Volume 1, Issues 5-19, African Political Science Association, 1992, page 20, country profile: Mauritius, Seychelles, Intelligence Group 2001, p. p. - L'Express, Vendredi 26 Fuvier 1999 - Rapport du Juge Matadeen sur les meutes de 1999, Imprimerie du Gouvernement, 2000 - Bob Minzesheimer (January 22, 2017). Mauritius: Prime Minister Anerud Jugnauth hand over to his son. BBC News. Received on January 22, 2017. - Jean Paul Arouff (January 23, 2017). New Mauritius PM takes over from father, opponents cry foul. Reuters. Received on January 23, 2017. The only female president of Africa who has resigned. March 13, 2018 - via www.bbc.com. The President's Office - Home. Government of Mauritius. Received on February 22, 2019. - - Mauritius: Promoting the development of the ocean economy (PDF). Intercontinental Trust. Received on January 22, 2015. National Coast Guard (PDF). Government portal Mauritius. Received on January 22, 2015. Commission on The Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) External Limits of the Continental Shelf 200 nautical miles from baselines: Commission submissions: Joint representation of the Republic of Mauritius and the Republic of Seychelles. United Nations. Received on January 22, 2015. Meteorological Services - Monthly climatological summary bulletin (PDF). Mauritius Meteorological Services. May 2008. page 3. Received on January 22, 2015. General information - Geography. Mauritius.net. received on January 22, 2015. Tourism - Mauritius Review. Government portal Mauritius. Received on January 4, 2012. b c Mauritius Territory. Government portal Mauritius. Received on January 22, 2015. a b c Republic of Mauritius, Republic of Mauritius, Republic of Population and Life, January - June 2019 (PDF). Mauritius statistics. Received on October 12, 2019. La population chagossienne en ciphers. L'Express (Mauritius). July 5, 2016. Dennis Ramley; Chaturdi, Sanjay; Sahuja, Vijay (2010). Exploitation of fishing in the Indian Ocean: threats and opportunities. page 123. ISBN 9789812309860. Political relations. French Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs. April 1, 2020. Received on April 25, 2020. a b Time for the UK to leave the Chagos Archipelago. The real clear world. Received on January 22, 2015. Who owns Diego Garcia? Decolonization and indigenous rights in the Indian Ocean (PDF). Jeffrey Robertson. Archive from the original (PDF) dated May 2, 2014. Received on January 22, 2015. The decolonization of Chagos. Hindu. February 27, 2019. Received On April 5, 2019. Indradev Kurpen (June 15, 2012). Chagos remains a subject of discussion. Le Defi's media group. Archive from the original on April 27, 2015. Received on January 22, 2015. Cork, Tristan. Shocking reason there are dogs hanging from a tree in Bristol. Bristol Post. BBC World. July 22, 2011. Received on January 22, 2015. History. British Chagos's support. 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A U.N. court has rejected Britain's claim for sovereignty over the Chagos Islands. Keeper. Received on February 26, 2019. Owen Bowcott (May 1, 2019). Corbyn condemns May's defiance of the Chagos Islands court's decision. Keeper. a b Sands, Philippe (May 24, 2019). Finally, the Chagos have a real chance of returning home. Keeper. Britain's behaviour towards its former colony was shameful. UN Resolution Changes Everything - Osborne, Samuel (May 22, 2019). Chagos Islands: The UN officially requires that the UK and US withdraw from the Indian Ocean archipelago. Independent. Chapter 1. Introduction to the Republic of Mauritius (PDF). National Parks and Conservation Services, Government Portal Mauritius. Received on January 22, 2015. March 2016 report by the President of the Mauritian Wildlife Fund. Received on August 29, 2017. Welcome to the Mauritius Wildlife Fund (MWF) - In the field - Mauritius - Mauritius Fruit Bat. www.mauritian-wildlife.org. Received february 22, 2019. Beth Shapiro; Sebthorpe, Dean; Andrew Rambo; et al. (2002). Flight dodo (PDF). Science. 295 (5560): 1683. doi:10.1126/science.295.5560.1683. PMID 11872833. Dodo. Government portal Mauritius. Received on January 22, 2015. Republic of Mauritius - Herb. www.govmu.org. received on March 27, 2019. Mauritius air quality is the 2nd place in the world. Le Matinal. September 26, 2011. Archive from the original on October 10, 2013. Received on January 22, 2015. The climate of Mauritius. Mauritius Meteorological Services. Received on January 22, 2015. ANNA, CARA. Yahoo Search - web search. search.yahoo.com Associated Press. Received on August 8, 2020. The oil spill threatens an environmental disaster as Mauritius declares an emergency. news.yahoo.com. Reuters. Received on August 8, 2020. The UN Human Rights Committee criticizes the Best Loser System. Country.eiu.com. received on September 6, 2016. AFRICA IBRAHIM MANAGEMENT INDEX 2018 (PDF). Mo Fund. Received on October 13, 2019. 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Nine years of continuous basic education: what are the major changes made to the system?. Defi Media. Ministry of Education and Human Resources, Higher Education and Research (Mauritius). The communique is free education in higher education institutions (PDF). Mauritius - Adult Literacy Rate (15) . Atlas of world data. Knoema. Mauritius: Drivers of growth - can the past be extended? (PDF) No, no, no. (IMF working paper for 2014). Mauritius. CIA World Factbook. Received on January 4, 2012. Joseph E. Stiglitz. The Miracle of Mauritius. Project Syndicate. Received on April 21, 2012. To quote the magazine requires magazine (help) - Overland, Indra; Basilian, Morgan; Ilimbek Uulu, Talgat; Vakulchuk, Roman; Westphal, Kirsten (2019). GeGaLo: geopolitical benefits and after the energy transition. Energy strategy reviews. 26: 100406. - Moving the Nation Forward (PDF). Government of Mauritius. Archive from the original (PDF) dated April 13, 2019. Received on April 21, 2012. 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Irish times. November 7, 2018. Archive from the original on June 22, 2018. Received on May 19, 2019. The Prime Minister denies that Mauritius is a tax haven. Government of Mauritius. Received March 31, 2019. A general list of jurisdictions of third EU countries for tax purposes. European Commission. Received March 31, 2019. A list of unactified tax havens. Oecd. Received March 31, 2019. Code of Ethics for Tourism for Mauritius (PDF). ITPA. Archive from the original (PDF) dated January 21, 2012. Received on January 28, 2012. International Year of Travel and Tourism 2018. Received on April 6, 2019. Mauritius. UN World Heritage Centre. Received on May 20, 2019. Rs 32 M de plus pour le transport gratuit (in French). Le Matinal. Received on August 22, 2014. Mauritius Airport opens a $305 million terminal. Passenger terminal today. Received on August 22, 2014. La Redaction, Metro Express: le trace aux Singapouriens, la mise sur les rails aux Indiens, L'Express, 2016/10/27 - Mauritius Stats - ICT Stats 2016. statsmauritius.govmu.org. received on November 13, 2018. Google Code-in: Two Mauritian students among the finalists. Le Defi Media Group (french). Received on November 16, 2018. Prodige de l'informatique : kifa meeran remporte un concours organize par Google and star. Star (in French). February 20, 2018. Received on November 16, 2018. What's it? Can SSH still use RC4? Not much longer, I promise. Received on November 16, 2018. IETF - Task Force Internet Engineering (November 4, 2018), IETF Hackathon Presentations, Extracted 16 November 2018 - Mauritius Experience via Waco Baysac - International International Krol. kreolmagazine.com. - David Feldman SA, Mauritius: Classic Postage Stamps and Postage History, Switzerland (1993), Prices implemented supplement. a b Traditional architecture of Mauritius. Old colonial and Creole houses in Mauritius - Part 1 - Vintage Mauritius. June 6, 2014. Public Holidays - 2020.pdf (PDF). Received on November 4, 2019. Mauritius: Celebrating Durga Puja for nine days for The Island's Hindu devotees. Hindi Prachaarak. September 20, 2017. Received on April 28, 2020. Richards, Alexandra.Mauritius: Rodriguez, Reunion. Bradt Guides, 2009, page 90 bibliography This article includes public domain text from the mauritius government portal websites, the United States Department of State, the Library of Congress, and the CIA World Factbook. Fiona Macdonald; And other Mauritius. African peoples. 340-341. Next reading Bahadur, Gaihutra (2014). Cooley woman: Odyssey indentation. University of Chicago. ISBN 978-0-226-21138-1. Moree, Perry J. (1998). A Brief History of Dutch Mauritius, 1598-1710: a fruitful and healthy land. Routledge. Wink, Marcus (2003). The world's oldest trade: Dutch slavery and the slave trade in the Indian Ocean in the seventeenth century. 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