Toxicological Profile for Arsenic
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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators. -
Identification and Quantification of Arsenic Species in Gold Mine Wastes Using Synchrotron-Based X-Ray Techniques
Identification and Quantification of Arsenic Species in Gold Mine Wastes Using Synchrotron-Based X-ray Techniques Andrea L. Foster, PhD U.S. Geological Survey GMEG Menlo Park, CA Arsenic is an element of concern in mined gold deposits around the world Spenceville (Cu-Au-Ag) Lava Cap (Nevada) Ketza River (Au) Empire Mine (Nevada) low-sulfide, qtz Au sulfide and oxide ore Argonaut Mine (Au) bodies Don Pedro Harvard/Jamestown Ruth Mine (Cu) Kelly/Rand (Au/Ag) Goldenville, Caribou, and Montague (Au) The common arsenic-rich particles in hard-rock gold mines have long been known Primary Secondary Secondary/Tertiary Iron oxyhydroxide (“rust”) “arsenian” pyrite containing arsenic up to 20 wt% -1 Scorodite FeAsO 2H O As pyrite Fe(As,S)2 4 2 Kankite : FeAsO4•3.5H2O Reich and Becker (2006): maximum of 6% As-1 Arseniosiderite Ca2Fe3(AsO4)3O2·3H2O Arsenopyrite FeAsS Jarosite KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 Yukonite Ca7Fe12(AsO4)10(OH)20•15H2O Tooleite [Fe6(AsO3)4(SO4)(OH)4•4H2O Pharmacosiderite KFe (AsO ) (OH) •6–7H O arsenide n- 4 4 3 4 2 n = 1-3 But it is still difficult to predict with an acceptable degree of uncertainty which forms will be present • thermodynamic data lacking or unreliable for many important phases • kinetic barriers to equilibrium • changing geochemical conditions (tailings management) Langmuir et al. (2006) GCA v70 Lava Cap Mine Superfund Site, Nevada Cty, CA Typical exposure pathways at arsenic-contaminated sites are linked to particles and their dissolution in aqueous fluids ingestion of arsenic-bearing water dissolution near-neutral, low -
Arsenic and Lead Contamination in Oklahoma Soils Arsenic and Lead Are Naturally Occurring Elements Present in Rocks
Arsenic and Lead Contamination in Oklahoma Soils Arsenic and lead are naturally occurring elements present in rocks. As these rocks erode, arsenic and lead get in soils, waters and plants. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) reports an average of 7.4 parts per million (ppm) as the arsenic concentration in soils for the entire United States and 7.2 ppm as the average arsenic concentration in soils for the western U.S.(1) Background arsenic concentrations in Central Oklahoma soils range from 0.6 to 21 ppm.(2) The USGS reports an average lead concentration of 13 parts per million (ppm) in soils for central Oklahoma(2) and an average lead concentration of 18 ppm for the Western United States.(3) Pollution from historic lead and zinc smelters in Oklahoma left residues of lead, arsenic and cadmium in area soils. Contamination was also spread by using smelter debris as fill material, driveways and roads. These former smelters were primarily located in eastern Oklahoma. Some arsenic contamination above naturally occurring levels is also attributed to agricultural, energy and industrial practices. For example, arsenic-containing insecticides and herbicides were widely used on vegetables, fruits and field crops from the 1900s to around 1950. Coal combustion, wood preserving and smelting operations are known to be sources of arsenic contamination.(1) Lead was once commonly used in paint and in plumbing. Lead was an additive to gasoline for many years and has also been found in ceramics, mini-blinds and other products. Homes built before 1970 commonly have lead-based paint. Renovation activities and peeling or flaking paint can release lead inside the home. -
The Calcium Arsenates
Station RuIletin 131. June, 1918 Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT The Calcium Arsenates By R. H. ROBINSON Acting Chemist, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. CORVALLIS, OREGON The regular huIlejne of the Station are sent free to the residents of Oregon who request them. THE CALCIUM ARSENATES By R. H. ROBINSON Acting Chemist, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station INTRODUCTION Chemical investigations on the calcium arsenates relative to their economfic value and practicability as insecticides have been carried on by the department of Agricultural Chemistry of this Station during the past two years.The results obtained from these investigations are presented in this bulletin.The work was supported by the annual funds provided by the Adams Act of the United States Government.. Commercial calcium arsenate is an arsenical now being produced by reliable manufacturers of spray material and offered for sale as a sub- stitute for the arsenates of lead.The value of the latter as a stomachic insecticide has been demonstrated, and itis now used extensively for the successful controlof the codling moth, the destructionof the cotton boll worm., the tobacco worm, and the Colorado potato beetle. Previous inveatigations on the toxic values and killing power of calcium arsenate and lead arsenate indicate equal efficiency. A consideration of a few figures will show the economic advantages which might be gained if calcium arsenate could be substituted for lead arsenate.A conservative estimate of the quantity of lead arsenate used annually in the United States, as stated by one of the largest manufac- turers of spray materials, is probably more than 30,000,000 pounds. -
Arsenic Summary & Details: Greenfacts
http://www.greenfacts.org/ Copyright © GreenFacts page 1/9 Scientific Facts on Source document: IPCS (2001) Arsenic Summary & Details: GreenFacts Level 2 - Details on Arsenic 1. What is arsenic?.............................................................................................................3 1.1 What are the properties of arsenic?...................................................................................3 1.2 How are arsenic levels measured?.....................................................................................3 2. Where does environmental arsenic come from?....................................................3 2.1 What are the natural sources of environmental arsenic?.......................................................3 2.2 What are the man-made sources of environmental arsenic?..................................................4 2.3 How is arsenic transported and distributed in the environment?............................................4 3. What are the levels of exposure to arsenic?...........................................................4 3.1 How much arsenic is there in the environment?..................................................................4 3.2 What levels of arsenic are found in living organisms?...........................................................5 3.3 What levels of arsenic are humans exposed to?..................................................................5 4. What happens to arsenic in the body?......................................................................6 4.1 -
United States Patent Office
Patented Mar. 12, 1946 2,396.465 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PREPARATION OF SODUMARSENTE Erroll Hay Karr, Tacoma, Wash, assignor to The Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia, Pa, a corporation of Pennsyl vania No Drawing. Application October 12, 1943, Serial No. 506,00 3 Claims. (C. 23-53) This invention relates to the production of metal arsenites from alkali metal hydroxide and high arsenic content water soluble, alkali metal arsenic trioxide without the necessity of using arsenites, and more particularly, it relates to an the alkali metal hydroxide in powder form. improved method of causing a controlled reac Another object of the invention is to provide tion between an alkali metal hydroxide and a cheap and easily performed process for the arsenic trioxide to obtain a granular product in preparation of alkali metal arsenites from con a one-step operation. centrated solutions of caustic alkali and pow It is known that solid sodium arsenite can be dered arsenic trioxide in standard mixing equip prepared by mixing together powdered Solid ment. caustic soda and arsenic oxide in a heap and O An additional object of the invention is to pro initiating the reaction by adding a small quan vide a process for obtaining alkali metal arsenites tity of water. Ullmann's Encyclopedia der Techn. in granular form from concentrated solutions of Chemie., volume I, page 588. This method will caustic alkali and powdered arsenic trioxide. yield a solid material but it is attended by sev A further object of the invention is to provide eral disadvantages. 5 a process for the preparation of granular alkali . -
Arsinothricin, an Arsenic-Containing Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acid Analog of Glutamate, Is a Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0365-y OPEN Arsinothricin, an arsenic-containing non-proteinogenic amino acid analog of glutamate, is a broad-spectrum antibiotic Venkadesh Sarkarai Nadar1,7, Jian Chen1,7, Dharmendra S. Dheeman 1,6,7, Adriana Emilce Galván1,2, 1234567890():,; Kunie Yoshinaga-Sakurai1, Palani Kandavelu3, Banumathi Sankaran4, Masato Kuramata5, Satoru Ishikawa5, Barry P. Rosen1 & Masafumi Yoshinaga1 The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance highlights the urgent need for new antibiotics. Organoarsenicals have been used as antimicrobials since Paul Ehrlich’s salvarsan. Recently a soil bacterium was shown to produce the organoarsenical arsinothricin. We demonstrate that arsinothricin, a non-proteinogenic analog of glutamate that inhibits gluta- mine synthetase, is an effective broad-spectrum antibiotic against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, suggesting that bacteria have evolved the ability to utilize the per- vasive environmental toxic metalloid arsenic to produce a potent antimicrobial. With every new antibiotic, resistance inevitably arises. The arsN1 gene, widely distributed in bacterial arsenic resistance (ars) operons, selectively confers resistance to arsinothricin by acetylation of the α-amino group. Crystal structures of ArsN1 N-acetyltransferase, with or without arsinothricin, shed light on the mechanism of its substrate selectivity. These findings have the potential for development of a new class of organoarsenical antimicrobials and ArsN1 inhibitors. 1 Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL 33199, USA. 2 Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET), Tucumán T4001MVB, Argentina. 3 SER-CAT and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. -
Warning: the Following Lecture Contains Graphic Images
What the новичок (Novichok)? Why Chemical Warfare Agents Are More Relevant Than Ever Matt Sztajnkrycer, MD PHD Professor of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic Medical Toxicologist, Minnesota Poison Control System Medical Director, RFD Chemical Assessment Team @NoobieMatt #ITLS2018 Disclosures In accordance with the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) Standards, the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission (ANCC) and the Commission on Accreditation for Pre-Hospital Continuing Education (CAPCE), states presenters must disclose the existence of significant financial interests in or relationships with manufacturers or commercial products that may have a direct interest in the subject matter of the presentation, and relationships with the commercial supporter of this CME activity. The presenter does not consider that it will influence their presentation. Dr. Sztajnkrycer does not have a significant financial relationship to report. Dr. Sztajnkrycer is on the Editorial Board of International Trauma Life Support. Specific CW Agents Classes of Chemical Agents: The Big 5 The “A” List Pulmonary Agents Phosgene Oxime, Chlorine Vesicants Mustard, Phosgene Blood Agents CN Nerve Agents G, V, Novel, T Incapacitating Agents Thinking Outside the Box - An Abbreviated List Ammonia Fluorine Chlorine Acrylonitrile Hydrogen Sulfide Phosphine Methyl Isocyanate Dibotane Hydrogen Selenide Allyl Alcohol Sulfur Dioxide TDI Acrolein Nitric Acid Arsine Hydrazine Compound 1080/1081 Nitrogen Dioxide Tetramine (TETS) Ethylene Oxide Chlorine Leaks Phosphine Chlorine Common Toxic Industrial Chemical (“TIC”). Why use it in war/terror? Chlorine Density of 3.21 g/L. Heavier than air (1.28 g/L) sinks. Concentrates in low-lying areas. Like basements and underground bunkers. Reacts with water: Hypochlorous acid (HClO) Hydrochloric acid (HCl). -
Section 2. Hazards Identification OSHA/HCS Status : This Material Is Considered Hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)
SAFETY DATA SHEET Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Arsine / Helium / Phosgene Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Arsine / Helium / Phosgene Other means of : Not available. identification Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 006605 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Compressed gas substance or mixture ACUTE TOXICITY (inhalation) - Category 4 GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Warning Hazard statements : Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Harmful if inhaled. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction. Prevention : Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Avoid breathing gas. Response : IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON CENTER or physician if you feel unwell. Storage : Protect from sunlight when ambient temperature exceeds 52°C/125°F. Store in a well- ventilated place. -
APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
harxxxxx_App-G.qxd 3/8/10 1:34 PM Page AP11 APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants § ϭ 0.1 M 0 ؍ (Ionic strength ( † ‡ † Name Structure* pKa Ka pKa ϫ Ϫ5 Acetic acid CH3CO2H 4.756 1.75 10 4.56 (ethanoic acid) N ϩ H3 ϫ Ϫ3 Alanine CHCH3 2.344 (CO2H) 4.53 10 2.33 ϫ Ϫ10 9.868 (NH3) 1.36 10 9.71 CO2H ϩ Ϫ5 Aminobenzene NH3 4.601 2.51 ϫ 10 4.64 (aniline) ϪO SNϩ Ϫ4 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 3 H3 3.232 5.86 ϫ 10 3.01 (sulfanilic acid) ϩ NH3 ϫ Ϫ3 2-Aminobenzoic acid 2.08 (CO2H) 8.3 10 2.01 ϫ Ϫ5 (anthranilic acid) 4.96 (NH3) 1.10 10 4.78 CO2H ϩ 2-Aminoethanethiol HSCH2CH2NH3 —— 8.21 (SH) (2-mercaptoethylamine) —— 10.73 (NH3) ϩ ϫ Ϫ10 2-Aminoethanol HOCH2CH2NH3 9.498 3.18 10 9.52 (ethanolamine) O H ϫ Ϫ5 4.70 (NH3) (20°) 2.0 10 4.74 2-Aminophenol Ϫ 9.97 (OH) (20°) 1.05 ϫ 10 10 9.87 ϩ NH3 ϩ ϫ Ϫ10 Ammonia NH4 9.245 5.69 10 9.26 N ϩ H3 N ϩ H2 ϫ Ϫ2 1.823 (CO2H) 1.50 10 2.03 CHCH CH CH NHC ϫ Ϫ9 Arginine 2 2 2 8.991 (NH3) 1.02 10 9.00 NH —— (NH2) —— (12.1) CO2H 2 O Ϫ 2.24 5.8 ϫ 10 3 2.15 Ϫ Arsenic acid HO As OH 6.96 1.10 ϫ 10 7 6.65 Ϫ (hydrogen arsenate) (11.50) 3.2 ϫ 10 12 (11.18) OH ϫ Ϫ10 Arsenious acid As(OH)3 9.29 5.1 10 9.14 (hydrogen arsenite) N ϩ O H3 Asparagine CHCH2CNH2 —— —— 2.16 (CO2H) —— —— 8.73 (NH3) CO2H *Each acid is written in its protonated form. -
Chemical Name Federal P Code CAS Registry Number Acutely
Acutely / Extremely Hazardous Waste List Federal P CAS Registry Acutely / Extremely Chemical Name Code Number Hazardous 4,7-Methano-1H-indene, 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro- P059 76-44-8 Acutely Hazardous 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin, 6,7,8,9,10,10- hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide P050 115-29-7 Acutely Hazardous Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]- P197 17702-57-7 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea P026 5344-82-1 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea 5344-82-1 Extremely Hazardous 1,1,1-Trichloro-2, -bis(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalene, Dechlorane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Decachloro--octahydro-1,2,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalen-2- one, chlorecone Extremely Hazardous 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 57-14-7 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-endo-5,8- dimethanonaph-thalene Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate P081 55-63-0 Acutely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate 55-63-0 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-4,7-methano-3a,4,7,7a-tetra- hydro- indane Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]- 51-43-4 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-, P042 51-43-4 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 96-12-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine P067 75-55-8 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine 75-55-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-1,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime 26419-73-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime. -
Chromium, Copper and Arsenic Oxide)-Treated Wood Hata, T.; Bronsveld, Paulus; Vystavel, T.; Kooi, Bart; De Hosson, J.T.M.; Kakitani, T.; Otono, A.; Imamura, Y
University of Groningen Electron microscopic study on pyrolysis of CCA (chromium, copper and arsenic oxide)-treated wood Hata, T.; Bronsveld, Paulus; Vystavel, T.; Kooi, Bart; De Hosson, J.T.M.; Kakitani, T.; Otono, A.; Imamura, Y. Published in: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis DOI: 10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00077-9 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2003 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Hata, T., Bronsveld, P. M., Vystavel, T., Kooi, B. J., de Hosson, J. T. M., Kakitani, T., ... Imamura, Y. (2003). Electron microscopic study on pyrolysis of CCA (chromium, copper and arsenic oxide)-treated wood. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 68-9(1), 635-643. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00077-9 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.