6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-50971-8 - Rommel’s Desert War: Waging World War II in North Africa, 1941-1943 Martin Kitchen Index More information

INDEX

Acroma 227 Rommel and 433 Agedabia 193 artillery (German), Alam Halfa 257, 295–6, 298–300, 10cm K17 292, 303 307–8, 309 88s in dual role 303 Battle of 300–8 Auchinleck, General Sir Claude German assessments of 309–10 119, 165, 217, 257, 262, 270, Alexander, Field Marshal Sir Harold 277, 284 453 dismissed 286–7 Alﬁeri, Dino 33, 36 tactical skill 261 Allied operations, ‘Husky’ 453 Bach, Captain Wilhelm 119 ‘Torch’ int. 9, 353–4, 356, 357, Badoglio, Pietro 16, 18, 19, 25, 28, 420 34 ‘Menace’ 27 Balbo, Air Marshal Italo 20 ‘Sledgehammer’ 356 Barbasetti di Prun, General Curio Ambrosio, General Vittorio 425 206, 293, 337 Anderson, Lieutenant-General Bardia 25, 248 Kenneth 377, 378 Barre,´ General Georges 364 Anderson, Major-General Kenneth Bastico, General Ettore 133, 143, 438 150, 159, 174–5, 267, 270, Anti-tank guns, 391, 392, 400, 410, 412, 425 two-pounder 61 Battle of Britain 2–3 37mm 118 Bayerlein, Colonel Fritz 11, 231, 47mm Pak 135, 339 429, 449 50mm Pak 61, 118, 218, 339 Benghazi 193, 194, 323, 387 75mm 306 Berndt, Lieutenant Alfred-Ingemar 88mm 61, 110 131, 345, 386, 447 QF six-pounder 334 Bir Hacheim 225, 227, 228, 230, American 7.5cm 435 231–4 Aosta, Duke of 5, 36 Bismarck, Otto von 399 Arabs 43, 185–6 Bizerta 428 Arco dei Fileni 392–3 Borghese, Prince Valerio 136 Arnim, General Hans-Jurgen¨ von Borne, Lieutenant-Colonel Klaus 378, 426, 452 Kreuzwendedich von dem 49 ideology 443–4 Bourguiba, Habib 375–6

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-50971-8 - Rommel’s Desert War: Waging World War II in North Africa, 1941-1943 Martin Kitchen Index More information

591 / Index

Brauchitsch, Walter von 2, 21, 35, 22nd Guards Armoured Brigade 45, 121–2 81, 85, 92, 97, 109, 116, 148, British army 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 8th Army 148 160, 173 Western Desert Force 5, 25, 109, 24th Brigade 81, 92 115, 148 32nd Armoured Brigade 148, 13th Corps 54, 153, 157, 173, 219 219, 257, 269 150th Brigade 220 30th Corps 148, 158, 171, 172, Polish Infantry Brigade 148 173, 220, 257 7th Support Group 156, 159 corps de chasse 289 Long Range Desert Group 52, 1st South African Division 148, 74, 178, 313, 407 155, 172, 193, 219 1st Durham Light Infantry 109 2nd South African Division 45, 8th Hussars 158, 223 54, 74, 75, 81, 91, 95 11th Hussars 52, 81, 86, 87, 93, 4th Indian Division 37, 148, 153, 98, 156 171 1st Battalion, King’s Royal Riﬂe 5th Indian Division 220, 223 Corps 158 6th Australian Division 38, 54, 28th Maori Battalion 146 74 Royal Dragoons 341 7th Armoured Division, ‘Desert 3rd Royal Tank Regiment 155, Rats’ 37, 54, 148, 149, 153, 223 154, 155, 156, 157, 173, 329, 6th Royal Tank Regiment 156 346, 385 7th Royal Tank Regiment 37, 38 7th Australian Division 80 SAS 178 9th Australian Division 74, 76, British operations:, 148 ‘Aberdeen’ 232 10th Armoured Division 335 ‘Acrobat’ 218 19th Australian Division 338 ‘Agreement’ 312 50th Division 219 ‘Bacon’ 265, 269 51st Highland Division 334, 410 ‘Battleaxe’ 111, 115–19 70th Division 148 ‘Beresford’ 305 New Zealand Division 148, ‘Bigamy’ 312 169–71, 255, 305 ‘Brevity’ 109–11 3rd Indian Motorised Brigade 77, ‘Compass’ 7, 37–8 81, 93–5, 225 ‘Crusader’ 145–50, 151–2, 179 4th Armoured Brigade 116, 148, ‘Demon’ 81, 93 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 223 ‘Excess’ 66 5th South African Brigade 145, ‘Grapeshot’ 383, 420 159 ‘Lightfoot’ 324, 326–36 6th New Zealand Brigade 160 ‘Lustre’ 67 7th Armoured Brigade 116, 153, ‘Manhood’ 271 155 ‘Pugilist’ 447 7th Indian Brigade 166 ‘Splendour’ 267, 269 10th Indian Brigade 236 ‘Strike’ 454 11th Indian Infantry Brigade 116, ‘Supercharge’ 336, 338, 339 173 ‘Tiger’ 108 18th Infantry Brigade 81, 92, 261 ‘Vulcan’ 453

592 / Index

Buerat 399, 401, 404, 405, 406, de Guingand, Brigadier Francis 407, 408, 410, 411, 412, 413, Wilfred 288 414, 415, 416–17 Deir el Shein 260, 269 Delease 293 Campioni, Admiral Inigo 67 delegato politico 274 Canaris 36 Derrien, Admiral Edmond-Louis Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm Franz 362, 366 372 Desert Air Force 250, 262, 388 Cape Matapan, Battle of 68 Dill, Field Marshal Sir John Greer Carnimeo, General Nicolangelo 37 81 Carrell, Paul 10 Donitz,¨ Grand-Admiral Karl 136, Cassa Mediterranea di Credito 274 444–5 Cauldron Battle 230, 232, 236 Dorman-Smith, Brigadier Eric 37, Cavallero, Ugo 16, 19, 20, 33, 50, 193, 287, 288 51, 191, 213, 388, 390, 392, 398, 406, 418 Eden, Anthony 81, 90–1, 251 argues with Mussolini 195 Egypt 188–9, 257–8 relieved of command 425 Axis policies towards 257 Churchill, Winston Spencer 3, 9, ‘The Flap’ 245–6 210, 269, 275 Eichmann, Karl Adolf 277 on fall of Tobruk Einsatzkommando Rauff 276, Ciano, Count Galeazzo 17, 25, 47 278–80, 361, 370 dismissed 425 Eisenhower, General Dwight D. meetings with Hitler 34–5, 356, 368, 438, 452 360–1 El Adem 226, 236 Pact of Steel 16 El Alamein 249 Comando Supremo 16, 195, 197, First Battle of 258–73 293 German positions at 312 Coningham, Air Vice-Marshal Enﬁdaville 452 Arthur 315 Enigma 69 continental bloc See Ribbentrop, Eppler, Hanns (‘John W.’) 113, 276 Joachim von espionage 113–14 Corbett, Lieutenant-General Thomas Esteva,´ Admiral Jean-Pierre 362, 288 370 Crete 32, 81, 93, 114 Cruwell,¨ Lieutenant-General Ludwig Farouk, King 188, 274, 276, 281 127, 154, 159, 160, 164, 228 forced labour 368–70 disagreements with Rommel 169, Fort Capuzzo 86, 97, 117 172 Fougier, General Rino-Corso 138 Cunningham, Lieutenant-General Sir Franco, General Francisco 4, 6, 7, Alan 148, 162, 165–6 27, 28, 34, 36, 38, 42, 43 Cunningham, Admiral Andrew Fremde Heere West 22 Browne 69, 70 French navy 285 Cuppers,¨ Martin 10 Freyberg, Major-General Bernard 161, 170, 255, 270, 305, 336, Dakar 27 447 Darlan, Admiral Jean-Franc¸ois 358, Montgomery’s opinion of 454 362, 366 Fricke, Vice-Admiral Kurt 39 de Gaulle, General Charles 43 Fredendall, General Lloyd 438

593 / Index

Frohlich,¨ Major-General Stefan 59 172, 302, 339, 347, 403, 423, Fuka 335, 337, 338, 340, 341, 345, 426, 431 351, 380, 390 90 Africa Light Division 145, Funck, Major-General Baron von 146, 332 42, 45 164 Light Africa Division 270, report on situation in North Africa 291, 293, 326 46 Hermann Goring¨ Division 366, 423 Gabes 398, 400, 405, 409, 412, Kriemhild Division 366 414, 419, 423, 425, 426, 427, 1 Luftwaffe Light Infantry Brigade 448 291, 381 Gafsa 426, 427, 431–2, 449 5 Panzer Regiment 86, 87, 88, Gambara, General Gastone 159, 98, 99, 157, 159, 166 173 8 Panzer Regiment 117, 158, 159 Gambier-Parry, Major-General 10 Panzer Intelligence Regiment Michael 76, 78 146 Gariboldi, General Italo 55, 126 104 Riﬂe Regiment 88, 99, 225 Gatehouse, Major-General Alec 335 115 Infantry Regiment 87, 88, Gause, Major-General Alfred 126, 98, 99 191, 231, 386 155 Infantry Regiment 145, 158 Gazala 194, 216–17, 218, 221, 361 Africa Regiment 145, 160 236, 387 3 Reconnaissance Battalion 57, battles 222–37 74, 75, 87, 98 ‘Gazala Gallop’ 237 2 Machinegun Battalion 73, 101 Geisler, General Hans 41, 54 8 Machinegun Battalion 57, 75, German army, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 97, 98, 99, Afrikakorps 57, 145, 153 162 Arab volunteers 373, 376–7 15 Motorcycle Battalion 83, 87, divisional organisation 57–8 97, 98, 109 forces for Tunisia 366 33 Anti-Tank Unit 83–4, 97 morale 259–60, 269–70 39 Anti-Tank Unit 57 on 8th Army 177–8, 196, 289 621 Wireless Intelligence on Italians 81, 92, 178 Company, NFA 146 radio intelligence 146–7 Oasis Companies 145 German army units German navy 3 Panzer Division 42 strategy 23, 38–9, 136–7, 182–3, 5 Light Division 42, 48, 56, 57, 198–201 58, 73, 75, 77, 81, 82, 83, 85, U-boats 135–6, 162, 359 87, 88, 89, 95, 97, 98, 99, German operations 101, 111 ‘Alpha’ 216 7 Panzer Division 49 ‘Anton’ 358 10 Panzer Division 366, 423, 426 ‘Attila’ 36, 51 15 Panzer Division 58, 63, 87, 98, ‘Barbarossa’ 48, 64, 71, 81, 91, 101, 102, 111, 116, 145, 153, 120, 130, 246 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, ‘Beer Sausage’ (Bierwurst) 427 162, 166, 172, 223, 229, 239, ‘Blockhead’ (Ochsenkopf) 439 302, 329, 339, 347, 403, 426 ‘Brown’ 365 21 Panzer Division 145, 153, ‘Camelia’ 36 154, 155, 156, 157, 160, 166, ‘Capri’ 439

594 / Index

German operations, (cont.) Harlinghausen, Lieutenant-Colonel ‘Condor’ 113 Martin 41 ‘Felix’ 33, 35, 38 Harmon, Major-General Ernest ‘Fredericus II’ 247 438 ‘Gisela’ 359 Heckmann, Wolf 10 ‘Hercules’ 208, 211, 212, 213, Heggenreiner, Major Heinz 55 214, 215, 216, 247 Herff, Colonel Max von 109 ‘Himmelbett’ 239 Himmler, Heinrich 277–8 ‘Ilona’ 359 Hitler, Adolf 1, 2, 3–8, 14–16, 22, ‘Isabella’ 359 23, 24, 28, 29, 33–4, 36, 42, ‘Marita’ 8, 33, 34, 36, 43, 48, 43–4, 47–8, 76, 82, 96, 120, 60 132, 135–6, 138, 157, 184, ‘Mercury’ 211 185, 194, 201, 202–3, 208, ‘Midsummer Night’s Dream’ 149 210, 213, 243, 246–7, 273, ‘Morning Air’ (Morgenluft) 427 290, 298, 341, 343, 354, 355, ‘Salaam’ 113 356, 363, 367, 379, 380, 388, ‘Scorpion’ 111 395, 408, 456, 457–8 ‘Sea Lion’ 21, 22, 24 relations with Mussolini 6, 15, ‘Spring Breeze’ (Fruhlingswind)¨ 29, 129, 211–12, 285 433 Hoffmann von Waldau, General ‘Sunﬂower’ 8, 42, 48 Otto 35 ‘Theseus’ 211, 212, 215 Homs 390, 405, 407, 408, 411, ‘Venezia’ 223, 226 413, 414, 416, 417–19 Giraud, General Henri 357, 363, Horrocks, Lieutenant-General Brian 364, 366 325 Goebbels, Joseph 9, 11, 14, 65, 157, 163, 178, 314, 404, 447 Iachino, Admiral Angelo 67 publicises Rommel 192, 317 intelligence 190, 220–1, 258, on loss of North Africa 457 260–1, 264, 294–5, 303, 430 Goring,¨ Marshal Hermann 3, 50, Irving, David 9 51, 137, 186, 197, 316 Italian air force 146 visits to Rome 194–5, 329–31, Italian army 17, 18–20, 395 397–9 10 Corps 55, 389 Gott, Lieutentant-General William 20 Corps 303 Henry Ewart ‘Strafer’ 84, 97, 21 Corps 145 109, 154, 220, 254, 267, 286 132nd Ariete Armoured Division Graziani, Rudolfo 5, 7, 20, 25, 26, 47, 59, 87, 88, 89, 99, 101, 36, 50 102, 153, 154, 159, 160, 173, Greece 26 225, 229, 236, 239, 334, 348, guerra subalterna 50, 51 386 Gundelach, Karl 11 25th Bologna Infantry Division Guzzoni, General Alfredo 41 145, 346 27th Brescia Infantry Division 55, Halder, General Franz 7, 21, 22, 59, 81, 82, 88, 95–7, 99, 101, 27, 29, 47, 63, 82, 96, 101, 102, 229 122–3, 290 131st Centaurio Armoured criticism of Rommel 106 Division 389 Halfaya Pass 25, 85, 87, 97, 98, 185th Folgore Parachute Division 107, 117, 178–9, 383 291, 305, 329, 389

595 / Index

136th Giovani Fascisti Infantry Koenig, Brigadier-General Division 381, 389 Marie-Pierre 220 133rd Littorio Armoured Division 303, 329, 334, 339, 347 Laval, Pierre 28, 29, 34, 36, 38, 17th Pavia Infantry Division 55, 358, 365, 370–1, 372 174 logistics 58–9, 71, 72, 77–8, 83–4, 16th Pistoia Infantry Division 97, 120–1, 124–5, 130–2, 380, 389 151, 179–80, 187, 193–4, 60th Sabratha Infantry Division 206–7, 293–4, 296, 307–8, 228, 264, 284, 292 309, 315–16, 320–1, 323, 55th Savona Infantry Division 337, 386–7, 390, 400–2 145, 158 Lossberg, Lieutenant-Colonel 80th Spezia Infantry Division Bernhard von 43 389 Luftwaffe 102nd Trento Motorised Division 2 Air Fleet 174, 212 47, 81, 82, 89, 95, 97, 99, 2 Air Corps 174, 197 101, 146, 328, 346 10 Air Corps 35, 41, 48–9, 59, 101th Trieste Motorised Division 69, 70, 77, 81, 95, 108, 134, 146, 173, 239, 347 146, 174, 239 7 Bersaglieri Regiment 147 Mediterranean strategy 81, 93–5, 1 Bersaglieri Battalion 384 134, 135, 137 Santa Maria Battalion 57 Lumsden, Lieutenant-General Italy 3–4, 40, 456 Herbert 324, 335, 420

Japan 183, 199, 200 Mackensen, Hans-Georg von Jeschonnek, Colonel-General Hans 41 197 Maisky, Ivan 251 Jews 370–1, 372 Mallmann, Klaus Michael Jodl, Alfred 21, 24, 25, 355, 397 10 peripheral strategy 23–4, 33 Malta 17–18, 31–2, 81, 95, 135, Juin, Marshal Alphonse 363, 364, 138–9, 181–2, 183–4, 197–8, 365 203–5, 207–9, 210–11, 212–15, 290 Kasserine Pass 433–7 Mareth Line 414, 415, 417, 419, Keitel, Wilhelm 2, 5, 22, 24, 28, 423, 426, 428, 430, 436, 438, 34, 438 439, 447–8, 449 Kesselring, Albert 11, 50, 51, 139, Marras, General Eﬁsio 24, 40 174, 191, 197, 207, 208, 214, Marseille, Captain Hans-Joachim 228, 293, 294, 297–8, 304, 321 309, 328, 349, 363, 365, 378, Medenine 439–40 385, 392, 407, 413, 414–15 Mellenthin, Friedrich-Wilhelm 11, visits Hitler 419, 426, 438, 219, 298 440–3 Mersa el Brega 181, 346, 384, 387, Keyes, Lieutenant-Colonel Geoffrey 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, Charles Tasker 144 396, 398, 400, 402–3 Kirchheim, Major-General Heinrich Mersa Matruh 5, 25, 26, 206, 249, Georg 87, 89, 98, 99 252–3, 351, 380, 381, 383 Klopper, Major-General Hendrik Messe, General Giovanni 422, 426, 239 429, 440–3

596 / Index

Milch, Field Marshal Erhard 35 III 61, 148 Mitteiriya Ridge 257, 335 III Special 219 Mittelafrika 6, 27 IV 61, 148, 219 Mitteleuropa 6, 27 Tiger I 436 Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Tiger II (‘King Tiger’) 63, 26, 29, 44 316 Montezemolo, Colonel Giuseppe parallel warfare 22, 28, 31, 32, 33, Cordero Lanza di 19 43, 50, 51 Montgomery, General Sir Bernard Patton, General George 9, 378, Law 9, 287–90, 299–300, 438, 450 303, 304, 378, 387, 393, 410, Paulus, Lieutenant-General Friedrich 412, 453 60, 81, 89, 95, 101, 102–3, Morshead, General Sir Leslie James 121 74, 89, 99, 270 criticism of Rommel 104–6 Mufti of Jerusalem (Haj Amin peripheral strategy See Jodl, Alfred Muhammed el-Husseini) Petain,´ Marshal Philippe 4, 6, 29, 277, 282, 372 365, 366, 367 Mussolini 3, 5, 7, 11, 15–16, 18, Pohl, Lieutenant-General Baron 20, 22, 24–6, 28, 35, 50, 54, Maximilian von 31, 32 184, 196, 273, 283–4, 296, Ponath, Lieutenant-Colonel Gustav 360, 384, 395, 398, 399, 425, 78, 87, 98–9 445 Pricolo, General Franceso 35, 41, meetings with Hitler 6, 15, 26–8, 137 29, 129, 211–12 Prittwitz und Gaffron, Major General Heinrich von 82, Nahas Pasha. 281 97 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 274 propaganda 111–13, 209–10, 244 National Socialism 2, 10 anti-Semitic 189, 373–5 Neame, Lieutenant-General Philip to Arab world 279, 280–1, 60, 74, 78 282–3, 361 Nehring, Panzer General Walter 11, Punta Stilo 23 223, 298, 302, 364, 365, 368, 378 Quattara Depression 256 Neurath, Konstantin von 113 New Zealanders 169–71, 255, 305 Raeder, Erich 4, 6 Noﬁlia 404, 406 opposes attack on Soviet Union 24 O’Connor, General Richard 37, Rahn, Dr Rudolf 361, 364, 365, 44–5, 52–4, 60, 77, 78 370 OKH 11, 12, 21, 54, 125–8, 202, Ramcke, Colonel Hermann-Bernhard 351–2, 427 198, 291, 305, 349 OKW 11, 12, 17, 21, 22, 51, 54, relations with Rommel 381 128–9, 137–8, 141–3, 184–5, Rashid Ali 80, 115, 281 355, 423 Rauff, Obersturmbannfuhrer¨ Walther 278, 361 Pact of Steel 16 Ravenstein, Major-General Johannes Panzer von 169 I 147 Remy, Maurice-Philip 9 II 146 Reuth, Ralf Georg 9, 11

597 / Index

Ribbentrop, Joachim von 6, 200, Schmundt, Colonel Rudolf 54 274, 286 Schreiber, Gerhard 11 continental bloc 6, 24, 26, 28, 29, Schwerin-Krosigk, 33 Lieutenant-Colonel Count Pact of Steel 16 Gerhard 83, 89, 97, 99 Riccardi, Admiral Arturo 39, 52, second front 318–20, 356, 408, 67, 69, 398 420, 428 Rintelen, Enno von 11, 21, 28, 31, Seebohm, Captain Alfred 146, 32, 33, 40, 45, 337, 345, 393, 264 399, 455–6 Sfax 451, 452 Ritchie, Major-General Neil 166, Sidi Barrani 25, 250 167–8, 190, 193, 227, 249 Sidi Rezegh 155–8, 167, 168 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin 9, Totensonntag 159–63 12, 49–51, 52, 54–5, 144–5, Sirte 45 201–2, 207, 248, 266, 289, Sollum 25, 171, 227, 249, 346, 328, 385, 392, 413 351, 381, 383, 384 on Auchinleck 272 Sollum–Bardia–Capuzzo Triangle on British army 238, 292, 351 85, 97–8 criticisms of 81, 89, 90–1, 95–6, Soviet Union, invasion of 2, 3 169, 172, 191–2, 422, 433 SS 10 health 270, 296–7, 310 Stalingrad 286, 408, 426, 456 and Hitler 12, 65, 125, 196–7, Stegemann, Bernd 11 313–18, 395–7, 444, 445–7 Streich, Major-General Johannes on Italians 262, 272–3, 314–15, 57, 75, 89, 99 348 Student, General Kurt 208, 212, and Mussolini 125, 143, 196–7, 213, 214 311, 313, 397–9, 444 Stumme, Panzer General Georg and National Socialism 70–1, 311, 323, 328 317–18 on Italians 323–4 operational planning 12–13, Stumpf, Reinhard 11 60–1, 63–6, 78, 123–4, 133, Superlibia 293 150–1, 161, 164, 167, 172, 174–5, 176–7, 180, 187–8, tanks 115 189–91, 205–6, 216, 298–9, Mark I Cruiser 149 303, 304, 328, 341–51, Mark II Matilda 149 381–3, 391–2, 437, 440–3 Mark III Valentine 149, 161 qualities as a commander 72–3, Mark VI Crusader 119, 436 127–8, 163, 166, 173–4, M3 Grant 218 234–6, 420–1 M4 Sherman 244 Rost, Captain Hansfrieder 203– M5 Stuart 149, 152 5 M13/40 146 Royal Navy 262, 284 Taranto 30, 32 Ruweisat Ridge 257, 262, 318 Taysen, Adalbert von 11 ‘1st Ruweisat’ 265–6 Thala 435 ‘2nd Ruweisat’ 267–9 Thoma, Lieutenant-General Baron Wilhelm von 21, 311, 328, Sadat, Anwar 114 338, 340, 347 Sandstede, Hans-Gerd 113 report on situation in North Africa Santoro, General Giuseppe 35 30

598 / Index

Tobruk 20, 80–1, 82, 87, 96–7, Wavell, General Sir Archibald 36, 98–9, 101–2, 108, 155–7, 383 60, 76, 77, 81, 119 Churchill demands defence of Wechmar, Lieutenant-Colonel 237–8 Rudiger¨ Baron von 57 fall of 238–42, 251 Weichold, Vice-Admiral Eberhard Tripoli 45, 56, 70, 400, 405, 409, 11, 31, 32, 41, 66, 68, 207 410 report on Malta 31–2 Tunis 396, 409, 428 Weizsacker,¨ Ernst von 244, 281 Tunisia 186, 187 Westphal, Colonel Siegfried 59, Turkey 129, 132 167, 231, 298, 341, 345, 392, 439 US army burns ‘commando order’ 384 1st Armored Division 377, 431 Weygand, General Maxime 36, 44, 2nd Armored Division 431 357 WFSt 22 Vichy 128, 140, 186, 357, 362–8 Whitely, Brigadier ‘Jock’ 288 Wilson, General Henry 36 Wadi Akirit 449, 450–1 Warlimont, General Walter 48, 128, Young, Desmond 9 138, 290, 342, 358, 427, 428 report on situation in North Africa Zeitzler, General Kurt 358 428–9 Ziegler, General Heinz 378