(Agro)ecosystems-based livelihoods in face of and socio-economic transformation in northern

Doctoral Student: Danny Nef Supervisor: Dr. Pius Krütli and Prof. Dr. Michael Stauffacher from the USYS TdLab Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Johan Six, from Sustainable Agroecosystems (Institute of Agricultural Science)

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 1 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Vanuatu

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 2 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Vanuatu

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 3 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Problem statement

In many Small Islands Developing States (SIDS), such as Vanuatu, effects of global climate changes have already become obvious. More extreme consequences have to be anticipated.

Cyclone Donna 2017 Category 4, with winds up to 220 km/h (1min s. strongest off-season South Pacific Climate extremes (shocks) 2015 Category 5, most intense tropical cyclone of the south Pacific Ocean. winds 280 km/h (1min s.)

El Niño 2015 Gradual Among the three strongest trends events since 1950 (stresses)

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 4 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Problem statement: Different perceptions of the effects

? Pests 2016/17 El Niño 2015/16

Cyclone Donna 2017

Why do some climatic shocks and stressors pose a problem for some communities and notCyclone for Oma others?2019

 Is that an indication of different local capacities to cope with the effects of climate change?

 If so, why do local capacities differ?

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 5 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Phase 1: Understand livelihood strategies and to what extent their properties depend on local particularities and the specific life and social situation of an individual

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 6 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Livelihood Strategies

Provisioning Services provided by terrestrial and marine ecosystems (natural capital) are pivotal for local livelihoods. Subsistence gardening plays an important role both as a primary source of food and as a source of income

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 7 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Income

Income depends on the availability of physical capital (e.g. access to road and transport - access to markets) and human capital (skills) and individual realization capacity.

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 8 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Phase 2: Understand climate change as a current and potential driver of change and challenges to different livelihood strategies.

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 9 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Observed and perceived impacts of climatic extremes / stressors climatic shocks and stressors

Livelihood / Wellbeing

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 10 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Climate change problem perception

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 11 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Climate change problem perception

N = 44

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 12 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Climate change problem perception

N = 65

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 13 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Climate change problem perception

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 14 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Climate change is affecting gardens, but only incrementally

Abandoning of traditional practices Missmanagement Lack of knowledge

If asked explicitly, islanders attribute observed problems/challenges in gardening to climate change, although their causes often lie elsewhere

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 15 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Phase 3: What are the underlying causes and dynamics behind incremental impacts of climate change?

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 16 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”) Tank yu tumas blong lisn blong me – Yoyö tëkemi

Placeholder for organisational unit name / logo Danny Nef | 04/03/2020 | 17 (edit in slide master via “View” > “Slide Master”)