The New World of Discovery, Invention, and Innovation: Convergence of Knowledge, Technology, and Society
J Nanopart Res (2013) 15:1946 DOI 10.1007/s11051-013-1946-1 PERSPECTIVES The new world of discovery, invention, and innovation: convergence of knowledge, technology, and society Mihail C. Roco • William S. Bainbridge Received: 13 August 2013 / Accepted: 14 August 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA) 2013 Abstract Convergence of knowledge and technol- research, development, and applications based on ogy for the benefit of society (CKTS) is the core dynamic system-logic deduction, (3) enhancement of opportunity for progress in the twenty-first century. creativity and innovation through evolutionary pro- CKTS is defined as the escalating and transformative cesses of convergence that combines existing princi- interactions among seemingly different disciplines, ples and divergence that generates new ones, (4) the technologies, communities, and domains of human utility of higher-level cross-domain languages to activity to achieve mutual compatibility, synergism, generate new solutions and support transfer of new and integration, and through this process to create knowledge, and (5) the value of vision-inspired basic added value and branch out to meet shared goals. research embodied in grand challenges. CKTS is a Convergence has been progressing by stages over the general purpose approach in knowledge society. It past several decades, beginning with nanotechnology allows society to answer questions and resolve prob- for the material world, followed by convergence of lems that isolated capabilities cannot, as well as to nanotechnology, biotechnology, information, and create new competencies, knowledge, and technolo- cognitive science (NBIC) for emerging technologies. gies on this basis. Possible solutions are outlined for CKTS is the third level of convergence.
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