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Immunochemical Characterisation of Erythrocyte Antigens University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 1991 Immunochemical characterisation of erythrocyte antigens Alison Michéle Jonusys University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Jonusys, Alison Michéle, Immunochemical characterisation of erythrocyte antigens, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Department of Biology, University of Wollongong, 1991. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1067 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] IMMUNOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF ERYTHROCYTE ANTIGENS A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from THE UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by u n ;vers»ty of WOLLONGONG LIBRARY ALISON MICHÉLE JONUSYS, BSc (Hons) Woll. DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY 1991 0 1 3 7 3 5 There are many aspects of life which, when viewed retrospectively, fall into a pattern, although in their developing they seemed but a random play of accident and circumstance. Sir Macfariane Burnet, 1959. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ii Table of Contents iv List of Figures x List of Tables xii Abbreviations xiii Acknowledgements xv Abstract xvi Chapter One : Immunochemical Characterisation of Erythrocyte Autoantigens by Natural Autoantibodies LI. Natural Autoantibodies and Autoantigens 1 1.1.1. Natural Autoantibodies 2 1.1.2. Natural Autoantibodies and Development 4 1.1.3. Natural Autoantibodies and Autoimmuninty 6 1.1.4. Autoantigens 8 1.2. The Origin and Significance of Natural Autoantibodies in the context of self-nonself discrimination 10 1.2.1. Theories of self tolerance and self recognition 10 1.2.2. Origins and Significance of Natural Autoantibodies. 15 1.3. Nature of B lymphocytes and the antibodies that recognise bromelain-treated red blood cells 1.3.1. The peritoneal cell phenomenon 18 1.3.2. Lipopolysaccharide stimulated serum 23 1.3.3. Anti-rat red blood cell serum 24 1.3.4. Ly-1+ B-cells 26 1.3.5. Antibodies and Hybridomas produced from unstimulated animals 30 1.3.6. V-genes and V-regions of natural autoantibodies 32 V. 1.4. Bromelain-treated mouse red blood cells- Characterisation of a "hidden autoantigen" 1.4.1. Regulation of the anti-BrMRBC response 35 1.4.2. Characterisation of a hidden autoantigen on autologous erythrocytes 37 1.5. Red Blood Cell Antigens. 44 1.6. Aims of the study 47 Chapter Two: Materials and Methods 2.1. Animals 48 2.1.1. Mice 4g 2.1.2. Rabbits 4g 2.2. Antibodies and Complement 48 2.2.1. IPS stimulated serum and normal mouse serum 48 2.2.2. Monoclonal antibody culture 49 2.2.3. Quantitation of IgM form LPS serum, normal mouuse serum and mouse monoclonal antibodies 52 2.2.4. Mouse IgM Myeloma 53 2.2.5. Preparation and purification of immune rabbit serum IgG 53 2.2.6. Preparation and purification of rabbit complement 53 2.2SI. Sources of other antibodies 54 2.2.8. Preabsorbtion of primary and secondary antibodies with erythrocytes 54 2.2.9. Reduction of IgM to monomers with 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptoethylamine and dithiothreitol 54 2.3. Erythrocytes and Blood group substances 55 2.3.1. Mouse erythrocytes 55 2.3.2. Mouse erythrocyte ghosts 55 2.3.3. Erythrocytes from other species 56 2.4. Assays for Bromelain-treated Mouse Red Blood Cells 57 2.4.1. Haemolytic assays 57 2.4.2. Suspension-cellular Enzyme-linked immunoassays for erythrocytes 57 2.4.3. Direct agglutination of mouse erythrocytes (Direct Coomb's test) 58 2.4.4. Direct binding ELISA for erythrocyte ghosts 59 2.5. Blood Group Substances and Serological tests for Red Blood Cells 59 2.5.1. Preparation of Blood Group Substances 59 2.5.2. Treatment of erythrocytes with AET and periodate 60 2.6. Preparation of Affinity Columns 60 2.7. Purified antigens and Chemicals. 61 2.7.1. Purified proteins and protein assays 61 2.7.2. Buffers 62 2.8. Polyacrylamide Gel electrophoresis Techniques 63 2.8.1. SDS-PAGE 63 2.8.2. Staining methods for proteins and glycoproteins 64 2.9. Immunoblotting Techniques 68 2.9.1. Western Blotting 68 2.9.2. Lipid Blotting 69 2.10. Isoelectric Focussing and Two-dimensional Mapping of Mouse erythrocytes 2.10.1. Isoelectric focussing 70 2.10.2. Two dimensional electrophoresis of red blood cell lysates. 72 2.11. Enzyme-linked Immunoassays for carbonic anhydrase 73 2.11.1. Direct binding assays for carbonic anhydrase 73 2.11.2. Competitive inhibition assays for carbonic anhydrase 73 2.12. Murine Carbonic anhydrase 74 2.12.1. Mouse stomach carbonic anhydrase 74 2.12.2. Mouse erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase 74 2.13. Epitope analysis of carbonic anhydrase 75 2.13.1. Carbohydrate epitopes 75 2.13.2. Protein analysis 76 Chapter Three : Analysis of Red Blood Cell Membranes, Gut Material and Specific anti-BrM antibodies 3.1. Preamble 78 3.2. Preparation of red blood cell membranes 79 3.2.1. Preparation and characterisation of protein-free and protein-containing ghosts 79 3.3. Immunisation of Rabbits with BrMRBC 81 3.3.1. Preparation of immune rabbit serum. 81 3.4. Preparation of ghost affinity columns as a first step in the purification of anti-BrM antibodies 3.4.1. Testing the binding titres of LPS serum against BrM ghosts in ELISA 83 3.4.2. The preparation of BrM-ghost affinity columns and attempts to purify anti-BrMRBC antibodies from LPS serum. 87 3.4.3. Competitive ELISA assays using BrM ghosts to inhibit binding of LPS serum to BrMRBC 88 3.5. Serologiocal tests to determine the nature of mouse blood group antigens. 3.5.1. AET and periodate treatment of NMRBC and BrMRBC 89 3.5.2. Use of anti-A and anti-B typing reagents with vertebrate red blood cells 89 3.5.3. Preparation of blood group substances from mouse stomach. 90 3.6. Discussion 90 Chapter Four : Immunoblotting of Mouse Red Blood Cells 4.1. Preamble 93 4.2. Optimising Conditions for Dot Blotting 94 4.2.1. Production and characterisation of the monoclonal antibodies FUB 1 and FUB 3 94 4.2.2. Optimising conditions of blocking, washing, and levels of second antibodies in dot blots of mouse red blood cells, ghosts and blood group substances 96 4.2.3. Comparison of Different Washing and Blocking Buffers 97 4.2.4. Improvement in staining protocols for alkaline phosphatase 99 4.2.5. Optimum conditions for blotting. 99 4.3. SDS-PAGE and Immunoblotting of Mouse Erythrocytes 108 4.3.1. SDS-PAGE of mouse erythrocytes 108 4.3.2. Western Blot experiments with mouse erythrocytes 112 4.3.3. Isoelectric focussing and two dimensional maps of whole mouse red blood cells to further characterise the immunoreactive bands 113 4.3.4. Determination of the involvement of carbonic anhydrase in the BrMRBC epitope. 120 4.4. Lipid immunoblotting 121 4.5. Discussion 124 Chapter Five: Characterisation of carbonic anhydrase from murine stomach, and from erythrocytes of different species, and determinantion of carbonic anhydrase epitopes recognised by LPS serum and FUB 1. 5.1. A brief introduction to carbonic anhydrase 130 5.2. Natural autoantibodies recognise native and denatured forms of carbonic anhydrase 134 5.3. Attempts to inhibit the binding of antibodies to BrMRBC with various forms of carbonic anhydrase 142 5.4. Mouse stomach carbonic anhydrase. 153 5.5. Murine IgM anti-BrMRBC natural autoantibodies recognise erythrocytes from different species 160 5.6. Defining the epitopes of carbonic anhydrase recognised by IgM natural autoantibodies 167 5.7. Discussion 177 Chapter Six General Discussion and Conclusions 182 References 192 Publications X. List of Figures Figure 3.1. Titration of LPS stimulated serum against BrM-ghosts in a suspension c-ELIS A. 85 Figure 4.1. Initial dot blot experiment to determine the binding patterns of LPS serum, FUB 1 and FUB 3 against red blood cells, ghosts and gut material. 98 Figure 4.2. Comparison of 1% bovine serum albumin and 1% gelatin as blocking agents, and PBS versus PBS-Tween 20 in dot blotting. 100 Figure 4.3 Dot blotting experiment to test the patterns of binding of LPS serum and FUB 1 that have been preabsorbed with BrMRBC or NMRBC 102 Figure 4.4 Suspension c-ELIS A to test the antibodies used in the prev­ ious experiment for titres against BrMRBC and NMRBC using either 1% gelatin or 1% BS A as blocking and diluting agents.
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