Salumbides and Tang 1

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

“.” Brooklyn Museum: Aletta Jacobs, 2019, ​ ​ www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/aletta_jacobs. Accessed

17 Nov. 2019.

The Brooklyn Museum highlights the role of women in history. The museum has an

online article on Aletta Jacobs and her role in the women’s movement regarding her

promotion of . We used her information to outline a format to portray our

topic as well as using the picture it provided for the website. The museum is

professionally funded and collects art special to specific time periods so we confirmed it

is primary.

“Aletta Jacobs on a Peace Mission in Berlin.” Aletta Jacobs on a Peace Mission in Berlin | IISH, ​ ​ 26 Nov. 2013, archief.socialhistory.org/en/collections/aletta-jacobs-peace-mission-berlin.

Accessed 13 April, 2020.

The international institute of social history, or IISH, is an online European museum

dedicated to posting key aspects of history. They are credible for its numerous fact

checks and its work with other credible museums such as the Atria. This source was used

for live footage of the Aletta Jacobs during her suffragist tour making it a primary source

Ann Oakley on Aletta Jacobs. Youtube, uploaded by Bristol University Press and Policy Press, Salumbides and Tang 2

Mar. 5 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3pFLcCxG3Q. Accessed 18 Mar.

2020.

Ann Oakley is a renowned British sociologist and professor who specializes in her

knowledge on the feminist movement. We used her interview to highlight some of Aletta

Jacobs’s most important accomplishments to the birth control movement.

Annie Besant, Charles Bradlaugh and. “The Queen v. Charles Bradlaugh and :

(Specially Reported) : Bradlaugh, Charles, 1833-1891 : Free Download, Borrow, and

Streaming.” Internet Archive, London : Freethought Publishing Company, 1 Jan. 1877, ​ ​ archive.org/details/queenvcharlesbra00brad/page/n6.

Arhive.org digitally downloads primary sources and upload it for the public to hear. The

source talks about how birth control was suppressed from the Knowlton Trials which we

used as information for the historical context. The source is fact checked by many and it

is a digital copy of the original copy making it a primary source.

Arnold, Arthur. “‘The Queen v. Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant : (Specially Reported)".”

Full Text of "The Queen v. Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant : (Specially Reported)", ​ 2019, archive.org/stream/queenvcharlesbra00brad/queenvcharlesbra00brad_djvu.txt.

Archive. Org also saves original copies of pictures and posters. This included the poster

on the trial of the Queen prohibiting the knowledge on sex education. We used this

picture for the website and due to it being the original copy it is a primary source. Salumbides and Tang 3

Atria. “Isaac Israels and Aletta Jacobs: Aletta Jacobs.” Atria, 16 Nov. 2015, ​ ​ institute-genderequality.org/library-archive/collection-highlights/isaac-israels-and-aletta-j

acobs/. Accessed 17 Nov, 2019.

Atria is a museum in Europe dedicated to women in history. The famous painter, Isaac

Israels, painted Aletta Jacobs during her role in the birth control movement. The picture

was used on the website. the museum is professionally funded and has the original copy

making it a primary source

Bruijn, Enny de. “Moeilijk Voor Gereformeerden: Durven Lachen Om Jezelf.” RD.nl, 15 Oct. ​ ​ 2012,www.rd.nl/opinie/columns/moeilijk-voor-gereformeerden-durven-lachen-om-jezelf-

1.692597. Accessed 7 April, 2020.

Reformatorisch Dagblad covers the history of Church influence in Europe. The source

covers the 18th century to modern day with constant fact checks and corroborating

sources. This source was used for its poster of Aletta Jacobs during her movement in the

Netherlands.

“Charles Knowlton.” Internet Archive Search: ​ https://archive.org/details/101236557.nlm.nih.gov/mode/2up. Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

An online site approved by professional historians for its public display of historical

documents. The site had an online copy of Fruits of Philosophy in which we used it to ​ ​ show how sex education was looked down upon in early 18th century Europe.

Chen, Michelle. “Trump's Title X Rule Defunding Planned Parenthood Yet Another Blow to

Low-Income Women.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 23 Aug. 2019, ​ ​ Salumbides and Tang 4

www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/trump-s-title-x-rule-defunding-planned-parenthood-yet

-another-ncna1045471. Accessed 12 April, 2020.

NBC is a new organization that covers world news. They maintain a neutral perspective

politically making them seem credible. The document was used to discuss how birth

control in America is different in Europe through its laws and funding in birth control.

Daley, Kevin. “Supreme Court Won't Hear Challenge To Maine Law Banning Abortion Clinic

Protests.” The Daily Caller, The Daily Caller, 16 Apr. 2018, ​ ​ dailycaller.com/2018/04/16/supreme-court-maine-abortion-clinic-protests/. Accessed 21

Nov. 2019.

The Daily Caller is a news outlet maintaining an unbiased standview on its issues. The

issues we used was about abortion laws in Maine. This information was utilized to show

the everlasting effects of Jacob’s works on birth control. The source covers the issue on

the current conflict with pro-choice and pro-life parties making it a primary source.

Dingwall, E. J. “Early Contraceptive Sheaths.” British Medical Journal, U.S. National Library of

Medicine, 3 Jan. 1953, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2015111/?page=2.

Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

This source was used to gain further context on the early uses of birth control, which was

exemplified through Giacomo Casanova’s various sexual exploits and his jarring lack of

offspring. Though Casanova originated from Italy and Jacobs from the Netherlands, his

experiences with birth control clearly indicated its potential usefulness in the future. Salumbides and Tang 5

Ferguson, Kathy. “Whose Freedom? Birth Control And The Enduring Fight Over Our Bodies.”

Whose Freedom? Birth Control And The Enduring Fight Over Our Bodies. ~, 1 Jan. ​ 1970,

contemporarycondition.blogspot.com/2014/07/whose-freedom-birth-control-and.html.

Accessed 19 march, 2020.

The following source showed satirical posters that promoted the use of contraceptives.

The author of this website, Kathy Ferguson, is a historian that teaches at the university of

Hawai’i. The source is primary due to the picture dating back to the Victorian era, a time

where our historical context takes place.

Greene, David, director. Anti-Abortion Rights Activists Watch as Movement Gains Ground. NPR, ​ ​ ​ ​ NPR, 16 May 2019,

www.npr.org/2019/05/16/723878791/anti-abortion-rights-activists-watch-as-movements-

gains-ground. Accessed 12 April, 2020.

NPR is a politically neutral news network that covers world news. This source is reliable

for its fact checks and lack of bias. The pro-life movement has gained more influence

with the approval for less funding on Title X, a birth control program that helps people

deal with abortion. The recording is the president of a pro-life organization and their

input on the topic.

Haire, Norman. “Some Moral Medical Views On Birth Control : Norman Haire : Free

Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive, 1 Jan. 1970, ​ ​ archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.200481/page/n175?q=aletta%2Bjacobs. Salumbides and Tang 6

Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

A source approved by historians for public displaying primary sources such as newspaper

articles, books, and original copies. We determined this was a primary source with its

background checks and constant fact checks. We used Some Moral Medical Views On ​ Birth Control written by Aletta Jacobs in order to display her form of protesting through ​ the birth control movement.

Harper, Ida Husted. “Clipping from Evening Star.” Newspapers.com, 2019, ​ ​ www.newspapers.com/clip/26888378/evening_star/. Accessed 17 Nov. 2019.

Newspapers.com is dedicated to preserving and digitally publishing famous articles in the

for the public use. The source is primary for its original copies and fact checks. We used

one news article that showed Jacobs’s impact on the birth control movement.

Innocent VIII. The Bull of Innocent VIII, 2000, ​ ​ web.archive.org/web/20080523174317/http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/mm00e.html

. Accessed 24 October 2019.

Archive.org provided an online copy of the papal bull established by Pope Innocent VIII. ​ The source is primary for its credible website and being a direct copy of the original. The

source was used for providing a historical background for our topic by displaying how

contraceptives were suppressed.

Jacobs, Aletta H. “Memories of Dr. Aletta H. Jacobs.” Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Salumbides and Tang 7

Letteren, 1924,

https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jaco045heri01_01/jaco045heri01_01_0012.php. Accessed 4

Nov. 2019.

This is Aletta Jacobs’s autobiography. It was used to gain access to her personal insights

and experiences during her promotion of the birth control movement and women’s rights.

This source is primary, as it was written by Jacobs herself during the time period.

Kelly, Mary, director. Planned Parenthood Withdraws From Title X Program Over Trump ​ Abortion Rule . NPR, NPR, 19 Aug. 2019, www.npr.org/transcripts/752438119. ​ ​ ​

NPR is a neutral news network. The recording provides the input from certain pro-choice

activists on the topic of President Trump’s interaction with Title X’s defunding.

Knowlton, Charles. “Fruits of Philosophy.” 2018,

www.monash.edu/library/collections/exhibitions/recent-acquisitions5/virtual-exhibition/p

hotos/photo59.html. Accessed 4 Nov. 2019.

Monash University is a public university in Australia and contains an online library of

historical documents. The pictures displayed are from that time making them primary

sources. We used their pictures to show the extent the Queen went to suppress sexual

education.

Martin, Jeffery. “Two Girls Donated Elizabeth Warren's Lemonade Stand Contribution to

pro-Life Charity.” Newsweek, Newsweek, 23 Sept. 2019, ​ ​ Salumbides and Tang 8

www.newsweek.com/two-girls-donated-elizabeth-warrens-lemonade-stand-contribution-

pro-life-charity-1460851. Accessed 12 April, 2020

Newsweek is a news network that covers American news. The source is reliable for its ​ neutral perspective politically. The source was used for its images depicting the various

standpoints on the controversy regarding birth control.

M.D., Ronald M. Cyr. “Eugenics.” Eugenics, 2016, obgynhistory.net/misceugenics.html. ​ ​ Accessed 9 April, 2020.

Obygnhistory.net is dedicated to covering women’s history involving women’s role in

history. It is a developing website with factual checks and strong corroboration from

credible sources. We used this website for its pictures on posters regarding the birth

control movement.

Modderman, A. E. J. “Criminal Code.” Legislation, 2012,

www.legislationline.org/download/id/6415/file/Netherlands_CC_am2012_en.pdf.

Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

This was the criminal code of the Netherlands at the time of Jacobs’s work and reform.

This was used for context in order to indicate how any form of birth control was a

heavily-punished taboo before Jacobs stepped in.

Paine, Thomas. “The Writings of Thomas Paine.” The Writings of Thomas Paine, Salumbides and Tang 9

Volume IV. by Thomas Paine, 2010, www.gutenberg.org/files/3743/3743-h/3743-h.htm.

Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

This is a primary source written by Thomas Paine himself. While the content of the

writings has nothing to do with the birth control movement, Paine’s clear favor of

secularism and the reduction of church influence reflects the mindset of reformers then

and now--that religion should not dictate all social issues.

Reproductive Justice for Latinas: Coerced, Forced, and Involuntary Sterilization. Youtube,

uploaded by MisguidedThoughts, Apr. 26, 2011,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tShnkBmoe3Y. Accessed 28 Feb. 2020.

This video contains scenes from “La Operacion,” a video exposé with footage of the

forced sterilization and birth control testing of Puerto Rican women. We used this source

to provide information on how the birth control movement influenced racial ideologies.

Sambourne, Edward. “PUNCH Magazine Cartoon Archive.” Edward Linley Sambourne ​ Cartoons - Images | PUNCH Magazine Cartoon Archive, 2011, ​ punch.photoshelter.com/gallery/Edward-Linley-Sambourne-Cartoons/G0000.TjGSdWD

EsM/. Accessed 11 April, 2020

Edward Sambourne was a political cartoonist from the late 19th century to early 20th

century. He worked in London and his work revolved around world news at the time. We

used this source for its depiction of Charles Bradlaugh during the Knowlton trials. Salumbides and Tang 10

Sanger, Margaret. “MY EXPERIENCES IN HOLLAND.” The Public Papers of Margaret ​ Sanger: Web Edition, 2003, ​ www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=236589.

xml. Accessed 12 April, 2020

An excerpt from Margaret Sanger during her suffrage tour around Europe. The source is

provided by NYU making it credible. The source is primary as it came directly from her

journal and was used to cover her role in the birth control movement.

Sprenger, James. “Malleus Maleficarum.” Malleus Maleficarum - The Bull of Innocent VIII,

2000,

web.archive.org/web/20080523174317/http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/mm00e.htm

l. Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

The Wayback Machine is a source that digitally stores information such as transcripts

and books. The source is primary as it quotes the books they refer to followed with

constant and professional fact checks. This information was refered in our website to

talk about opposing parties against sex education.

“State of Sex Education in USA: Health Education in Schools.” Planned Parenthood, 2019, ​ ​ www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/for-educators/whats-state-sex-education-us.

Accessed 21 Nov. 2019.

Planned Parenthood is an organization dedicated to helping teens with their sexual issues

by providing them resources for safe sex. The source covers how sex education is vital to Salumbides and Tang 11

society today. We referenced this information as primary as this was an article written

recently in discussing modern day importance.

Troost, Cornelis. Prince Eugene of Savoy Vetting a Line-up of Prostitutes. 1730. Rijksmuseum, ​ ​ http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.231719. Accessed 20 Oct. 2019.

RijksMuseum is a museum in the Netherlands dedicated to covering European history. ​ The source is fact checked and uses original works in their museum. The source was used

to show life before contraceptives and how they dealt with problems such as STDs.

Secondary Sources

“Aletta Jacobs.” Atria, 2019, institute-genderequality.org/aletta-jacobs/. ​ ​ Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

Atria is an online museum dedicated to women’s history. We used the information onn

Aletta Jacobs to summarize her role in women’s suffrage overall. The text from the site

was referred to and not based on any documents during the time so it is a secondary

source.

Bezzone, Francesca. “The Life and Adventures of Giacomo Casanova, the First Modern Latin

Lover.” L’Italo Americano, 24 Mar. 2017, ​ ​ italoamericano.org/story/2016-10-20/casanova. Accessed 24 October 2019.

Giacomo Casanova is an author in the 18th century who openly supported contraceptive

use. The website’s interpretation of him was used in the document to display how

contraceptives were beneficial to society.

“Black Genocide.” American Experience, Feb. 24, 2003, ​ ​ Salumbides and Tang 12

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/. Accessed

28 Feb. 2020.

This is an article detailing the racial tensions the birth control movement fueled with

African-Americans, perpetuating the belief that the movement was promoted to prevent

the population growth of the African-American race (along with other minorities). We

used this source in order to provide further information on the birth control movement’s

unintended consequences.

Blake, Trevor. “Dora Marsden and the Malthusian League.” Union Of Egoists, Aug. 17. 2017, ​ ​

www.unionofegoists.com/2017/08/30/dora-marsden-and-the-malthusian-league/.

Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

The Union of Egoist is a small blog group that specializes in the history of egoism which

includes the Malthusian League. The Malthusian League was an organization promoting

sexual education as well as the use of contraceptives. This information is from a blog

written recently so it is a secondary source as it was not written during the time of our

topic.

Blakemore, Erin. “The First Birth Control Pill Used Puerto Rican Women as Guinea Pigs.”

History.com, A&E Television Networks, 9 May 2018, ​ www.history.com/news/birth-control-pill-history-puerto-rico-enovid. Accessed 21 Nov.

2019.

The following is from a TV network dedicated to explaining areas of history. We used a

picture of the first contraceptive pill being advertised to women in Puerto Rico to see if Salumbides and Tang 13

the item is safe for human consumption. The site is secondary as we could not track down

the origins of the photo.

“Bradlaugh-Besant Trial (Birth Control).” Whatwhenhow RSS, 2018, ​ ​

what-when-how.com/birth-control/bradlaugh-besant-trial-birth-control/. Accessed 24

Oct. 2019.

The site was created by Google and was fact checked by its staff. The website explains

the Knowlton Trials and its escalation to the Malthusian League to advocate for birth

control. This information was a third-party interpretation making it a secondary source.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Charles Knowlton.” Encyclopædia Britannica, ​ ​

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Knowlton.

Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

Britannica is a history website that covers various topics in history. We used this site to

contribute to our historical context regarding Charles Knowlton and his studies with

contraceptives. The source is an interpretation of events making it a secondary source.

“Cartoon from the Woman's Journal, 1912. From Left to Right, the Four Singers Are Labeled:

‘White Slaver," ‘Anti...: Woman Suffrage PRO & CON - Bad Girls: Anti Suffrage,

Women in American History, Women Right to Vote.” Pinterest, 2019, ​ ​ www.pinterest.com/pin/38702878023594098/?autologin=true&nic=1a.

Accessed 24 Oct. 2019. Salumbides and Tang 14

Pinterest is a website with various pictures for various topics. We found a picture of a

women’s suffrage sketch which we used for the website. Since we cannot find the origin

of such a picture it is a secondary source.

“Charles Knowlton.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 6 May 2019, ​ ​ www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Knowlton#ref69378. Accessed 24 Oct. 2019

Encyclopedia Britannica is a much simpler version of Britannica meant for finding

certain topics easier using keywords. We found and referred to an article of Charles

Knowlton’s book Fruits of Philosophy. The source is secondary since the article was not ​ ​ written during the time of the event.

Cobley, Bethan. “ at 90: 'Women Are Facing Financial Penalties for Having Sex -

It's Victorian'.” The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, 16 Oct. 2015, ​ ​ www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-health/11935504/Marie-Stopes-Abortion-and-sex-

women-face-Victorian-financial-penalties.html. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019.

The Telegraph is a news outlet in the United Kingdom. We used an article about Marie

Stopes and how she created the first birth clinic in England in order to show the

everlasting significance of Jacob’s work. The article was written long after she opened

the clinic making it a secondary source.

Dingwall, E.J. “Early Contraceptive Sheaths.” British Medical Journal, U.S. National Library of ​ ​ Medicine, 3 Jan. 1953,

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2015111/?page=2.Accessed 24 October 2019.

British Medical Journal is a government organization covering health related topics. ​ Being a government organization, the source is credible and has constant fact checks. The Salumbides and Tang 15

website was used for its information regarding early contraceptives and U.S involvement

with birth control.

Diniejko, Dr Andrzej. “Annie Besant's Multifaceted Personality. A Biographical Sketch.” The

Canon Reconsidered and Annie Besant's Marginality, 2014,

www.victorianweb.org/authors/besant/diniejko.html. Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

The Victorian Web is a website dedicated to covering famous events that occurred during

the Victorian Era. The website talks about Anne Besant and her involvement in the

Knowlton Trials through the promotion of contraceptives. We used this source and

classified it as a secondary source as it is an interpretation of events.

Encyclopedia, Staff. “Blasphemy Law.” Wikiwand, 2019,

www.wikiwand.com/en/Blasphemy_law. Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

Wikiwand is a website edited by the public in order to inform the audience about certain

topics. It talked about the Blasphemy laws and how sex was considered a holy act which

led to the suppression of sex education. This source is primary as it is constantly changed

and only supported by other documents.

Hagemann, Karen. “Aletta Jacobs (1854-1929).” Towards Emancipation?, 2019, ​ ​ hist259.web.unc.edu/alettajacobs/. Accessed 17 Nov. 2019.

Karen Hagemann wrote this article for Towards Emancipation, an online museum about ​ ​ women’s role in European history. She wrote an article on Aletta Jacobs and we refer to Salumbides and Tang 16

it as it also covers her tour to America to spread women’s suffrage. The source is primary

as it is written as an interpretation of events.

Holland, Jennifer. “Abolishing Abortion: The History of the Pro-Life Movement in America.”

Abolishing Abortion: The History of the Pro-Life Movement in America | The American

Historian, 2019, ​ www.oah.org/tah/issues/2016/november/abolishing-abortion-the-history-of-the-pro-life-

movement-in-america/. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019.

Jenniffer Holland wrote this article for Organization for American Historians, OAH, to

discuss the how the controversy on abortion has started and escalated over the course of

American History. We use this article as a reference for modern day issues with

contraceptives from the spread of European ideas. The article is secondary as it is a

summary of multiple sources.

“Houten, Samuel Van (1837-1930).” Resources, Instituut Voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis, 12 ​ ​ Nov. 2013, resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn1/houten. Accessed

9 Nov. 2019

Resources is a dutch website that has information on key figures in european history.

Samuel Van Houten is a former member of the House of Representatives that helped

Aletta Jacobs with her effort in promoting sex education. The site is written long after the

time of the event making it a secondary source.

Jansen, Sharon L. “‘According to Their Deserts’: ‘Witches’ and the Papal Bull ‘Summis Salumbides and Tang 17

Desiderantes Affectibus.’” Monstrous Regiment of Women, 2015, ​ ​ www.monstrousregimentofwomen.com/2015/12/according-to-their-just-deserts-witches.h

tml. Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

This is a blog that discusses the oppression of women in history starting in the 15th

century. Books were written on how women were inherently evil due to their desires and

lust. The site was used to reference one of these books for our historical context. The

source corroborates with other sources but is not authentic making it a secondary source.

Joyce, Kathryn. “The New War on Birth Control.” Pacific Standard, 17 Aug. 2017, ​ ​ psmag.com/magazine/new-war-on-birth-control. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019

Pacific Standard is a news outlet that is slightly biased towards liberals. James Phillips is

trying to spread contraceptives in Africa but is facing opposition against christian activist.

The information was used to refer to continued significance of our topic but is secondary

since it is written as an interpretation of events.

Knowles, Jon. A Methods. Katharine Dexter McCormick Library, 2012. ​ ​ Accessed 20 Oct. 2019.

Jon Knowles wrote A History of Birth Control Methods to show how contraceptives have ​ ​ evolved over time. The source is credited and fact-checked making it a reliable source.

The book was used to provide an insight on how contraceptives today are superior to

those in the past and how it came to be. Salumbides and Tang 18

KQED. “Margaret Sanger (1879-1966).” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 2019, ​ ​ www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-margaret-sanger-1879-1966/.

Accessed 21 Nov. 2019.

PBS is a news network that focuses on educating its audiences of American history.

Margaret Sanger brought birth control to America following Jacobs’s impact on the

world. We used this secondary source to show the immediate effects of her actions.

Leatham, Rachel. “Diaphragm.” Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand – Te Ara Encyclopedia of ​ New Zealand, Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga, 16 May 2019, ​ teara.govt.nz/en/object/26980/diaphragm. Accessed 10 Nov. 2019.

Teara is a website that specializes in Dutch history. The Dutch Cap was a form of

contraceptive that was used after Jacobs’s promotion of contraceptives. The secondary

source was used in our website by using its picture of the Dutch Cap.

Loebl, Suzanna. “The Hobby Lobby Ruling Shames America.” Branching, 31 Oct. 2016, ​ ​ branchingblog.com/2014/07/15/the-hobby-lobby-ruling-shames-america/. Accessed 21

Nov. 2019.

Branching Blogs is a blog on American history. Margaret Sanger used pamphlets to

spread her movement in America. We used the picture provided but deemed it secondary

since we could not tell if it was really from that time or not.

National Secular Society. “Founding the NSS.” National Secular Society, 2017, ​ ​ www.secularism.org.uk/founding-the-nss.html/. Accessed 24 Oct. 2019

The National Secular Society is an organization founded by sex education activist

Charles Bradlaugh. We used the information on this website to cover the details Salumbides and Tang 19

regarding the Knowlton Trials. This source is primary as it was founded during the time

of the our event.

National Secular Society. “G.W. Foote and the Freethinker Blasphemy Trials.” National

Secular Society, 2017, www.secularism.org.uk/the-freethinker-blasphemy-trials.html.

Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

The National Secular Society is an organization founded by sex education activist

Charles Bradlaugh. Him and Annie Besant were taken to court for publishing a book

about safe sex which was taken to court. This information is primary as it is from the

organization he founded.

National Secular Society. “Annie Besant.” National Secular Society, 2017,

www.secularism.org.uk/annie-besant.html. Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

The National Secular Society is an organization founded by sex education activist

Charles Bradlaugh. We used this information to cover the story of another sex education

advocate Annie Besant who was also involved in the Knowlton Trials. This source is

primary as it was founded during the time of the our event.

Nunez-Eddy, Claudia. “The Embryo Project Encyclopedia.” The Malthusian League ​

(1877–1927) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, 2017, ​ embryo.asu.edu/pages/malthusian-league-1877-1927. Accessed 24 Oct. 2019 Salumbides and Tang 20

The Embryo Project is an online encyclopedia regarding European history. The

Malthusian League believed in contraceptives to combat overpopulation. This

information was referred to in our website and is secondary since it was not written at the

time.

Penderson, Drew and Raji, Michelle. “The Bitter Pill: Harvard and the Dark History of Birth

Control.” The Harvard Crimson, Sept. 18 2017, ​ ​ https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/9/28/the-bitter-pill/. Accessed 28 Feb. 2020.

This is an article detailing the unethical exploits perpetuated by the birth control

movement, as well as prominent activists like Margaret Sanger. We used this article to

detail the consequences of the birth control movement, and how it accidentally fueled

racial tensions with Puerto Rican women.

Poppel, Frans van and Röling, Hugo. “Physicians and Fertility Control in the Netherlands.”

Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 2003,

https://www.nidi.knaw.nl/shared/content/output/2003/jih-34-02-vanpoppel.pdf. Accessed

4 Nov. 2019.

Nidi is a health organization stationed in the Netherlands. Women were producing less

babies in the mid 19th century due to infertility and continued to decline into the 20th

century. This information was used as a historical context and is secondary since it is an

interpretation of events. Salumbides and Tang 21

Rappaport, Helen. “Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers.” vol. 1, 2001,

https://books.google.com/books?id=rpuSzowmIkgC&pg=PA329#v=onepage&q&f=false

. Accessed 5 Nov. 2019.

This is an encyclopedia about a series of women in history including Aletta Jacobs. She

worked with Anne Beasant to promote her cause and would gather other followers at

women’s conventions. This source was used throughout our website. The source is

secondary because it is a summary of events.

Ritchie, Hannah et al. “Child and Infant Mortality”, Our World in Data, 2013, ​ ​

https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality. Accessed 17 March 2020.

Our World in Data is an organization dedicated to using statistics in order to provide free

access to detailed, reliable data on ongoing issues in the world. In this case, we used this

source to research infant mortality rates in the Netherlands, which were a key factor to

the country’s need of birth control.

Saynsumthn. “October 16th Klan Speaking Eugenics Promoting Margaret Sanger Opens 1st

Birth Control Clinic, Later Founds Planned Parenthood.” Saynsumthn's Blog, 16 Oct. ​ ​ 2013,

saynsumthn.wordpress.com/2013/10/16/october-16th-klan-speaking-eugenics-promoting-

margaret-sanger-opens-1st-birth-control-clinic-later-founds-planned-parenthood/.

Accessed 21 Nov. 2019. Salumbides and Tang 22

This blog talks about how the Klu Klux Klan supported Margaret Sanger in the birth

control movement. The Klan promoted eugenics and even helped fund her 1st birth

control. This information was used in our unintended consequences. The source is

secondary as it is only an interpretation of true events.

Seabrook, Kim. “Satan Rising: The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe.” Prisoners of Eternity, ​ ​ 3 Aug. 2017.

www.prisonersofeternity.co.uk/satan-rising-the-witch-hunt-in-early-modern-europe/.

Accessed 20 Oct. 2019

Prisoners of Eternity covers European history up to the 18th century. The website credits ​ its sources making it reliable. The source was used to cover how the Church villainized

birth control by relating it to the bible.

Simkin, John. “Aletta Jacobs”. Spartacus Educational, 1997,

https://spartacus-educational.com/USAWjacobsA.htm. Accessed 4 Nov. 2019.

Spartacus is an online educational website. Aletta Jacobs created a national movement by

having other feminist, Margaret Sanger, be inspired by her as she was working in

Amsterdam. This source is secondary and used in the website for its pictures information.

Sohn, Amy. “Charles Knowlton, the Father of American Birth Control.” Jstor Daily, 21 Mar. ​ ​

2018, daily.jstor.org/charles-knowlton-the-father-of-american-birth-control/. Accessed 24

Oct. 2019. Salumbides and Tang 23

JSTOR Daily is a nonprofit educational website whose goal is to preserve history online.

Charles Knowlton is regarded as the father of birth control due to his book Fruits of ​ Philosophy. The source was used for its picture and is secondary since we cannot ​ determine if the picture is authentic or not.

Staff, CWALAC. “The Negro Project: Margaret Sanger's Eugenic Plan for Black Americans.”

Concerned Women for America, 10 June 2019, ​ concernedwomen.org/the-negro-project-margaret-sangers-eugenic-plan-for-black-americ

ans/. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019.

The CWALAC is an organization promoting women’s role in society while teaching

history of certain women. Margaret Sanger’s role in birth control was seen as

controversial due to the involvement of the oppression of black women regarding

eugenics.

“The Anti-Abortion Movement in the United States.” Workers'Offensive |, Workers' Offensive, ​ ​ 24 July 2019,

www.workersoffensive.org/single-post/2019/07/17/The-anti-abortion-movement-in-the-

United-States. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019.

Workers’ Offensive is a website discussing the history of the anti-abortion movement and

its Catholic roots. The source is secondary for its interpretation and it was used in our

website for its continued significance.

Udodiong, Inemesit. “What Does the Bible Actually Say about Premarital Sex?” Pulse Nigeria, ​ ​ Pulse Nigeria, 27 Oct. 2017, Salumbides and Tang 24

www.pulse.ng/communities/religion/christianity-on-sex-what-does-the-bible-actually-say

-about-premarital-sex/65vprsk. Accessed 24 Oct. 2019.

Pulse is a news outlet that addresses modern day controversies. The issue regarding

pre-marital sex is actually proven to be accepted according to the bible rather than the

stereotype that Catholics condemn such action. The source was used to refer to our

continued significance. The source is secondary for its interpretation of text.

Vargas, Theresa. “Guinea Pigs or Pioneers? How Puerto Rican Women Were Used to Test the

Birth Control Pill.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 31 July 2019, ​ ​ www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/05/09/guinea-pigs-or-pioneers-how-

puerto-rican-women-were-used-to-test-the-birth-control-pill/. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019.

The Washington Post is a news outlet that maintains fairly moderate regarding its articles.

Before the 1st birth control clinic in America, Puerto Ricans were tested on for the

contraceptive pills resulting in deaths of a few Puerto Ricans. This source was used to

show the unintended consequences of the birth control movement and is under secondary

for its interpretation.

Weda, Reem. “Aletta Jacobs.” Europeana Collections,

https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/exhibitions/pioneers/aletta-jacobs#ve-anchor-intro_1

5026-js. Accessed 4 Nov. 2019.

Europeana is a blog dedicated to Aletta Jacobs. The blog has a series of pictures that were

painted in her name, or from her books and papers regarding her promotion on

contraceptives. The source is secondary and is used for its descriptive pictures. Salumbides and Tang 25

Yiddishkayt. “First US Birth Control Clinic.” Yiddishkayt, 2019, ​ ​ yiddishkayt.org/view/birth-control/. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019.

Yiddish is a website dedicated to famous European activists and reformers. Aletta Jacobs

inspired Margaret Sanger to move the birth control movement to America and even

established the 1st clinic in the U.S.. The source is secondary for its interpretation and is

used in our website for its pictures.