Rosalba Carriera Die Meisterin Der Pastellmalerei

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Rosalba Carriera Die Meisterin Der Pastellmalerei 1 ' ^ j, /"V §. .> k'-:^V. - [jS^ -CmV^^^MAfs/A/- Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 witii funding from Research Library, The Getty Research Institute http://www.archive.org/details/rosalbacarrieradOOhoer BÜCHER DER TT KUNST Band 11 Alle Rechte vom Verleger vorbehalten Den Druck dieses Werkes <> besorgte die Offizin von Julius Klinkhardt in Leipzig aib:i Carncra. Mädchen ni dem Besitz Rosalba Carriera die Meisterin der Pastellmalerei Studien und Bilder aus der Künste und Kulturgeschichte ::: des 18, Jahrhunderts ::: von Emilie von Hoerschelmann f 1908 Verlag von Klinkhardt & Biermann in Leipzig yi -IS^^ K ^i^ Rosalba Carriera — onore del suo sesso e della veneziana pittura. Zanctti. ihLü£I[YC£Nr£Ä Frau Dr* Sophie Schubart-^Czcrmak in dankbarer Verehrung zugeeignet j^m^^m^m'^m Inhalt. Seite Einleitung 1 L Rosalba Carriera in ihrer Zeit und vor der Nachwelt . 5 IL Rosalbas Jugendjahre. — Kämpfe und Auf^ stieg 35 IIL Rosalba Carriera in Paris. — Bilder aus der Zeit der Regence 114 IV. Wieder in Venedig. — Aufenthalt in Modena. — Reise ins Friaul. — Felicitä Sartori^Hoff^ mann 186 V. Rosalba in Wien 219 VI. Die Jahre des Alterns . 249 VII. Rosalba Carrieras Persönlichkeit 299 Anhang I. Stimmungen nach dem Zusammen^ bruch der Ära Law 355 Anhang IL A, M. Zanetti und der kolorierte Holz^ schnitt 366 SEI i^^^sa^^^a Einleitung* Gibt CS nicht bloß im wirklichen, auf Tat^ Sachen bezüglichen, sondern auch im geistigen, künstlerischen Erleben Ahnungen, vorgefaßte Sympathien und Antipathien? Ich für mein Teil glaube, in früher Jugend schon, als ich, damals noch ein ungeschulter Laie, Gelegenheit hatte, so manche Kunststätte Deutschlands, Österreichs, Italiens zu durchs wandern, mehr als eine Vorahnung in solchem Sinne erlebt zu haben. So u. a. in einer baye^ rischen Provinzstadt. Während der Umschau in einer an sich nicht eben bedeutenden städ^ tischen Sammlung fiel mein Blick auf ein Pastellbild — ausgeführt mit jener den Porträt tisten des XVIII. Jahrhunderts eigenen Bravour der Technik. Ein Frauenbildnis. In der einen Hand einen Lorbeerzweig, in der anderen einen Totenkopf haltend, blickte die Frau mit ernstem, klugem, im übrigen Hocrschelmann, Rosalba Carriera. 1 : weder durch Jugend noch Schönheit begnade^ tem Angesicht aus kleinen stechenden Augen die Beschauerin nachdenklich an. Unter dem Eindruck einer instinktiven Neugier schlug ich den zuvor nur wenig be^ fragten Katalog auf. Dieser nannte einen mir damals noch vollkommen unbekannten Namen Rosalba Carriera^ geboren in Venedig 1676, gestorben ebenda 1757. Was ist's mit diesem Bilde? mußte sich die angehende Kunstnovize fragen. Es mutet einen so seltsam an, als hätte es eine Ge^ schichte zu erzählen, die es wert ist, daß man ihr nachgeht — eine Geschichte von nagendem Weh, von stumm in sich verschlossenen Seelenkämpfen einer Frau, die, nach den har^ ten eckigen Zügen zu urteilen, vielleicht nie eine Jugend besessen hatte. Ein herber Zug um die schmalen, fest auf^ einander gepreßten Lippen schien zu sagen: Es soll mir kein Laut entschlüpfen, der Un^ berufene in mein verschlossenes Innere blicken ließe! Meine Seele ist stark genug, um mit sich allein fertig zu werden. Alles geht vor^ über. Alle Triumphe und alle Demütigungen gehen endlich auf im Tode — oder wie andere sagen: in der Ewigkeit. So schien das blasse, von Furchen der Geistesarbeit oder des Alters gezeichnete Ant^ litz der Frau mit dem durchdringenden Blick der kleinen, stechenden Augen zu mir zu sagen. Noch lange verfolgte mich der Blick dieser Augen, die berufen schienen, alles, was in den Bereich ihrer Sehkraft gelangte, mit Meister^' Schaft zu prüfen und zu ixnterscheiden. Als in der Folgezeit, um viele Jahre später, ein Winteraufenthalt in dem schönen Elb^Athen mir Gelegenheit gab, der Unbekannten, die einst meine Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gezogen und gefesselt hatte, näherzutreten, als ich im Pastellsaal der Dresdener Galerie die Summe fast all des, was Rosalba Carrieras künstleri" sehen Nachlaß ausmacht, kennen lernte, als ich mich infolgedessen auch dem Studium ihrer Persönlichkeit und ihrer Lebensschicksale eingehender zuwandte, da kehrten meine Ge- danken — unter einem Banne, der mich nicht mehr loslassen sollte — noch tausendmal zu- rück zu jenem verschollenen Frauenbildnis in dem bayerischen Provinzstädtchen — mit diesen seinen seltsamen durchdringenden Augen, die berufen schienen, alles, was in das Bereich ihrer Sehkraft gelangte, mit Meisterschaft zu prüfen und zu unterscheiden» Wie es so oft geschieht, hatte auch hier der erste impulsive Eindruck, die mit ihm gegebene Vorahnung das Richtige getroffen. Von äußeren Kämpfen, von dem im Künste lerdasein so häufigen Ringen und Darben kann bei Rosalba Carriera freilich nur im ersten Anfang ihrer Laufbahn die Rede sein. Von dem Augenblick an, da sie, die ursprüngliche Ricamatrice (Kunsstickerin), die bloße Kunst^ industrie gegen eigentlich künstlerisches Schaff fen vertauschte, zumal von dem Moment an, da sie sich ausschließlich der Pastellmalerei wid^ mete, die durch sie zur Tagesmode erhoben wurde, blieb ihr Dasein nach außen ein fort*« gesetzter Triumphzug durch Welt und Leben. Dennoch hatte jener erste, impulsive Ein-* druck, die mit ihm gegebene Vorahnung, das Richtige getroffen. E0 L Rosalba Carricra in ihrer Zeit und vor der Nachweit. Nur wenige sind's, die unter Rosalba Car^ rieras Berufsgenossen sich mit den Erb- folgen der einst allbewunderten venezianischen Diva messen dürfen, der zu ihren Lebzeiten die vornehme Welt nicht nur ihrer Heimat, sondern sämtlicher Kulturstaaten des dama^ ligen Europa schmachtend nach einem Er^ Zeugnis ihrer Palette zu Füßen lag. Was sie wohl dazu gesagt hätten, die Pierre Jean Mariette, die Antonio Maria Zanetti, die Algarotti, Pierre Crozat — sie, die Führer der Geister und Autoritäten im Gebiete der zeit^ genössischen Kunstkritik, wenn irgend ein Für^ witziger gewagt haben würde, ihnen zu prophe^- zeien, kaum anderthalb Jahrhunderte würden vergehen, imd die Allbewunderte, die man mit den vornehmsten Größen der Renaissance und insbesondere mit den Halbgöttern der Kunst-' verständigen des XVII. Jahrhunderts: Guido Reni, Domenichino, Carlo Dolce und Maratta in einem Atem zu nennen pflegte — an die Charles Coypel, der Sohn des Pariser Akademie^ direktors, im Jahre 1727 einen Brief mit ioU gender Aufschrift richtet: „ä Antoine Correge dit aujourd'hui Rosa Alba^^ — sie würde so voll" ständig verschollen sein, wie sie es heute in den weiten Kreisen kunstliebender Laien ist! In Anbetracht des Nimbus, der einst den Namen Rosalbas mit so viel Glanz umgab, liegt es nahe zu fragen, wie dieser Umschwung zu erklären ist? Die Tatsache selbst ist nicht zu leugnen: der einst so vielgenannte Name der Rosalba*) mag für Venedig noch eine lokale Bedeutung haben — wohl auch für beschränkte Liebhaber^ kreise der Pastellmalerei in Frankreich und in England — , in der übrigen Welt gehört sie der Schattenwelt jener an, deren man nicht mehr gedenkt. Wie mächtig einst der seither so gänzlich erloschene Nimbus war, der ihren Namen um^ gab, davon zeugen zur Genüge die erhalten gebliebenen Korrespondenzen Rosalbas, die in einem Teil der „Codici Ashburnhamiani" der Laurenziana in Florenz, der vor einigen Jahren *) Zu ihren Lebzeiten pflegte man die Künstlerin kurzweg „la Rosalba'^ zu nennen. im Druck erschien, einen bedeutenden Zu^ wachs erhielten. Als Alfred Sensier im Jahre 1865 das von Abbate Giovanni Vianelli in Chioggia*) 1793 im italienischen Urtext publizierte Pariser „Diario" (Tagebuch) Rosalbas, ins Französische übersetzt, herausgab, galten jene Dokumente für verloren. — Sie waren aber nicht spurlos und unwiederbringlich verloren, wie auch Sen^ sier mit Bedauern annahm, sondern sie wur^ den aus nicht immer lauteren Gründen von ihren jeweiligen Eigentümern geheim gehalten. Aus dem Besitz des seinerzeit berühmten Sammlers Clementino Tomitana in Oderzo waren diese Dokumente in die Fonds des italienischen Antiquars Libri übergegangen und von letzterem an Lord Ashburnham in Battle Hastings verkauft worden. — Dem Lord mochte es nicht unbekannt sein, daß auf un^ aufgeklärte Weise, samt einer wertvollen Truhe, in der sie enthalten waren, Rosalbas sämtliche Briefschaften den ursprünglichen Erben in Chioggia entwandt worden waren. Auch er hütete sich, von seinem kostbaren Ankauf *) Chioggia war, seit Generationen, die eigentliche Heimstätte des Geschlechtes der Carriera, das daselbst Bürgerrechte besaß. IIIZZZ=ZIZZZZZZZZ= 8 I=Z=IZI=ZIZIZI=ZZ etwas laut werden zu lassen und hielt die be^ treffenden Dokumente sorgfältig versteckt unter den Schätzen seines Archivs in Battle Hastings. Nach dem Tode Ashburnhams kam die italienische Regierung durch einen glücklichen Zufall auf die Spur der betreffenden „Codici Ashburnhamiani", zu denen u. a. auch die im ganzen fünf Bände umfassende Korrespondenz Rosalbas zählte, und erstand im Jahre 1884 jene berühmten Codici für die Gesamtsumme von 585000 Frs. Von da ab verblieben die auf Rosalba be^ züglichen Dokumente (jeder einzelne der fünf Bände trägt den von dem erstgenannten Be" sitzer Clementino Tomitana verfaßten Titel: Lettere originali — di pittori ultramontani e italiani — di letterati illustri — e d'altri per^ sonaggi ragguardevoli — scritte alla celebre dipintrice — Rosalba Carriera Veniziana — Oderzo (1826) — für das Publikum in weiten Kreisen unzugänglich im Archiv der Laurent ziana zu Florenz, bis im Jahre 1898 Vittorio Malamani in dem Anno IV der „Gallerie Na^ zionali Italiane" einen ansehnlichen Teil der^ selben zum erstenmal in unverfälschter Wieder^ gäbe publizierte. Es sei hier noch bemerkt,
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