Notes

Foreword 1. Acronym for the Defense Forces.

Chapter 1 1. Habonim—now Habonim Dror—was first established in London in 1929, spread- ing to North America in 1935 and then to other places in the world. Dror (“freedom”) was established in 1915 in Russia as a Socialist-Zionist youth move- ment and then also spread to other continents. Habonim in North America was based on the principles of Labor and and stressed aliya in which Diaspora immigrate to Israel to resettle their ancient homeland. In 1982 Habonim and Dror merged. 2. There are two main ethnic groups of Jews: Ashkenazi Jews, who come from European descent, and Sephardic (or Mizrachi) Jews, who come from Northern Africa and Asian countries. 3. A sabra is a prickly fruit, but is the term used to connote individuals who are born in Israel. There is a popular Israeli saying that the sabras are rough on the outside, but sweet on the inside, like the fruit. 4. Al Naqba is the Arabic term for “the catastrophe,” which occurred when the Jews won the 1948 war, securing their statehood, and the Palestinians lost their homeland and became refugees (Pappe, 2004). 5. The Green Line refers to the armistice borders that resulted at the end of the 1948 War of Independence/Nakba between Israel and the and the Gaza Strip (Pappe, 2004; Salinas, 2009). 6. Aliya—ascent/immigration by Jews to Israel—was mostly carried out in waves from 1882 until the beginning of the 1990s.

Chapter 3 1. All the names used in the examples throughout the book are pseudonyms, unless otherwise noted. 176 ● Notes

Chapter 7 1. Since there is disagreement whether or not this was a military operation or a war, we will henceforth refer to it as the Operation/War. 2. Eric’s full name, as well as the names of the Israelis mentioned later on in this chapter, is used here. However, since Palestinians in Gaza are not allowed to be in touch with Israelis, and we do not want to endanger them in any way, we use here only first name pseudonyms and do not provide any information that could make their identity public.

Chapter 8 1. See Andrisin-Wittig and Grant-Thompson (1998) for a review of the literature and critiques of Allport’s theory. References

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1948, ix, 4, 6, 9, 11–12, 28–30, 37–8, Cairo Agreement, 13 47, 52, 68, 82, 105–8, 137, Camp David, 14, 156 169–70, 175 Carter, President, 12 catastrophic events (stressors), 24–5 Abbas, Mahmoud, 15–16 Al Aqsa Mosque, 14 chalutzim (pioneers), 3–4 al Durra, Muhammad, 14 checkpoints, xii, 31, 42, 51, 55, 91, 100, aliya (immigration to Israel), 4–5, 9, 35, 111–12, 124, 130, 173 175 Erez checkpoint/crossing, 145, 148 Aliyot (first to fifth immigrations), 9 chosen trauma, 26, 28 Amir, Yigal, 13 chronic stressors, 24 Annapolis Peace Conference, 16 Clinton, President, 14 anti-Semitism, 8, 46 Coalition of Women, 123 Arab League, 12, 14 collective memory, 25, 28, Arab Revolt (of 1936–1939), 10 33–5, 40 Arafat, Yasser, 12, 14–15 Contact Hypothesis, 167 Ashkenazi, 2, 106, 175 Association of Women Committees for Social Work (AWCSW), 126 defense mechanisms, 25, 46, 116 dehumanization, 44–6, 142, 150 , 9, 50 delegitimation, 25, 44–5 Barak, Ehud, 14, 143 demonization, 25, 44–6 Bat Shalom, 124–5 dialogue Bedouins, 107–8, 110–11 conflict resolution and management Ben-Gurion, David, 10 model, 61 Birnbaum, Nathan, 8 dialogical dearth, 26, 51 blockade (of Gaza Strip), xiii, 16–17, 30, 32, 42, 86, 104, 138–9, 141, dialogical moments, 58, 61 144, 147 encounter groups, 44, 46–7, 51–2, bottom-up peace process, 17 60–3, 65, 68–9, 71–2, 74, 165 Breaking the Silence, see Shovrim Shtika ethnocentric, 52, 58 British Mandate, 10, 34 human relations/contact model, 60 Brundtland Commission, 120 I-it/technical, 59, 66, 74 Btselem, 111–12 I-Thou, 74 Buber, Martin, 59, 60, 62 information/cross-cultural learning Bush, George W., 15–16 model, 61 196 ● Index dialogue—continued Hebron, 102, 107, 111–14, 116, 129 intellectual, 71 agreement, 13 metacognitive model, 62 Herzl, Theodor, 8 monologue, 66 Hezbollah, 11, 15 School for Peace approach, 62 Holocaust, x–xi, 3, 5–6, 9, 25–8, 34–6, storytelling approach, 19, 52, 56, 46–7, 65, 68, 80, 82–3, 85, 169, 64–5, 68, 70, 73, 115, 129, 171 171–2 human rights, x–xii, 20, 32, 45, discrimination, 25, 42, 47, 99–100, 80, 83, 102, 107, 111–12, 119, 106–7, 110, 116, 119, 125, 127 121–7, 138, 152, 157–8, 161–2, disengagement (from Gaza), 138 166, 172 1929 Disturbances, 10 Hussein, King of Jordan, 12–13 Dome of the Rock, 14 identity empathy/empathetic response, 25, 46, collective, 25, 35–40, 61, 163–4 48–9, 60, 74, 150, 166, 171 disintegration stage, 37 empowerment, 20, 111, 122, 125–7, Israeli collective, 35–6 134–6, 154 monolithic stage, 36 multi-voice stage, 37 Facebook, 20, 102, 145, 148, 151 negative interdependence of, 25, 40 Fatah, 15–17, 137, 146 neo-monolithic stage, 37 Fayad, Salaam, 17 Palestinian collective, 37–40 , 8 Palestinian–exhausted/fatigued Friends of the Earth Middle East generation, 39 (FoEME), 78 Palestinian–generation of functional fixedness, 25, 49–50, 170 survivors, 39 Gaza, ix–xii, 11–17, 20, 25, 30–2, 37, Palestinian–stand tall generation, 39, 42, 86, 91, 104–6, 108, 127, 38–9 137–52, 154, 158, 160, 182, intergenerational aspects of 175–6 trauma/conflict, 25–6, 29, 35, 40, Flotilla, 138 83, 116 Gaza War (Operation Cast Lead), 11, Intifada(s), 5, 11, 13–14, 30, 32, 37, 40, 16, 127, 138, 140 42, 50, 65, 69, 79, 81, 86–7, 96, General Union of Palestinian Women 124, 137, 139 (GUPW), 126 intractable conflict, 2, 50–2, 95, 157 Goldstein, Baruch, 106, 113 Israel Defense Forces (IDF), xi, 27, 86, Goldstone Report, 16 88, 112, 175 Grad rockets, 25, 140 Israel Palestine Center for Research and Green Line, 7, 39, 68, 85, 175 Information (IPCRI), 79, 145 Gulf War(s), 11 Israeli-Palestinian Bereaved Parents Gush Emunim (Bloc of the Faithful), 37 Circle–Family Forum, 163, 172 Israeli-Palestinian Science Organization Habonim,1,4,175 (IPSO), 79 Hamas, 11, 14–17, 20, 30, 93, 137–41, 143, 146–9, 152 Jerusalem Center for Women, 124 Haram al Sharif, see Temple Mount Jerusalem Link, 124 Index ● 197

Jewish Agency, 7, 9 Obama, Barak, 16 joint ventures, 20, 119–20, 127, Occupied Territories, 5, 14, 29, 32, 129–30, 134–5 42–3, 45, 51, 55, 62–3, 66, 83, 85, June War, see Six Day War 87, 91, 102, 111–12,124, 126, 158 Just World Hypothesis, 41 October War, see Yom Kippur War Olmert, Ehud, 15 ,15 Operation Cast Lead, see Gaza War kibbutz (kibbutzim), 3–6, 37, 68, 70, Operation Defensive Shield, 14 82, 106–8, 110–11, 129, 131, 137, Oslo Accords, 13, 37, 86 140–1, 143, 146 Oslo II Agreements, 13 Knesset, 9, 15, 158 Ossim Shalom (Social Workers for Peace and Welfare), 161–2, 169 Law of Entry, 123 Other Voice, 20, 104–5, 140–6, 150–2 Law of Return, 9 Lebanon Wars, 11 Palestinian Liberation Organization Likud, 14, 16 (PLO), 3, 12–13, 160 Palestinian National Council, 13 Palestinian refugees, 11–12, 14, 29, 43, MacshomWatch, 111, 124–5 68–9, 71, 80 Mark, Yudel, 2 Palestinian Woman Working for Society McMahon-Hussein and Development, 127 Correspondence, 9 Peace Research Institute in the Middle mental sets, 25, 49–50, 170 East (PRIME), 68, 80–2, 91, 96, Mepeace, 145 172 Millennium Declaration, 121 people-to-people peace process, 18, 20, Millennium Development Goals 104, 116, 154, 161, 172 (MDGs), 121–2 political/peace tourism, 99–101, 105, Minds of Peace experiment, 61 114, 116–17, 154, 167 Mizrachi, 36–7, 106, 175 posttraumatic distress, 16, 30–2, 140 moral imagination, x, 170–1 prejudice, 44–5, 51, 61 problem-solving, 25, 49–50, Na’amat, 125 169–71 naïve realism, 49–50, 170 proprioception, 57–8 al Naqba (the Catastrophe), 6, 11, Psychoactive – Mental Health 25–6, 28–30, 34, 39, 105, 175 Professionals for Human Rights, narrative(s), 7, 19, 29, 33–5, 39–40, 44, 161–2, 169 48–50, 52, 64–5, 80, 115, 146, psychological containment, 149 167, 171–2 PTSD, see posttraumatic distress Negev, xi, 5, 83, 103, 105–9, 111, 119 Qassam rocket, 5, 16, 25, 42, 73, 106, Negev Institute for Strategies of 116, 139–43, 149 Peace and Development (NISPED), 105, 105–7, 111–12, Rabin, Yitzchak, 13–14, 37 119, 127–9, 132 reconciliation, 7, 16–17, 20, 34, 48, 50, Netanyahu, Benjamin, 16, 45, 144 56–7, 63–4, 104, 134, 163, 167, New Israel Fund, 158 171–2 Nusseibeh, Sari, 3–4, 12, 17, 167 Road Map, 15–16 198 ● Index sabra, 3, 36–7, 175 top-down peace process, 17 safe spaces for communication, 19, 64, trauma, x, 24–6, 28–32, 35–6, 42, 47, 69, 71, 73–4, 115, 147, 166 63, 140, 142, 150–1, 161–2, 164 Sapir College, 5, 142, 146 Tunnel Economy, 139 scapegoating, 25, 44–5 Scud rocket, 5 ,4 Sderot, 16, 20, 104–6, 116, 137, United Nations Development 139–44, 146, 149–52, 154 Programme, 19, 121 Secular (Judaism), 2–3, 37, 141 United Nations Development Security Council Resolution 1325, 122 Programme on Human Rights, 121 Seeking Common Ground, 107, 111 United Nations Relief and Works Separation Wall/Barrier, 31, 99, 103, Agency (UNRWA), ix, 9, 11, 137, 131, 152, 167 139 Sephardic, see Mizrachi United Nations Resolution 181, 34 Settlements (Israeli), 12–16, 69, 192, unrecognized (Bedouin) villages, 104, 137–8 106–9 Seyag, 108 us vs. them thinking, 25, 44–6, 116 Shalit, Gilad, 17, 138 Sharm al Sheik Agreement, 13 victimhood, 25, 40–1, 45, 163–4, 171 Sharon, Ariel, 14–15, 138 Shorouq Society for Women, 119, 127 War of Attrition, 11 Shovrim Shtika, 102, 106, 113 War of Independence, 6, 11, 175 siege mentality, 42 West Bank, x, 1–2, 11–17, 20, 30–2, Sinai Campaign, 11 37, 39, 42, 50, 68, 81–2, 85, 91, Six Day War, 3, 11, 137 100, 102, 104, 112, 123, 127, 131, societal beliefs, 25, 42 137, 141, 146, 149, 160, 162, 175 stereotypes/stereotyping, 4, 25, 42, 44, Women’s Affairs Technical Committee 48, 51, 60–1, 73, 75, 111, 114–15, (WATC), 125–6 143, 150, 165–7 Women’s Centre for Legal Aid and survivor syndrome, 26 Counselling (WCLAC), 126 sustainable human development, 19–20, Women in Black, 124–5 119–23, 125, 127, 134 work through, 65 Wye River Agreements, 13 Temple Mount, 14 terror, terrorism, xi, 1–2, 12–13, 24–5, Yom Kippur War, 5, 11 30–1, 34, 42–3, 45, 51, 87, 113, 123, 139–41, 164, 167 zero-sum thinking, 40 third generation (Holocaust survivors), Zionism and Zionists, x, 1, 3, 7–10, 13, 27–8, 65, 70 27, 29, 35–7, 39, 43, 45, 125 To Reflect and Trust (TRT), 65–6, , 175 68, 72 post Zionism, 36