DOCSLIB.ORG

Mcloughlin () How Social Media Is Changing Political Representation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

How Social Media is Changing Political Representation in the United Kingdom Liam D.G. McLoughlin School of Arts and Media, University of Salford Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2019 <blank> Contents Table of Contents i List of Tables iv List of Figures v Abbreviations vi Acknowledgements vii Abstract viii Chapter 1. The Importance of Social Media in UK Politics 1 1.1. Introduction to the Thesis 1 1.2. Can 280-characters Really Change Politics? 3 1.3. The Crisis of Representative Democracy 8 1.4. Is Social Media as the Solution? The Prospect of Citizen-Representative Communication 10 1.5 What is Social Media? 12 1.5.1. Introduction to Facebook, Twitter and Instagram 15 1.6. Problems with Existing Research 17 1.7 Research Questions 20 1.8. Outline of the Thesis 22 Chapter 2. Conceptualising the linkage between representation & communication 25 2.1 Concepts of Political Representation 25 2.1.1 Hannah Pitkin, foundations of representative theory 28 2.1.2 Additional Theories - Mansbridge (2003) 32 2.1.3 Dynamic approaches to representation - Urbinati (2006) & Saward (2010) 34 2.2 In-between Election Democracy 36 2.3 Problems with Theories of Representation 39 2.4 Political Communication 41 2.4.1 Actors and formats of political communication 43 2.5 The interlinkage Between Political Representation and Political Communication 46 2.5.1 The role of communication in representation 47 2.6 A Framework to Understand the Implications Communication on Representation 51 2.6.1 Direct Representation 51 2.6.2 Indirect Representation 53 2.6.3 Networked Representation 55 2.7 Conclusion: The Theoretical Linkage between Social Media Communication & Representation 57 Chapter 3. Representative Communication in UK Politics, MPs & Citizens 59 3.1 Members of Parliament: Their Roles and Who They Act For? 60 3.2 Communication Between MPs & Citizens 64 3.2.1 Trends in political communication between MPs & Citizens 66 3.3 MPs and the Internet 68 3.3.1 MPs &Websites 69 3.3.2 MPs & Blogs 70 3.3.3 MPs & Emails 71 3.4 Explaining the uptake of internet communication platforms by MPs 72 3.5 The Impact of Websites, Blogs & Emails on Representation 75 3.6 MPs & Social Media 77 3.6.1 Explaining the uptake and use of social media 78 3.6.2 The direction and content of communication 80 3.7 Citizens’ Communication to MPs 83 3.7.1 Explanations for citizens’ participation and citizen initiated-contact 85 3.7.2 New forms of collective civic participation? 88 3.8 Conclusion: The Impact of Internet Communications on Representation in the United Kingdom, 89 A New Hope in Social Media? i Chapter 4. Methodology 90 4.1 Introduction and Justification for the Methodological Approach 90 4.1.1 Case study selection: The United Kingdom 91 4.1.2 Previous approaches to social media research 94 4.1.3 Mixed-method and convergent design methodology 96 4.2 Social Media Data Collection 100 4.2.1 Scope and timeframe of the data collection 102 4.2.2 Data collection process: Facebook 102 4.2.3 Data collection process: Twitter 103 4.2.4 Data collection process: Instagram 104 4.2.5 Coding of the data 104 4.2.6 Limitations of social media data collection 105 4.2.7 Ethics of social media research 105 4.3 Survey Data Collection (Citizens) 109 4.3.1 Online surveys 109 4.3.2 Participant selection & recruitment 110 4.3.3 Questionnaire design 110 4.3.4 Survey sample 111 4.4 Elite Interviews 112 4.4.1 MP recruitment 114 4.4.2 Interview format & Questions 115 4.4.3 Ethical considerations for Surveys & Interviews 116 Chapter 5. Political Representatives’ Explanations for their Social Media use 118 5.1 How Central Has Social Media Become to MPs Communication Strategies? 119 5.1.1 How MPs compare social media with other communication platforms 121 5.1.2 Differences in use between Facebook, Twitter & Instagram 123 5.1.3 Evidence of social media use as part of a permanent electoral campaign 126 5.1.4 Are social media pages more important than MPs’ websites? 127 5.1.5 MPs that do not use social media 128 5.1.6 Use of third-level social media websites 129 5.1.7 The degree that MPs engage in interpersonal communication with citizens on social media 132 5.2 Technical Considerations of Social Media Management by MPs 133 5.2.1 Do MPs have a communication strategy? 133 5.2.2 Themselves or their staff? 133 5.2.3 How MPs access social media 136 5.3 MPs Social Media Concerns 138 5.3.1 Abuse of politicians 138 5.3.2 Concerns over the representativeness of MPs audiences 140 5.3.3 Data protection & privacy of constituents 141 5.3.4 Resources & time management 142 5.4 Discussion: How the use of Social Media by MPs Impacts Representative Communication 144 Chapter 6. Understanding MPs Social Media Communication Through Data 146 6.1 Revisiting Uptake and Usage of Social Media by MPs 147 6.1.1 Facebook Pages 148 6.1.2 Twitter 149 6.1.3 Instagram 153 6.1.4 MPs with no social media accounts 155 6.1.5 Normalisation of social media websites 155 6.1.6 Overall demographic trends across social media 156 6.2 What Patterns can be Found in how MPs Use Social Media 158 6.2.1 Frequency of MPs social media posts 159 6.2.2 Media-Type 160 6.2.3 The Functions of MPs Posts 162 6.3 Who do MPs Represent on Social Media? 172 6.3.1 MPs representing at the national or constituency level on social media 172 6.3.2 Does MPs use of social media signify a move away from the party? 173 6.3.3 The subjects and policies MPs focus on 174 6.4 Discussion: What can be understood of MPs Representative Strategy Through Their Social Media? 177 ii Chapter 7. Citizens use of Social Media 181 7.1 Who Engages in Representative Communication with MPs? 182 7.1.1 Platform differences 185 7.1.2 The Discovery of MPs social media accounts 186 7.2 The Type of Relationship Citizens Seek with Political Representatives 187 7.2.1 Comparing how citizens follow MPs across different media types 190 7.3 Evidence of a Disparity between What MPs Post, and What Citizens See on Social Media 193 7.4 Citizen-Initiated Contact and Social Media 196 7.5 The Interpretation of MPs Social Media Approach and Levels of Reciprocity 200 7.6 Communication between Citizens and their Local MP on Social Media 202 Chapter 8. Is social media changing political representation in the UK? 205 8.1 RQ1: The Extent to Which MPs Use Social Media, And for What Purpose 206 8.1.1 Which MPs use social media? 207 8.1.2 RQ3: Evidence against Direct Representation: MPs use of social media for unmediated ……… 208 ……… communication 8.1.3 Why MPs use social media: A matter of audience? 210 8.1.4 What type of content do MPs post? Broadcasting about themselves? 212 8.1.5 Who do MPs represent on social media 215 8.1.6 The selective response: What MPs responses towards citizens say about who MPs represent 216 8.2 RQ2: Patterns of Citizen-Initiated Contact, and The Relationship Citizens Seek with Their 217 ……… Representatives 8.2.1 Citizens seeking news, not representation 218 8.2.2 Explaining the participation of citizens: Between Representational Lurking and Monitorial ……… 219 ……… Citizens 8.2.3 On collective action 222 8.3 How is Social Media Changing Political Representation in the UK 223 8.3.1 Explaining the MP-Constituent Relationship on Social Media: Surrogate & Parasocial ……… 223 ……… representation. 8.3.2 Is Social Media increasing representation of citizens? A contingent yes. 224 8.3.3 The unknown role of algorithms: Evidence that social media companies are skewing the ……… 226 ……… perceptions of MPs to citizens? 8.4 Limitations of this thesis and areas for future study: Is there space for two-step representation? 226 8.5 Concluding Remarks 228 References 231 Appendix A. Semi-structured interview Schedule (UK MPs) 254 Appendix B. Citizen Social Media User Survey 255 Appendix C. Social Media Coding Schema 266 Appendix D. Additional statistical tests, Chapter 6 267 Appendix E. Additional statistical tests, Chapter 7 269 Glossary 273 Words: 85,826 iii List of Tables Table 1.1. Number of MPs and UK Users Across Five Social Media Sites 14 Table 1.2. Research Questions 21 Table 4.1. Demographic Distribution of Survey Participants 112 Table 6.1. Uptake of social media websites by MPs 148 Table 6.2. Uptake of Facebook, Twitter, & Instagram by Age of MP 150 Table 6.3. Uptake of Facebook, Twitter, & Instagram by Party 151 Table 6.4. Uptake of Facebook, Twitter, & Instagram by Electoral Marginality 151 Table 6.5. Uptake of Facebook, Twitter, & Instagram by Number of Years In Office 152 Table 6.6. Uptake of Facebook, Twitter, & Instagram by Ethnicity 152 Table 6.7. Uptake of Facebook, Twitter, & Instagram by Gender 152 Table 6.8. Functions of Facebook Posts by Percentage 163 Table 6.9. Functions of Twitter Posts by Percentage (excluding Retweets) 166 Table 6.10. Who MPs Retweet 168 Table 6.11. Functions of Instagram Posts by Percentage 170 Table 6.12. Facebook posts by Geographical Focus 173 Table 6.13. Policy Focus of MPs’ Twitter (ex. retweets) and Facebook Posts 176 Table 7.1.
Recommended publications
  • View Early Day Motions PDF File 0.12 MB

    View Early Day Motions PDF File 0.12 MB

    Published: Tuesday 23 March 2021 Early Day Motions tabled on Monday 22 March 2021 Early Day Motions (EDMs) are motions for which no days have been fixed. The number of signatories includes all members who have added their names in support of the Early Day Motion (EDM), including the Member in charge of the Motion. EDMs and added names are also published on the EDM database at www.parliament.uk/edm [R] Indicates that a relevant interest has been declared. New EDMs 1664 Dunbar’s online High Street trial Tabled: 22/03/21 Signatories: 1 Kenny MacAskill That this house welcomes the decision to trial a scheme that will promote online footfall on the high streets in Dunbar, notes that the project operated by Supporting our local economy (SOLE) and the Scottish Tech Army is intended to bring together the local community and support retail and traders on the high streets; notes that research has shown local residents are eager to support their local economy during the covid-19 pandemic; and looks forward to the results of that trial and its potential for work across Scotland. 1665 New defibrillators in Tranent Tabled: 22/03/21 Signatories: 1 Kenny MacAskill That this house welcomes the contribution of local charitable group, Tranent Belters, who have enabled the purchase of two new defibrillators installed in Tranent Town centre; notes that those defibrillators are the first two 24/7 accessible devices in Tranent; and further notes that another such device is to be installed at a later date. 1666 Lily-Mae Grogan Tabled: 22/03/21 Signatories: 1 Kenny MacAskill That this house wishes luck to Lily-Mae Grogan and her family in Tranent who are raising money for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) after Lily-Mae was diagnosed with AML in 2020; notes that Lily- 2 Tuesday 23 March 2021 EARLY DAY MOTIONS Mae's parents are raising money for the Teenage Cancer Trust by doing 5000 lunges over the course of April 2021; and wishes Lily-Mae all the best in her treatment and commends the work of the Trust in supporting teenagers with a cancer diagnosis.
  • Committee of the Whole House Proceedings

    Committee of the Whole House Proceedings

    1 House of Commons Thursday 11 February 2021 COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE HOUSE PROCEEDINGS MINISTERIAL AND OTHER MATERNITY ALLOWANCES BILL GLOSSARY This document shows the fate of each clause, schedule, amendment and new clause. The following terms are used: Added: New Clause agreed without a vote and added to the Bill. Agreed to: agreed without a vote. Agreed to on division: agreed following a vote. Negatived: rejected without a vote. Negatived on division: rejected following a vote. Not called: debated in a group of amendments, but not put to a decision. Not moved: not debated or put to a decision. Question proposed: debate underway but not concluded. Withdrawn after debate: moved and debated but then withdrawn, so not put to a decision. Not selected: not chosen for debate by the Chair. Kirsten Oswald Negatived 3 Clause 1,page1, line 5, leave out “may” and insert “must” 2 Committee of the whole House Proceedings: 11 February 2021 Ministerial and Other Maternity Allowances Bill, continued Jackie Doyle-Price Sir John Hayes Ben Bradley Tonia Antoniazzi Rosie Duffield Cherilyn Mackrory Andrew Rosindell Fiona Bruce Stephen Metcalfe Bob Blackman Not called 15 Clause 1,page1, line 5, leave out “a person as” Jackie Doyle-Price Sir John Hayes Ben Bradley Tonia Antoniazzi Rosie Duffield Cherilyn Mackrory Andrew Rosindell Fiona Bruce Stephen Metcalfe Bob Blackman Not called 16 Clause 1,page1, line 14, leave out “person” and insert “minister” Sir John Hayes Miriam Cates Lee Anderson Alexander Stafford Ben Bradley Tom Hunt Sir Edward Leigh Karl McCartney
  • Ethnic Diversity in Politics and Public Life

    Ethnic Diversity in Politics and Public Life

    BRIEFING PAPER CBP 01156, 22 October 2020 By Elise Uberoi and Ethnic diversity in politics Rebecca Lees and public life Contents: 1. Ethnicity in the United Kingdom 2. Parliament 3. The Government and Cabinet 4. Other elected bodies in the UK 5. Public sector organisations www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 Ethnic diversity in politics and public life Contents Summary 3 1. Ethnicity in the United Kingdom 6 1.1 Categorising ethnicity 6 1.2 The population of the United Kingdom 7 2. Parliament 8 2.1 The House of Commons 8 Since the 1980s 9 Ethnic minority women in the House of Commons 13 2.2 The House of Lords 14 2.3 International comparisons 16 3. The Government and Cabinet 17 4. Other elected bodies in the UK 19 4.1 Devolved legislatures 19 4.2 Local government and the Greater London Authority 19 5. Public sector organisations 21 5.1 Armed forces 21 5.2 Civil Service 23 5.3 National Health Service 24 5.4 Police 26 5.4 Justice 27 5.5 Prison officers 28 5.6 Teachers 29 5.7 Fire and Rescue Service 30 5.8 Social workers 31 5.9 Ministerial and public appointments 33 Annex 1: Standard ethnic classifications used in the UK 34 Cover page image copyright UK Youth Parliament 2015 by UK Parliament. Licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0 / image cropped 3 Commons Library Briefing, 22 October 2020 Summary This report focuses on the proportion of people from ethnic minority backgrounds in a range of public positions across the UK.
  • National Policy Forum (NPF) Report 2018

    National Policy Forum (NPF) Report 2018

    REPORT 2018 @LabPolicyForum #NPFConsultation2018 National Policy Forum Report 2018 XX National Policy Forum Report 2018 Contents NPF Elected Officers ....................................................................................................................4 Foreword ........................................................................................................................................5 About this document ...................................................................................................................6 Policy Commission Annual Reports Early Years, Education and Skills ............................................................................................7 Economy, Business and Trade ............................................................................................. 25 Environment, Energy and Culture ....................................................................................... 39 Health and Social Care ........................................................................................................... 55 Housing, Local Government and Transport ..................................................................... 71 International ............................................................................................................................. 83 Justice and Home Affairs ....................................................................................................... 99 Work, Pensions and Equality ..............................................................................................119
  • UK-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement

    UK-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement

    House of Commons International Trade Committee UK-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement Second Report of Session 2019–21 Report, together with formal minutes relating to the report Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 18 November 2020 HC 914 Published on 19 November 2020 by authority of the House of Commons The International Trade Committee The International Trade Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Department for International Trade and its associated public bodies. Current membership Angus Brendan MacNeil MP (Scottish National Party, Na h-Eileanan an Iar) (Chair) Mark Garnier MP (Conservative, Wyre Forest) Paul Girvan MP (DUP, South Antrim) Sir Mark Hendrick MP (Labour, Preston) Anthony Mangnall MP (Conservative, Totnes) Mark Menzies MP (Conservative, Fylde) Taiwo Owatemi MP (Labour, Coventry North West) Lloyd Russell-Moyle MP (Labour, Brighton, Kemptown) Martin Vickers MP (Conservative, Cleethorpes) Mick Whitley MP (Labour, Birkenhead) Craig Williams MP (Conservative, Montgomeryshire) Powers The Committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the internet via www.parliament.uk. Publication © Parliamentary Copyright House of Commons 2020. This publication may be reproduced under the terms of the Open Parliament Licence, which is published at www.parliament.uk/site-information/copyright-parliament/. Committee reports are published on the Committee’s website at www.parliament.uk/tradecom and in print by Order of the House. Evidence relating to this report is published on the inquiry publications page of the Committee’s website.
  • Julian HUPPERT Cambridge’S Independently-Minded Local Champion

    Julian HUPPERT Cambridge’S Independently-Minded Local Champion

    16 Signet Court, Swann’s Road, Cambridge CB5 8LA (01223) 304 421 CV [email protected] @julianhuppert | www.julianhuppert.org.uk Julian HUPPERT Cambridge’s independently-minded local champion PERSONAL BIOGRAPHY I came to Cambridge when I was three months old and attended local HOBBIES & INTERESTS: schools. I studied Natural Sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge. I’ve always loved cycling and hiking, Following completion of a PhD, I worked as a research scientist for and in my spare time I love to several years and set up my own small biotech company. escape to the mountains I was elected as a local councillor in Cambridge in 2001 and as the MP somewhere. for Cambridge in 2010. If at home, I like to listen to music, go CAMPAIGN RECORD to the cinema or spend time in Cambridge’s many fantastic independent cafes and pubs. Standing up for our local NHS “Protecting our local health service - especially mental health - is so important to me. In 2014 I led a debate in Parliament calling for more investment in our NHS here in Cambridge. I was delighted recently when the Government announced local NHS services will receive £20m extra investment next year. Along with Lib Dem colleagues, I am fighting for an investment of £8bn per year into our NHS by 2020.” Fairer funding for our school children “For over 30 years, schools in Cambridgeshire have been massively underfunded - receiving £600 per pupil per year less than the English average. I’ve campaigned for fairer school funding since I was elected as a councillor back in 2001, and from this April local schools will receive £23.2m each year more in funding.” Securing funding for Chesterton station and the Chisholm Trail “For over 15 years I have campaigned for a new station in Chesterton, and in this Parliament the deal was finally agreed! Tackling congestion across Cambridge is vital if our city is to continue to thrive.
  • Making a Hasty Brexit? Ministerial Turnover and Its Implications

    Making a Hasty Brexit? Ministerial Turnover and Its Implications

    Making a Hasty Brexit? Ministerial Turnover and Its Implications Jessica R. Adolino, Ph. D. Professor of Political Science James Madison University Draft prepared for presentation at the European Studies Association Annual Meeting May 9-12, 2019, Denver, Colorado Please do not cite or distribute without author’s permission. By almost any measure, since the immediate aftermath of the June 16, 2016 Brexit referendum, the British government has been in a state of chaos. The turmoil began with then- Prime Minister David Cameron’s resignation on June 17 and succession by Theresa May within days of the vote. Subsequently, May’s decision to call a snap election in 2017 and the resulting loss of the Conservatives’ parliamentary majority cast doubt on her leadership and further stirred up dissension in her party’s ranks. Perhaps more telling, and the subject of this paper, is the unprecedented number of ministers1—from both senior and junior ranks—that quit the May government over Brexit-related policy disagreements2. Between June 12, 2017 and April 3, 2019, the government witnessed 45 resignations, with high-profile secretaries of state and departmental ministers stepping down to return to the backbenches. Of these, 34 members of her government, including 9 serving in the Cabinet, departed over issues with some aspect of Brexit, ranging from dissatisfaction with the Prime Minister’s Withdrawal Agreement, to disagreements about the proper role of Parliament, to questions about the legitimacy of the entire Brexit process. All told, Theresa May lost more ministers, and at a more rapid pace, than any other prime minister in modern times.
  • House of Lords Official Report

    House of Lords Official Report

    Vol. 759 Tuesday No. 106 24 February 2015 PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES (HANSARD) HOUSE OF LORDS OFFICIAL REPORT ORDER OF BUSINESS Questions National Curriculum: Animal Welfare .............................................................................................................1529 Gurkhas ................................................................................................................................................................1531 Yarl’s Wood .........................................................................................................................................................1533 Armed Forces: Baltic Defence ..........................................................................................................................1536 Specialist Printing Equipment and Materials (Offences) Bill Order of Commitment Discharged .....................................................................................................................1538 Consumer Rights Bill Commons Reason .................................................................................................................................................1539 Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Mitochondrial Donation) Regulations 2015 Motion to Approve..............................................................................................................................................1569 Gambling: Fixed-odds Betting Machines Question for Short Debate.................................................................................................................................1627
  • The Gurkhas', 1857-2009

    The Gurkhas', 1857-2009

    "Bravest of the Brave": The making and re-making of 'the Gurkhas', 1857-2009 Gavin Rand University of Greenwich Thanks: Matthew, audience… Many of you, I am sure, will be familiar with the image of the ‘martial Gurkha’. The image dates from nineteenth century India, and though the suggestion that the Nepalese are inherently martial appears dubious, images of ‘warlike Gurkhas’ continue to circulate in contemporary discourse. Only last week, Dipprasad Pun, of the Royal Gurkha Rifles, was awarded the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross for single-handedly fighting off up to 30 Taliban insurgents. In 2010, reports surfaced that an (unnamed) Gurkha had been reprimanded for using his ‘traditional’ kukri knife to behead a Taliban insurgent, an act which prompted the Daily Mail to exclaim ‘Thank god they’re on our side!) Thus, the bravery and the brutality of the Gurkhas – two staple elements of nineteenth century representations – continue to be replayed. Such images have also been mobilised in other contexts. On 4 November 2008, Chief Superintendent Kevin Hurley, of the Metropolitan Police, told the Commons’ Home Affairs Select Committee, that Gurkhas would make excellent ‘recruits’ to the capital’s police service. Describing the British Army’s Nepalese veterans as loyal, disciplined, hardworking and brave, Hurley reported that the Met’s senior commanders believed that ex-Gurkhas could provide a valuable resource to London’s police. Many Gurkhas, it was noted, were multilingual (in subcontinental languages, useful for policing the capital’s diverse population), fearless (and therefore unlikely to be intimidated by the apparently rising tide of knife and gun crime) and, Hurley noted, the recruiting of these ‘loyal’, ‘brave’ and ‘disciplined’ Nepalese would also provide an excellent (and, one is tempted to add, convenient) means of diversifying the workforce.
  • THE 422 Mps WHO BACKED the MOTION Conservative 1. Bim

    THE 422 Mps WHO BACKED the MOTION Conservative 1. Bim

    THE 422 MPs WHO BACKED THE MOTION Conservative 1. Bim Afolami 2. Peter Aldous 3. Edward Argar 4. Victoria Atkins 5. Harriett Baldwin 6. Steve Barclay 7. Henry Bellingham 8. Guto Bebb 9. Richard Benyon 10. Paul Beresford 11. Peter Bottomley 12. Andrew Bowie 13. Karen Bradley 14. Steve Brine 15. James Brokenshire 16. Robert Buckland 17. Alex Burghart 18. Alistair Burt 19. Alun Cairns 20. James Cartlidge 21. Alex Chalk 22. Jo Churchill 23. Greg Clark 24. Colin Clark 25. Ken Clarke 26. James Cleverly 27. Thérèse Coffey 28. Alberto Costa 29. Glyn Davies 30. Jonathan Djanogly 31. Leo Docherty 32. Oliver Dowden 33. David Duguid 34. Alan Duncan 35. Philip Dunne 36. Michael Ellis 37. Tobias Ellwood 38. Mark Field 39. Vicky Ford 40. Kevin Foster 41. Lucy Frazer 42. George Freeman 43. Mike Freer 44. Mark Garnier 45. David Gauke 46. Nick Gibb 47. John Glen 48. Robert Goodwill 49. Michael Gove 50. Luke Graham 51. Richard Graham 52. Bill Grant 53. Helen Grant 54. Damian Green 55. Justine Greening 56. Dominic Grieve 57. Sam Gyimah 58. Kirstene Hair 59. Luke Hall 60. Philip Hammond 61. Stephen Hammond 62. Matt Hancock 63. Richard Harrington 64. Simon Hart 65. Oliver Heald 66. Peter Heaton-Jones 67. Damian Hinds 68. Simon Hoare 69. George Hollingbery 70. Kevin Hollinrake 71. Nigel Huddleston 72. Jeremy Hunt 73. Nick Hurd 74. Alister Jack (Teller) 75. Margot James 76. Sajid Javid 77. Robert Jenrick 78. Jo Johnson 79. Andrew Jones 80. Gillian Keegan 81. Seema Kennedy 82. Stephen Kerr 83. Mark Lancaster 84.
  • Halifax Makes It Happen

    Halifax Makes It Happen

    BUSINESS WITH PERSONALITY THE COR-VETERAN 100 DAYS OF ATTITUDE GRAB A CLASSIC HOW MIGHT BORIS BEGIN CHEVY BEFORE HIS TIME AT THE TOP?P11 THEY PERISH P19 FREE YOUR TUESDAY 23 JULY 2019 ISSUE 3,419 CITYAM.COM GROUNDS FOR CONCERNDeal HUNT: EUROPE for Inmarsat faces security probe REGULAR WILL BATTLE PAPER → IRAN ‘PIRACY’ OWEN BENNETT had no right to obstruct the ship’s pas- we remain committed to preserving sage, let alone board her. the Iran nuclear agreement,” Hunt @owenjbennett “It was therefore an act of state said yesterday. JEREMY Hunt accused Iran of “state piracy which the House will have no The foreign secretary’s statement piracy” yesterday as he announced the hesitation in condemning.” came against a backdrop of increasing UK was shunning the US in favour of a He added: “Even more worryingly, questions over how relations with Iran European response to the ongoing this incident was a flagrant breach of had deteriorated so drastically. tensions in the Gulf. the principle of free navigation on Tory MP Huw Merriman claimed the The foreign secretary launched the which the global trading system and government had “dropped the ball” verbal attack on Tehran after Iranian world economy ultimately depends.” over the crisis. INSIDE “We knew from 4 July, having seized soldiers seized a British-flagged Setting out the UK’s response to the tanker in the region on Friday. dramatic escalation of tension an Iranian tanker that we suspected Hunt urged Iran to release in the region, Hunt con- was breaching EU sanctions and head- the vessel and its 23-man firmed all British ships ing with oil to Syria, that there would crew as he branded the should now avoid Iranian be some form of reprisal and that’s exactly what we’ve got,” he told the actions of the oil-rich HARRY ROBERTSON years after it floated.
  • FDN-274688 Disclosure

    FDN-274688 Disclosure

    FDN-274688 Disclosure MP Total Adam Afriyie 5 Adam Holloway 4 Adrian Bailey 7 Alan Campbell 3 Alan Duncan 2 Alan Haselhurst 5 Alan Johnson 5 Alan Meale 2 Alan Whitehead 1 Alasdair McDonnell 1 Albert Owen 5 Alberto Costa 7 Alec Shelbrooke 3 Alex Chalk 6 Alex Cunningham 1 Alex Salmond 2 Alison McGovern 2 Alison Thewliss 1 Alistair Burt 6 Alistair Carmichael 1 Alok Sharma 4 Alun Cairns 3 Amanda Solloway 1 Amber Rudd 10 Andrea Jenkyns 9 Andrea Leadsom 3 Andrew Bingham 6 Andrew Bridgen 1 Andrew Griffiths 4 Andrew Gwynne 2 Andrew Jones 1 Andrew Mitchell 9 Andrew Murrison 4 Andrew Percy 4 Andrew Rosindell 4 Andrew Selous 10 Andrew Smith 5 Andrew Stephenson 4 Andrew Turner 3 Andrew Tyrie 8 Andy Burnham 1 Andy McDonald 2 Andy Slaughter 8 FDN-274688 Disclosure Angela Crawley 3 Angela Eagle 3 Angela Rayner 7 Angela Smith 3 Angela Watkinson 1 Angus MacNeil 1 Ann Clwyd 3 Ann Coffey 5 Anna Soubry 1 Anna Turley 6 Anne Main 4 Anne McLaughlin 3 Anne Milton 4 Anne-Marie Morris 1 Anne-Marie Trevelyan 3 Antoinette Sandbach 1 Barry Gardiner 9 Barry Sheerman 3 Ben Bradshaw 6 Ben Gummer 3 Ben Howlett 2 Ben Wallace 8 Bernard Jenkin 45 Bill Wiggin 4 Bob Blackman 3 Bob Stewart 4 Boris Johnson 5 Brandon Lewis 1 Brendan O'Hara 5 Bridget Phillipson 2 Byron Davies 1 Callum McCaig 6 Calum Kerr 3 Carol Monaghan 6 Caroline Ansell 4 Caroline Dinenage 4 Caroline Flint 2 Caroline Johnson 4 Caroline Lucas 7 Caroline Nokes 2 Caroline Spelman 3 Carolyn Harris 3 Cat Smith 4 Catherine McKinnell 1 FDN-274688 Disclosure Catherine West 7 Charles Walker 8 Charlie Elphicke 7 Charlotte