Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04732-7 — Bombing the Marshall Islands Keith M

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04732-7 — Bombing the Marshall Islands Keith M. Parsons , Robert Zaballa Index More Information

231

Index

abolition vs. deterrence, 90 , 98 Atomic Energy Commission, i , 9 , 31 – 32 , absolute zero, 42 – 44 , 168 , 191 35 – 36 , 39 – 40 , 45, 60, 70 – 71 , 89 , 94 , Acheson 112 , 118 , 122 , 124 , 128 , 224 Dean, 39 , 138 atomic number, 165 , 171 , 205 acute radiation syndrome, 206 –207 , atoms, 53 , 163 – 169 , 171 , 174 , 204 211 – 212 initial (prodromal) stage, 211 , 213 B-36 Bomber, 45, 47, 64 , 92 , 107n6 latent period, 211 , 213 Baker shot (Test Baker), 5 , 14 , 21, manifest illness, 211 24 – 27 , 29 , 51 Agnew, Harold, 45 barium, 176 – 177 , 216 – 217 Ailinginae Atoll, 60 , 74 – 75, 82 , 217 Barker, Holly C, 74 , 77 – 79 , 86n28, 86n31, air atomic era, 10 , 138 –141 86n39, 86n42 , 86n47, 153 – 156 , 158 , Alarm Clock, 188 , 192 161n11 , 161n12 , 161n13 , 161n4 , Allyson, June, 92 161n5, 161n6 , 223 alpha decay, 171 Baruch, Bernard, 138 alpha particle, 53 , 55, 170 – 171 , 187 , Beria, Lavrentii, 40 204 – 205 , 207 – 209 Berlin blockade, 116 – 117 anemia, 212 Bernstein, Barton, 40, 48n22 , 130n9, Antinuclear movement, 7 – 8 , 89, 91, 99 , 200n21 , 200n23 , 200n24 , 200n26 , 102 , 104 , 107 200n33 , 200n34 , 200n37 , 223 anti- testing movement, 90 Bernstein, Jeremy, 115 Arkansas , 24 – 25 beryllium, 53 , 182 , 187 arms race, 8, 16, 38 , 40 – 41 , 47 , 84 , beta burns, 75 , 205 90 – 91 , 94 , 99, 103 , 109 , 114 – 115, beta decay, 171 – 172 , 180 132 , 188 beta particle, 170 – 171 , 197 , 204 – 205 , atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, 3 – 4 , 207 – 208 , 216 7 , 9 , 62 , 84 , 118 , 132 , 148 – 149 Bethe, Hans, 34 , 177 dangers of, 4 Bikini (swimwear), 29 Atomic Age, 13, 17 , 29 , 89 , 223 , 225 Bikini Atoll, vii – 2, 4 – 6 , 8 – 10 , 14 – 15 , atomic bomb, 5 , 10 , 13 – 20, 22 , 28 , 17 , 19 – 21 , 23 , 25 – 26 , 28 – 29 , 29n1 , 31 – 32 , 34 – 41 , 47 , 96 , 99, 101 , 29n10, 29n11 , 30n29 , 30n30, 30n31 , 113 , 115 , 124 , 132 , 135 – 137 , 30n32 , 30n33, 30n34 , 30n35, 30 – 31 , 139 – 141 , 229 50 – 51 , 54 – 55, 59 – 63 , 65 , 71 , 73 – 76 ,

231

232

232 Index

Bikini Atoll (cont.) 161n13 , 162n16 , 178 , 192 , 196 , 79 , 82 , 84, 90, 99 , 101 , 103 , 109 , 126 , 196fA1.8 , 217 , 223 – 225 132 , 148 , 152 – 153 , 156 – 161 , 189 , detonation, 54 191 , 217 – 218 , 225 – 226 fallout, 59 – 64 nuclear tests at, 6 immediate effects, 56 – 59 Bikini Lagoon, 4 – 5 , 14 , 21 , 25 – 26 Medical effects on Marshallese, 76 – 82 contamination of, 26 radioactive fallout, 6 Bikinians, 5, 15, 19 – 20 , 47 , 51 , 156 , 158 reason for “runaway”, 55 – 56 Bikinians, evacuation of, 15 , 19 – 20 safety precautions, 53 binding energy, 172 – 173 , 177 scientii c tests, 52 black body, 168 statement on Castle Bravo, 70 Blandy, Admiral William H. P., 14 , 17 , weather report, 54 , 60 26 , 28 Castle Romeo, 50 , 64 blast, 24 – 25 , 28 , 41 , 45 , 52, 57 – 58 , 97 , cell, 80 , 169 , 204 – 206 , 209 – 214 , 216 104 , 192 – 194, 198 – 199 germ, 210 , 214 blood cell count, 68 , 70 – 72, 75 , 126 , somatic, 210 212 – 213 undifferentiated (nonspecialized), 210 Bohr, Niels, 176 cell division, 209 – 210 bone marrow, 80 , 210 , 212 – 213 , 216 cesium, 80, 197 , 215 – 216 , 218 bone seekers, 216 Chadwick, James, 187 boosted i ssion, 188 – 189 chain reaction, 174 – 175 , 179 , 181, 185 , Booster, 189 185fA1.6 , 188 Boyer, Paul, 18 , 29n12 , 29n13, 89 – 90 , critical, 181 107n2 , 107n3, 107n4 , 223 critical mass and, 181 Brookhaven National Laboratory, 77 – 78, in enriched uranium, 176 , 180 155 , 226 Fermi’s i rst i ssion, 179 Bryson, Bill, 56 , 112 in plutonium, 186– 187 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 45 , 49n39 , preventing prior to detonation, 182 – 183 91 , 223 , 225 radiation and, 193 supercritical, 181 calcium, 216 tamper and, 182 , 184 , 187 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, 7, Churchill, Winston, 112 , 137 – 138 , 142 91 , 99 , 102 – 104 , 107 , 107n15 civil defense, 59 , 94 , 122 , 147 cancer, 3 , 79 – 82, 97 , 126 , 156 , 207 , 209 , Clark, Ronald (Russell biographer), 99 212 , 214 – 216 “classical” Super design, 35 breast, 215 Clausewitz, Carl von, 101 gastrointestinal, 80 – 81 , 205 , 210 , 215 Cold War, i , iii , 10 , 18 , 28 , 40 , 65 , 90 , 94 , lung, 215 98 , 112 , 116 , 119 , 126 – 127 , 130n4 , salivary gland, 215 130n12 , 130n13 , 130n14 , 138 , 150n33 , thyroid, 78 – 82 , 126 , 215 150n34 , 150n35 , 150n36 , 150n37 , carbon, 123 , 165 , 176 , 216 , 218 150n38 , 160 , 180 , 201n72 , 224 , 227 Castle Bravo, i , vii , viii , 2 – 10 , 66n26 , 66n27 , Compensation for the Marshallese, 160 – 161 66n28 , 66n29 , 66n32 , 66n33 , 50 – 85 , compounds, 47, 164 , 191 85n11 , 85n19, 86n28 , 86n30 , 86n31 , conspiracy, 10 , 112 , 152 – 156 86n32 , 86n39 , 86n42 , 86n47 , 86n51 , Contamination of ships (Test Baker), 26 – 27 86n61 , 87n62 , 87n63 , 87n65 , 87n66 , corporate culture, 9 , 117 87n67 , 89 – 92 , 94 , 99 – 101 , 103 – 107 , critical mass, 32 , 181 – 183 , 185fA1.6 , 187 107n1 , 107n5 , 108n33 , 108n34 , cross section, 12n1, 53 , 182 111 – 112 , 118 – 119 , 121 – 122 , 126 – 129 , cross- linking , 210 132 , 141 – 142 , 152 – 156 , 160 , 161n2 , Crossroads. See Operation Crossroads 161n3 , 161n4 , 161n5 , 161n6 , 161n8 , Cuban Missile Crisis, 146 – 147 161n9 , 161n10 , 161n11 , 161n12 , Cylinder, 188

233

Index 233

Daigo Fukuryū Maru . See Lucky Dragon elements, 45, 47, 164 – 166 , 175 – 176 , 180 , danger zone, 71 , 101 196 , 215 – 216 daughter nuclides, 170 embryo, 210 , 214 Debate over thermonuclear weapons, 36 – 40 energy, 35 , 61, 166 – 178 , 181 , 189 , 197 , decay chain, 170 , 197 204 – 209 Decision to drop the bombs on Japan, conservation of, 167 133 – 137 kinetic, 166 – 167 , 174, 182 , 193 Defense Nuclear Agency Report (1982), potential, 166 – 167 , 172 54 , 60 , 225 thermal (internal), 167 , 193 DeGroot, Gerard J, 35 , 44 , 48n6, 49n33 , yield of Castle Bravo test and, 55 – 56 114, 124 , 130n7, 131n33 , 131n35 , Eniwetok Atoll, 14 , 31 , 33 , 42 , 44 , 46, 51, 140 , 146 , 150n23 , 150n24 , 150n30 , 54 , 65 , 71, 84, 121 , 152 , 157 150n31 , 150n32 , 150n39 , 150n41 , enrichment, 12n1 , 176 , 179 – 180 , 228 151n57 , 151n58 , 161n1 , 224 epilation, 213 Democritus, 164 epithelial tissue, 210 , 213 deterministic effects, 206 , 209 equivalent dose, 217 deuterium, 34 – 35, 42 – 44 , 47 , 53 , 55 , 165 , espionage, 71 , 113 , 115 174, 177 , 188 – 192 Evacuations after Bravo, 82 – 85 development of, 5 exposure, 28 , 83 , 85 , 88, 106 , 123 – 124 , DT mixture and, 189 206 – 208 dewar, 43 , 191 acute, 80 , 211 Dibblin, Jane, 29n17 , 29n18 , 29n19 , 29n20 , acute radiation syndrome and, 211 – 213 29n21 , 73 , 76 – 79 , 82 , 86n26 , 86n27 , background radiation, 218 – 219 86n30 , 86n33 , 86n34 , 86n35 , 86n37 , chronic, 80 , 211 86n38 , 86n40 , 86n41 , 86n43 , 86n46 , DNA and, 209 86n48 , 86n49 , 87n64 , 158 , 224 late effects of, 214 – 216 direct action, 209 Lucky Dragon , 68 – 69 Doctor Strangelove , 93 Marshallese, 73 – 82 , 126 – 128 , 153 – 155 dose, 27, 79 – 82 , 124 , 197 – 198, 206 – 219 nuclear testing, 216 – 218 absorbed, 80 , 206 – 209 physical quantity, 206 equivalent, 208 Exposure of American service personnel to lethal, 198 , 212 radiation, 124 , 153 , 213 threshold, 206 dose equivalent, 207 – 208 fallout, 26, 93, 105 , 125, 196 – 197 , 206 , dry bomb, 53 , 192 211 , 215 DT mixture, 189 Castle Bravo, 2 – 3 , 14, 51 – 65 , 67 , 69 – 85 , Dulles, John Foster, 142 , 144 106 , 152 – 154 , 160 dynamic pressure, 195 global, 125 , 197 , 216 , 219 local, 125 , 197 , 216 – 217 early effects, 207 nuclear testing, 216 – 218 Einstein, Albert, 35 , 102 , 174 , 179 St. George, 62 , 64, 124 – 125 einsteinium, 45 , 196 Strauss and, 122 , 125 , 128 Eisenbud, Merrill, 62 – 63 , 66n30, 66n31 , fallout shelters, 94 , 147 71 , 82, 86n60 , 224 Fat Man, 13 – 14 , 21 , 24 , 31 , 33 , 36 , 47, Eisenhower, Dwight, 50 , 71 , 112 , 118 , 125 , 114 , 133 , 184fA1.5 , 188 141 – 142 fear of communism, 8 , 112 , 116 – 117 electromagnetic waves, 167 – 168 Fermi, Enrico, 37 , 179 , 188 electromagnetism, 167 fermium, 45 , 196 electron volt (eV), 172 Fertility and birth defects, 77 – 78 electrons, 164 – 165 , 167, 169 – 172 , 180 , i reball, 22 , 189 , 193 – 197 191 , 204 – 205 growth of, 52 electrostatic force, 171 pressure and temperature in, 193

234

234 Index

i reball (cont.) George Test (Operation Greenhouse), 33 – 34 , thermal and optical pulses of, 52 , 194 114 , 124 , 131n36 , 188 , 228 thermal radiation and, 168 , 198 Godzilla, 7 , 25, 88, 90 , 95 – 97 , 107 , underwater, 197 107n10 , 107n11 , 107n12 , 107n7, i ssile, 176 – 177 , 179 – 183 107n8, 107n9 , 225 i ssion, 32, 34, 45 , 47 , 55 – 56 , 81 , 171 – 191 , Gojira , 7 , 90, 94 – 98 , 107 , 225 193 , 196 gray (Gy), 206 , 208 , 218 induced, 176 milligray (mGy), 81 , 206 spontaneous, 32 , 176 , 183 – 186 Great Terror (Soviet Union), 114 i ssion fragments, 176 , 193 , 208t.B.1 ground state, 169 i ssion products, 26, 56, 105 , 172 , 174 , Groves, General Leslie, 28 193 , 196 , 198 , 216 gun method, 32 , 33 , 183 , 184 – 187 Fission products in milk, 89 , 105 , 172 , 215 i ssion spark plug, 191 Hacker, Barton C., 51 , 66n2 , 66n8 , 72 , i ssionable, 176 , 179 86n24, 86n25 , 128 – 129 , 131n44 , 224 i zzle, 13 , 32, 51, 65 , 185 Hahn, Otto, 175 – 176 , 179 l ash burns, 24 , 198 half- life, 170 – 172 , 197 , 215 – 216 Flexible Response, 143 – 146 Hansen, Chuck, 42 , 48n28 , 48n29 , 49n31 , Françoise Ulam, 41 49n34 , 49n35 , 49n36 , 49n40 , 49n43 , 65 , Frank, Richard B., 92 , 135 , 137, 149n2 , 66n1 , 66n3 , 66n4 , 66n9 , 66n13 , 66n21 , 150n11 , 150n13 , 150n14 , 224 66n34 , 66n35 , 131n45 , 161n7 , 224 Frankenstein , 85 H- bomb. See hydrogen bomb free radicals, 209 Health Physics , 6 , 62, 80, 219n3, 219n5, Freedman, Lawrence, 29n3 , 29n4, 29n5, 219n6 , 219n7, 219n8 , 223 – 226 , 228 139 , 142 , 149n1 , 150n15 , 150n27 , helium, 35 , 44 , 55 , 166 , 170 , 174 , 177 , 191 150n40 , 150n42 , 150n44 , 224 hematopoietic (blood forming) tissue, 210 Frisch, Otto, 176 hematopoietic syndrome, 212 fusion, 33 – 34 , 42 – 45 , 47 , 53, 173 – 174 , Hiroshima Bomb (“Little Boy”), i , viii , 2 – 3 , 177 – 178 , 193 , 197 12 – 14, 16, 18, 21 – 23 , 28 , 32 , 36 – 37 , lithium 7 in Castle Bravo test and, 45 , 55 , 65, 90, 95 – 97 , 115 , 133 , 55 – 56 136 – 137 , 163, 183 – 184 , 184fA1.5 , in thermonuclear weapons, 177 , 188 – 192 188 , 198 , 201n63 , 201n69 , 201n70 , 201n71 , 215, 227 , 229 Gaddis, John Lewis, 116 , 130n12 , 130n13 , Hitler, Adolf, 113 , 116 , 179 , 200n21 , 130n14 , 130n4, 141 – 142 , 150n33 , 200n23 , 200n24 , 200n26 , 200n33 , 150n34 , 150n35 , 150n36 , 150n37 , 200n34 , 200n37 , 223 150n38 , 224 Holloway, David, 40 , 42 , 46 , 48n20, gamma radiation, 24 , 44, 80, 153 , 170 , 48n23, 48n24, 49n41 , 49n42, 108n35 , 205 , 210 , 217 115 , 130n8 , 130n10 , 130n11 , 224 electromagnetic spectrum and, 168 Holloway, Marshall, 42 excited nuclei and, 169 , 176 , 197 hydrogen, 53, 165 – 166 , 174 , 177 , 191 exposure and, 206 in stars, 33 , 177 as ionizing radiation, 169 hydrogen bomb, i , 4 – 5 , 8 , 33 – 34 , 36 – 42 , RBE and, 207 – 208 47, 48n22 , 57 , 64 – 65, 84, 88 , 91 – 94 , released in nuclear detonation, 193 100 – 101 , 109 , 115 – 116 , 121 – 122 , gastrointestinal syndrome, 212 – 213 126 , 132 – 133 , 141 – 144 , 160 , 177 , gastrointestinal tract, 81 , 205 , 210 , 213 , 215 179 , 188 – 189 , 191 – 192 Geiger counter, 2, 26, 58 , 68 , 205 – 206 General Advisory Committee (to the AEC), implosion design, 13 , 21 , 32 – 34 , 48n25 , 36 – 40 181 , 186 – 189 , 192 generation (of chain reaction), 174 – 175 , 181 indirect action, 209 genocidal weapons, 37 – 38 , 90 inertia, 164

235

Index 235

intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), krypton, 176 103 – 104, 140 , 147 Kuboyama Aikichi, 3 , 68 – 69 international control of nuclear weapons, Kubrick, Stanley, 93 , 114 9 , 90 , 115 , 133 , 137 – 138 Kunkle, Thomas, 60 – 64 , 66n26, 66n27 , invasion of Japan, 42 , 115 , 135 – 137 , 179 66n28, 66n29, 66n32, 66n33 , 75, 79, iodine, 78, 80 , 215 , 217 – 218 83, 85n11 , 85n19, 86n30 , 86n32, ionization, 169 , 204 , 206 86n51 , 86n61, 87n62, 87n63, ionizing radiation, 27, 79 , 117 , 169 , 204 , 87n65 , 87n66, 87n67, 154 , 161n8, 209 – 210 161n9 , 161n10 , 225 absorbed dose and, 206 Kwajalein, 20 – 21, 56, 70 , 75 , 81 types of, 170 iron, 158, 168 , 172 late effects, 127 , 207 , 212 , 214 – 216 Irradiation of Marshallese, 73 – 82 layer cake (sloika ), 47 , 192 Ishiro Honda, 95 lead, 43 , 190 , 219 isotopes, 165 – 166 LeMay, General Curtis, 38 , 134 , 136 , found in i ssion products, 196 138 – 139 hydrogen, 53 , 165 , 192 leukemia, 81 , 125 , 127 , 214 , 216 lithium, 191 leukopenia, 211 – 212 plutonium, 185 Lilienthal, David, 39 – 40 , 138 radioactive, 172 , 215 , 217 – 218 lithium, 53 – 54 , 64 , 191 – 192 separation of, 180 Castle Bravo test, 55 – 56 Item, 33 – 34 , 189 lithium deuteride, 53 , 55, 64 – 65 , 190 – 192 lithium isotopes (lithium 6 and lithium 7), Japan, 3 53 , 55 – 56, 191 – 192 Japanese, American rancor towards, 135 lithium 7 hydride, 65 , 192 Japanese Embassy statement on Castle Little Boy, 13 , 32 , 36 , 45 , 55 , 133 , 183 – 184 , Bravo, 71 – 72 , 160 , 162n20 , 162n21 , 227 184fA1.5 , 188 Japanese Navy, 16 – 17 Los Alamos, 12 , 42 – 43, 45 – 46 , 60 , 70 , jellyi sh babies, 77 – 78 , 97 113 , 153 , 155 , 179 , 200n47 , 200n50 , Joe- 1 (Soviet nuclear test), 114 , 188 225 , 227 Joe- 4 (Soviet nuclear test), 192 Lucky Dragon , 1 – 3 , 6 , 52 , 55 , 59 – 61 , 65, John C. Clark, 57 – 59 , 66n19, 66n20 , 67 – 74 , 90, 94 – 95 , 99 , 101 , 106 – 107 , 66n22, 66n23 , 83 , 101 , 107n13 , 111 , 122 , 127 , 129 , 218 , 225 107n14 , 108n16 , 108n23 , 108n26 , Lucky Dragon crew, 67 – 73 108n27 , 108n28 , 108n29 , 108n30 , American doctors’ assessment, 69 108n31 , 108n32 , 224 , 226 medical condition and treatment, 68– 69 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 14, 39, 140 , 142 spying accusations, 69 Lulejian, Lt. Colonel N. M., 63 – 64 , 153 Kaplan, Edward, 139 – 140 , 149n1, 150n25 , 150n26 , 150n28 , 150n29 , 225 “Man’s Peril,” 7 , 100 , 108n19 , 108n24 , Kelvin temperature scale, 168 108n25 killing a nation, 38 Manhattan Project, 13 , 19, 32, 35, 53 , 115 , kiloton (kt), 12 , 21 , 32 , 36 , 45 , 52, 62, 64 , 179 , 186 , 188 – 189 124 – 125, 178 , 196 Mark 17/24, 64 , 92 King Test (Operation Ivy), 47 Marshall Islands, i, iii , ix – 3 , 5 , 8 – 9 , 14 , 28 , Kissinger, Henry A., 20 , 143 – 146 , 150n43 , 31 , 65 , 67, 77, 79 – 80 , 82 , 87n68, 89, 150n45 , 150n46 , 150n47 , 150n48 , 99 , 106 – 107 , 109 – 111 , 117 , 125 – 126 , 150n49 , 151n50 , 151n51 , 151n52 , 129 , 131n46 , 131 – 133 , 146 – 147 , 149 , 151n53 , 151n54 , 151n55 , 151n56 , 225 152 , 156 , 158 , 160 – 161 , 162n20 , Korean War, 133 , 140 – 142 162n21 , 215 , 217 , 225 – 227 Krakatoa, 62 , 100 Marshallese people, i, ix , 4 , 6 , 10 , 14 – 15 , Krause-Ogle Box, 44 – 45 20 , 28 , 47, 59 – 60 , 67 , 74 – 80 , 83,

236

236 Index

Marshallese people (cont.) Nagasaki Bomb (“Fat Man”), viii, 3 , 12n4 , 86n28, 86n31 , 86n39, 86n42, 86n47, 12 – 14 , 21 , 23 – 24 , 28 , 31 – 33 , 36 – 37 , 94 , 97 , 111 , 118 , 124 , 126 – 130, 149 , 47 , 97 , 114 , 133 , 136 – 137 , 163 , 181 , 152 – 158 , 160 , 161n2, 161n3 , 161n4, 184fA1.5 , 187 – 188 , 198 , 201n59 , 161n5, 161n6 , 161n11 , 161n12 , 201n60 , 201n63 , 201n68 , 201n69 , 161n13 , 162n16 , 223 201n70 , 201n71 , 215 , 227 , 229 attachment to land, 156 – 157 neurovascular syndrome, 212 Marshallese witnesses of Castle Bravo, neutrinos, 171 – 172 73 – 75 neutron initiator, 183 mass, 164 , 166 , 172 – 174 , 181 – 182 , basic principle of, 187 205 , 208 plutonium core, 187 radiation units and, 206 neutrons, 43 – 44 , 164 – 165 , 172 , 181 , 209 mass-energy equivalence, 174 biological damage of, 207 mass number, 165 – 166, 171 – 173 , boosting i ssion reactions and, 34 , 189 , 191 176 – 177 , 180 i ssion and, 174 – 177 matter, 11 , 164 – 165 , 169 , 174 i ssion cross section and, 182 phases of, 166 high energy (fast), 43 , 179 , 182 , 191 – 192 , plasma as a state of, 43 , 190 197 , 207 Maxwell, James Clerk, 167 implosion and, 186 – 187 McCarthy, Joseph, 113 lithium reactions and, 53 , 55 – 56 , 191 – 192 McMahon, Brien, Senator, 31 , 32 , 39 plutonium 240 and, 32 – 33, 185 – 186 McNamara, Robert, 146 plutonium production and, 180 Medical Survey of Rongelap , 77 radiation weighting factor and, 208 mega-electron- volt (MeV), 172 RBE of, 207 megaton (Mt), 2 , 33 , 36 , 38 , 50 , 53 , 63 – 65 , slow, 182 70 , 72 – 73 , 84 , 107 , 122 – 123 , 125 – 126 , tamper and, 182 , 184 , 187 128 , 146 – 147 , 149 , 152 – 153 , 178 , Nevada nuclear tests, 21 , 23 , 26, 52, 62 – 193 – 195 63, 117 , 124 – 126, 201n84 , 202n128, Meitner, Lise, 176 217 , 227 , 229 Men and Decisions , 118 , 120 , 126 , 130n21 , “New Look,” 141 – 143 130n22 , 130n23 , 131n24 , 131n27 , Newton, Sir Isaac, 164 131n28 , 131n30 , 131n31 , 131n32 , nickel, 172 131n34 , 131n40 , 226 nuclear force, 170 – 171 Mendeleev, Dmitri, 164 nuclear policy, vii , 9 , 112 – 113 , 116 , Mike Test, 5 , 34, 41 – 48 , 49n38 , 49 – 54 , 57 , 118 – 119 , 128 , 132 – 133 , 137 , 62 – 63 , 99 , 141 , 191 – 192 146 – 147 , 149n1 Miscamble, Wilson D., 135 , 137 – 138, nuclear reactions, 167 , 170 – 178 , 193 , 197 150n3, 150n5, 150n6 , 150n7, 150n8 , expected in Castle Bravo Test, 55 150n9 , 150n10 , 150n12 , 150n16 , neutrinos and, 172 150n17 , 150n18 , 150n19 , 150n20 , not expected in Castle Bravo Test, 55 150n21 , 225 nuclear tests. See individual entries, see molecules, 164 , 166 – 169, 174 , 180, 204 , specii c operations and tests 209 – 210 nuclear war, 7, 10, 38 , 59 , 90 , 93 – 94 , Monster Movies, 88 99 – 104, 117 , 119 – 121 , 127 , 133 , 140 , Montgomery, Bernard Law, 143 144 – 147 Moral regimes, 148 – 149 nucleons, 164 , 170 – 174 , 177 mushroom cloud, 2 , 22 , 29 , 45 – 46 , 55, nucleus, 55 , 164 – 165 , 170 – 177 , 179 , 61 – 62 , 117 , 124 181 – 183 , 187 , 190 – 191 , 197 formation of, 195 underwater detonation, 198 Ō ishi Matashichi, 1 – 3 Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD), 10 , Operation Castle, i, viii , 2 – 10 , 14, 121 , 132 – 133 , 142, 146 – 147 29n2 , 50 – 55 , 59 – 60 , 62 , 64 – 65 , 66n6 ,

237

Index 237

66n7, 66n10, 66n11 , 66n15, 66n26 , public opinion, 125 , 129 66n27, 66n28 , 66n29, 66n32, 66n33, Pugwash Conferences, 102 –104 66 – 67, 69, 72 , 74 , 79 , 81 – 82 , 84, 85n11, 85n19 , 86n30, 86n32, 86n51, rad, 206 86n61, 87n62 , 87n63, 87n65 , 87n66, millirad (mrad), 206 87n67, 89 – 92 , 94 , 99 – 101, 104 – 107 , radiation, 167 – 170 107n1, 107n5 , 108n33 , 108n34 , artii cial background, 218 111 – 112 , 118 – 119, 121 – 122 , background, 218 – 219 125 – 129 , 131n43 , 131 – 132, 152 , cosmic, 218 154 – 155, 161n8, 161n9, 161n10 , 178 , electromagnetic, 167 – 170 192 , 196 , 196fA1.8, 202n128, 217 , i ssion product amount and, 196 225 , 229 infrared, 168 – 169 , 193 – 194 Operation Crossroads, vii , 4 , 13 – 29, 29n6, internal, 218 29n7, 29n8, 29n9 , 29n14, 29n15, natural sources of, 218 29n16, 29n22, 29n25, 29n26 , 29n27, nuclear, 192 , 198 – 199 , 211 30n36, 30n38, 30n39, 30n40 , 30n41, terrestrial, 218 30n42, 30 – 31 , 42 , 51 , 59 , 65 , 66n24, thermal, 24 , 43 , 168 , 188 – 189 , 192 , 198 66n25, 99 , 156 , 225 – 226 ultraviolet (UV), 61, 168 – 169 effects, 23 – 26 Radiation doses in the Marshall Operation Greenhouse, 5 , 31, 33 – 34 , Islands, 79 – 82 44 , 48n2, 65 , 99 , 188 – 189, 201n78 , radiation implosion, 43 , 48n25 , 189 , 192 201n79 , 201n85 , 228 radiation weighting factor, 208 – 209 Operation Hardtack, 6 , 65 radioactive i sh, 68 Operation Ivy, 5 , 34 , 41 – 42, 46 – 47 , radioactivity, 24 , 26 – 27 , 51 , 58 , 62 , 68, 76, 50 – 54 , 57 , 62 , 65 , 99 , 202n92 , 93 , 123 , 155 , 170 , 193 , 196 , 218 202n94 , 228 radiodermatitis (skin erythema), 213 Operation Redwing, 6 , 65 radiological safety, 19 , 27 , 52 , 63 , 84, 122 , Operation Sandstone, 5 , 31 – 32 , 65 , 99 128 , 159 , 171 , 198 , 218 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 13 , 34 – 36 , 43 , radiolysis, 209 118 , 130n9 , 223 radionuclides, 80, 170 – 171 , 197 , 215 – 218 overpressure, 57 – 58 , 194 – 195 radiosensitivity, 210 radium, 26, 175 , 218 Pacii c Proving Grounds, 3 – 4 , 28 , 63 , 89 radon, 218 Palafox, Dr. Neal, 86n50, 157 , 161n14 , red blood cells, 212 161n15 , 227 relative biological effectiveness (RBE), Pauling, Linus, 123 207 – 208 peace conference, 19 rem, 208 , 214 periodic table, 164 – 165 , 175 , 216 millirem (mrem), 208 , 219 photons, 169 , 205 – 206 reproductive system, 210 plasma, 43, 190 , 193 effects of radiation, 214 platelets, 68, 75 , 212 Return of inhabitants to Rongelap and plutonium, 13 , 21 , 24 , 31 – 32 , 43 , 47 , 54 – 55 , Utirik, 75 – 76 80 , 115 , 133 , 166 , 175 , 177 , 179 – 181 , Rhodes, Richard, 29n24 , 29n28 , 42 , 48n3 , 183 , 185 – 188 , 191 , 196 , 216 48n25 , 48n26 , 48n27 , 49n32 , 49n37 , polonium, 187 85n20 , 121 , 131n26 , 200n32 , 200n33 , polyethylene, 43 – 44 , 190 200n42 , 200n44 , 200n46 , 200n54 , primary, 43 , 55 , 64 , 189 – 190 201n62 , 201n64 , 201n65 , 201n66 , proactive policy, 9 , 129 , 152 201n73 , 201n75 , 201n76 , 201n77 , probabilistic effects, 207 – 209 , 219 201n80 , 201n81 , 201n82 , 201n83 , Project 4.1, 153 – 154 201n86 , 201n87 , 201n88 , 201n89 , propaganda i lm, 15 201n90 , 201n91 , 202n93 , 202n95 , protons, 164 – 165 , 170 – 172 , 174 , 180 202n96 , 202n99 , 202n104 , 225

238

238 Index

Ristvet, Byron, 60 – 64 , 66n26 , 66n27 , 66n28 , sloika , 47 , 141 , 192 66n29 , 66n32 , 66n33 , 75 , 83 , 85n11 , Social disruptions of Marshallese, 157 – 158 85n19 , 86n30 , 86n32 , 86n51 , 86n61 , Soviet expansionism, 116 –117 87n62 , 87n63 , 87n65 , 87n66 , 87n67 , soft, 168 , 189 154 , 161n8 , 161n9 , 161n10 , 225 Soviet Union, 4 , 8 , 11 , 18 – 19 , 38 , 40 , 65, roentgen (R), 58 , 206 91 , 100 , 105 , 109 , 112 – 116 , 119 – 120 , milliroentgen (mR), 58, 68 , 124 126 , 132 , 138 – 141 , 144 , 146 , 148 , Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 206 188 , 192 , 224 Rongelap Atoll, 51 , 54 , 60 , 62 , 73 – 84 , Stalin, Joseph, 40 – 41 , 48n20 , 48n23 , 48n24 , 86n36, 86n44 , 86n45 , 99 , 106 , 109 , 49n41 , 49n42 , 108n35 , 113 – 116 , 124 , 126, 129 , 152 – 154 , 157 – 158, 130n10 , 130n11 , 130n3 , 130n8 , 138 , 160 – 161 , 217 , 226 140 , 224 , 228 Rongerik Atoll, 55 , 73 , 82 , 217 Stewart, James Maitland (Jimmy), 91 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 135, 138 , 179 Strassmann, Fritz, 175 – 176 , 179 Russell, Bertrand, 7 – 8, 91, 98 – 105 , 107 , Strategic Air Command , 7 , 89 – 91 , 93 – 94 , 107n13 , 107n14 , 108n16 , 108n19 , 98, 107 , 119 , 126 , 139 – 140 , 147 108n20 , 108n21 , 108n22 , 108n23 , Stratospheric trapping, 6 , 55 , 61 – 63 , 197 108n24 , 108n25 , 108n26 , 108n27 , Strauss, Lewis L, i, ix , 9 , 29n2 , 35 , 39 , 60 , 108n28 , 108n29 , 108n30 , 108n31, 70 – 73, 85n14, 85n15 , 85n16, 85n17 , 108n32 , 108 – 109, 224 – 225 85n18, 86n21 , 86n22, 94, 112 , Russian “Castle Bravo,” 105 – 106 117 – 130 , 130n18 , 130n21 , 130n22 , Rutherford, Ernest, 164 130n23 , 131n24 , 131n27 , 131n28 , Ryl e Steve, 95 , 107n7, 107n8 , 107n9, 131n29 , 131n30 , 131n31 , 131n32 , 107n10 , 107n11 , 107n12 , 225 131n34 , 131n37 , 131n38 , 131n39 , 131n40 , 131n43 , 131 – 132 , 160 , Sakharov, Andrei, 40 , 47 , 105 , 115 , 226 , 228 – 229 123 , 192 concern for public relations, 127 Saratoga , 25 defense of nuclear testing, 120 – 124 Sausage design, 43 , 44 , 54 , 191 on the medical condition of Bravo Second evacuation of Rongelap, 76 victims, 126 – 127 Second World War, 5 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 16 , 18 , statement on spying by Lucky Dragon, 71 55 , 93 – 94, 97 , 113 , 115 – 116, 126 , Views on the Soviet Union, 119 –120 132 – 133 , 135 , 137 , 139 , 148 , 163, strong force, 170 , 177 179 , 188 strontium, 81 , 172 , 197 , 215 – 216 secondary, 43 , 189 – 191 Super. See hydrogen bomb Serber, Robert, 34 , 200n47 , Swancutt, Major Woodrow P., 21 200n50 , 225 Sweeney, Charles W. “Chuck,” 13 shock wave, 23 , 25 , 57 – 58, 105 , 192 , Szilard, Leo, 175 , 179 194 – 195 , 197 implosion, 186 – 187 tamper, 43 , 54 , 182 , 184, 186 – 187 , 190 Shostakovich, Dmitri, 114 Teller, Edward, viii, 5 , 34 – 35 , 41 – 43 , 46 , Shrimp device, 53 – 54, 56 , 192 48 , 48n5 , 54, 65, 179 , 190fA1.7 , Shurcliff, W. A., 17 – 18 , 24 – 25 , 29n1, 188 – 192 , 201n89 , 226 , 229 29n10, 29n11, 30n29, 30n30 , 30n31, Teller-Ulam design, 48 , 54, 65, 189 – 191 30n32, 30n33 , 30n34, 30n35 , 225 tellurium, 217 sievert (Sv), 208 , 217 – 218 temperature inversion, 106 , 195 millisievert (mSv), 208 , 216 – 219 Test Able (Crossroads), 14 , 21 – 23 Simon, Steven L., 6 , 79, 81, 85n1 , 86n52, Test Animals (Crossroads), 24 86n54, 86n55, 86n56, 86n57 , 86n58, Test Baker, 197 86n59, 126, 131n41 , 225 Test Baker (Crossroads), 5, 14 , 21 , 24 – 26 , Skoog, Professor Kim, 83 , 87n68, 129 , 29 , 51 131n46 , 227 Test Ban Treaty (1963), 41 , 105

239

Index 239

The Atomic Café , 44 , 124 wave-particle duality, 169 The World’s Biggest Bomb , 49n30 , 55, weak force, 171 – 172 159, 162n19 , 229 Weisgall, Jonathan M., 17 , 19, 27, 29n6 , thermonuclear bomb. See hydrogen bomb 29n7 , 29n8 , 29n9 , 29n14, 29n15 , thermonuclear weapons, 33 , see hydrogen 29n16, 29n22 , 29n25, 29n26 , 29n27, bomb 30n36, 30n38 , 30n40, 30n41 , 30n42, thorium, 171 , 218 60 , 66n24, 66n25 , 226 Thucydides, 130 Whig history, 8 , 110 – 111 thyroid gland, 78 , 80 – 81 , 215 , 217 – 218 white blood cells, 75 , 212 thyroid tumors, 78 Wigner, Eugene, 179 Tibbets, Colonel Paul W., 21 wind shift theory (Castle Bravo), 6 , Toho Motion Picture Company, 95 59 – 61 Tokyo incendiary bombing, 134 , 136 , 139 winnable nuclear war, 10 , 133 , 140 , Trinity and Beyond , 44 , 124 146 – 147 Trinity test, 13 , 21 – 22, 28, 44 – 45 , 88 , 113 , winning weapon, 9 , 132 , 141 121 , 124 , 133 , 181 Wood, Major Harold H., 21 tritium, 34, 43, 47, 53 , 55 – 56 , 65 , 165 , Wyatt, Commodore Ben H., 14 – 15, 19, 174 , 177 , 188 , 190 – 192 , 217 47 , 156 Truman, Harry S., 5 , 19 , 39 – 41 , 135 – 138 , 140 , 144 , 225 x- rays, 44 , 168 – 169 dei nition of exposure and, 206 US Air Force, 16 , 92 – 93 , 139 – 140 i reball and, 193 US Navy, 14 – 20 , 26 , 28 , 42 , 53 , 83 , 134 radiation weighting factor and, 208 Ulam, Stanislaw, viii , 5 , 35 , 41 – 42 , relative biological effectiveness (RBE) 48 , 54 , 65 , 190fA1.7 , 189 – 191 , and, 207 – 208 201n89 , 229 thermonuclear weapons and, 43 – 44, United Nations, 137 – 138 , 141 , 216 , 226 177 , 191 United States, the, i , ix , 2 – 3 , 6 , 8 – 11 , 16 , 18 – 19 , 21 , 27 , 37 , 39 , 41 , 48 , 50 – 51 , yield, 32 – 34 , 36 , 38 , 43 , 121 , 178 – 179 , 191 53 , 64 , 75 , 79 , 93 , 95 , 99 , 106 , 109 , Dirty Harry, 124 112 – 115 , 118 , 120 , 122 , 124 – 125 , energy distribution in detonation and, 193 127 , 132 – 135 , 138 , 141 – 144 , 152 , Fat Man, 12 , 188 157 – 160 , 162n20 , 162n21 , 178 – 179 , i zzle and, 186 188 , 191 – 192 , 201n84 , 217 , 227 George, 188 uranium, 12n1 , 12 – 13 , 31 – 32 , 34 , 43 , 54 , Item, 189 56 , 133 , 165 – 166 , 171 , 174 – 177 , Joe-1, 114 , 188 179 – 188 , 190 , 192 , 196 , 218 Joe-4 (sloika ), 47 , 192 depleted, 182 , 190 Koon, 51 enriched, 179 – 180 , 183 , 185 limited underground tests and, 105 USS Curtiss , 44 – 45 , 54 , 56 , 59 , 73 , 82 – 83 , Little Boy, 12 , 45 , 184 92 , 154 Mark, 18, 47 USS Estes , 43 , 45 of Marshall Islands tests, 152 , 217 Utirik Atoll, 51 , 60, 75 – 80 , 82 , 84 , 106 , measuring, 52 , 194 124 , 126 , 129 , 154 , 160 , 217 Mike, 44 – 45 , 191 Russian “Castle Bravo”, 105 vaporization, 166 , 195 tamper and, 182 , 184 , 187 voltage, 167 , 172 , 205 underwater, 197 von Neumann, John, 186 YouTube, 5 yttrium, 172 Warren, Stafford L., 26 –27 wavelength, 167 – 169 , 193 zirconium, 172 , 216