1 GOD, evolution and the problem of evil: Towards A Solution Derek J. White God, Evolution and the problem of Evil: (Towards a Solution) Submitted by Derek John White to The University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Masters by Research in Theology In July 2014 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that material contained in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other university. Signature 2 GOD, evolution and the problem of evil: Towards A Solution Derek J. White Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to offer a defence for the goodness of the God of the Judeo/Christian Scriptures—in the light of [the Triune] God’s use of an evolutionary process; a process that has predation, pain and death as an essential core of its potential, id est, to give rise to the ‘end purposes (telɒs) of God’. The methodological approach taken in this thesis is one in which the shape of the account is determined by Christian doctrine—the scientific contribution being critically appropriated to that doctrinally shaped account. Under the heading of ‘Changes to the traditional/Biblical view of the attributes of God’ we consider the implications/alternatives espoused by some philosophical theologians. This section of the thesis explores the alternative views of the ‘nature’ and ‘attributes’ of God, id est, the transposition of the God of Scripture with another in the light of the problem of natural evil—that of a creative ‘ground of being’ that is deemed more acceptable to both science and modern philosophical theology. Further to its research objectives the thesis investigates recent evolutionary defences/theodicies offered by several proponents of both scientific enquiry and theological research and reflection. The final part of the thesis offers an eight-step argument for the goodness and justice of God in the light of evolution—an argument that has developed out of the author’s work regarding God, evolution and the [evidential] problem of evil. A major part of the argument centres on the pre-cosmological existence of angels and the rebellion of those considered ‘fallen’. 3 GOD, evolution and the problem of evil: Towards A Solution Derek J. White The argument offered in this thesis is that such creatures have been at the root of the universal problem of evil (natural and supernatural) since before the ‘birthing’ of the universe and that the problem of evil was dealt a fatal blow through the incarnational work of Christ. A crucial part of the argument in this thesis is the significance of the evolutionary process—as being the only possible means for the development of biological life- forms—a pathway for the incarnation and a means by which God, in Christ, would bring about redemption for the creation and ransom for mankind. 4 GOD, evolution and the problem of evil: Towards A Solution Derek J. White Contents Part One 1. Introduction to Thesis 1.1 Methodological Considerations 1.2 Good & Evil 1.2.1 Good 1.2.2 Evil 2. Creation & Goodness 2.1 Goodness in the Hebrew Scriptures 2.2 ‘Good’ as opposed to ‘Bad’ 2.3 Goodness and its implications for an Evolutionary Theodicy 2.3.1 Distinctions 3. Changes to the traditional/Biblical view of the attributes of God 3.1 What of GOD? 3.1.1 Constraints on God 3.1.2 A Question of Ontological Veracity 3.1.3 Process Thought and Omnipotence 4. Ideas that further the case for the goodness of God—in the light of an evolutionary consensus 5 GOD, evolution and the problem of evil: Towards A Solution Derek J. White 4.1 Evolution: God’s Response to Rebellion 4.2 ‘Making Sense of Evolution’ 4.3 ‘Nature Red in Tooth & Claw’ 4.4 ‘The Groaning of Creation’ 4.5 A Barthian Theodicy of Nature 4.6 Against Instrumentalism: Animals and the Fall 4.7 Two Theodicies: Irenaeus & Augustine 5. Precursory Chapter to the Proposed Model Part Two An Eight Step Defence Step 1. It is good for God to create a world containing beauty, diversity and complexity of creatures. Step 2. Such a world can only arise via an evolutionary process, which also necessitates suffering and apparent waste. Step 3. Only such a world is capable of being transformed into the ‘new creation’, in which there need be no more suffering. Step 4. But also, there is evidence that angels exist. Step 5. That Angels may have existed before the creation of this universe Step 6. That it is a good thing that God gave angels freedom: 6.1 Free Will, Angels and Sovereignty Step 7. That angels rebelled and continued to oppose God’s will for humans and the rest of creation: 6 GOD, evolution and the problem of evil: Towards A Solution Derek J. White 7.1 Fallen Angels 7.2 Rationale for The Fall 7.3 Biospheric Consequences Step 8. That only such a world as this could make possible the incarnation of the divine Son and thereby the defeat of the angels and the implantation of justice through the power of the Cross: 8.1 ‘Only such a world’ 8.2 The Goal of Creation 8.3 The Justice of God 8.4 Beyond Shadowlands Conclusion Bibliography 7 GOD, evolution and the problem of evil: Towards A Solution Derek J. White Part One 1. Introduction to Thesis The interest for the subject of this thesis emanates from the conviction that the God of the Judeo/Christian Scriptures (The creator of all things ex nihilo) is both Omnipotent and Benevolent; and this in the light of an evolutionary process that is, seemingly, the root cause of suffering—a process that may be described as that through which, “…thousands of animals are being eaten alive; others are running for their lives, whimpering with fear; others are being slowly devoured from within by rasping parasites…” [etc..] (Dawkins 1996, 132) The word benevolence is, as McCabe (2010, 56) reports Aquinas as saying, “…used ‘secundum analogiam’ (according to analogy)…The inferences in the case of God fail because ‘good’ is a contextually dependant word.” Though it is the case that Aquinas thought that evil was, most often, the absence (privation) of positive outcomes; it can be argued, as we do, that to say that God’s benevolence always has to be interpreted as God’s having to bring about ‘good outcomes for whosoever—whether justified outcomes or not is mistaken; this is not to deny God’s right to forgive but God’s right to bring about a just state of affairs. Clearly a theistic view of the creation must attribute some intentionality within the process of natural selection—a process that may be described as ‘purpose- driven’. Evolution in this thesis is taken to be the process through which [God], rather than entirely unguided materialistic processes, has brought about the best possible conditions for the development of life and consciousness—the process through which God will bring about His ultimate goal—at the eschatological climax of God’s creation. 8 GOD, evolution and the problem of evil: Towards A Solution Derek J. White Dennis Lamoureux (2013) offers an evolutionary theological perspective that he refers to as ‘Evolutionary Creationism’: “Evolutionary creation asserts that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit created the universe and life, including humans, through an ordained, sustained and intelligent design-reflecting evolutionary process.” (42,43) It is from the perspective of a ‘purpose-driven natural process’ that the argument in this thesis is developed. Since the advent of Darwinism—and because of the increasing challenge of Naturalistic Materialism—there is an increasingly urgent need for a fresh approach to the subject of theodicy. As a result of a developing (hostile) narrative the existence of the God of the Bible is in question or simply classified along with ‘fairy story’ narratives—as being blatantly false. The second reason for the undertaking of this research is because of a personal dissatisfaction with theodicies/defences of: i) a traditional genre i.e. ‘Fall’ defences that offer the actions of the man and woman in the ‘Garden of Eden’ as the sole reason for the predation, parasitism and plague experienced by all carbon-based life- forms since the beginning of time—or in this case since the disobedience of the first humans. ii) defences that offer naturalistic explanations, philosophical speculation or dialectical reasoning—without major consideration for what Scripture may teach regarding past and future events. This thesis is concerned with the problem of suffering among sentient creatures of all varieties in the light of evolutionary processes that have been a part of life’s 9 GOD, evolution and the problem of evil: Towards A Solution Derek J. White progression from its genesis. This is not to say that there were would not have been significant ‘effects’ initiated by God after the Fall of mankind as Scripture indicates; neither is it to say that fallen angels have not, do not and will not bring about states of affairs that have increased, do increase and will increase the potential of suffering for sentient life-forms. On the contrary, Scripture makes clear that such causes and effects proceeded from both the fall of angels and of mankind. Moreover, it is the case that mankind itself is responsible for an unfathomable amount of suffering—whether through his moral ineptitude or through his abuse/misuse of God given natural resources.