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Cover & Condent www.kalvisolai.com © Government of Tamil Nadu SOCIAL SCIENCE First Edition - 2005 Reprint - 2006 CHAIR PERSONS HISTORY AND CIVICS GEOGRAPHY STANDARD VIII Thiru. B.RAMANATHAN Dr. S. RANI SENTHAMARAI Lecturer (S.G.) History Reader - Geography Presidency College Presidency College Chennai - 600 005. Chennai - 600 005. REVIEWERS Dr. K. VIJAYA Thiru. V. TAMILARASAN Lecturer (S.S.) Lecturer (S.S.) Geography Department of Historical studies Presidency College Quied-e-Milleth Govt.College (W) Chennai - 600 005. Chennai - 600 002. AUTHORS Tmt. P.C. BHANUMATHI Tmt. V. MEENAKSHI Untouchability is a sin P.G. Teacher - History Lecturer - Geograophy Untouchability is a crime N.K.T. N. G. H. S. School DIET, Kumulur, Untouchability is a inhuman Chennai 600 005 Trichi Tmt. K. SOBANA Tmt. S.JAYALAKSHMI P.G. Teacher - Geography B.T. Assistant N.K.T. N. G. H. S. School Govt. Higher Secondary School Triplicane Arumbakkam, Chennai 600 106 Chennai 600 005 Thiru. T.S. BAKTHAVATCHALAM B.T. Assistant Govt. High School, TAMILNADU Subba Reddy Palayam Thiruvallore 600 120 TEXTBOOK CORPORATION Price : Rs. This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School College Road, Chennai - 600 006 Education on behalf of the Government of TamilNadu This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M. paper Printed by Web-Offset at : www.kalvisolai.com CONTENTS GEOGRAPHY HISTORY INTRODUCTION 138 01. Coming of Europeans to Tamil Nadu 01 01. Structure of the Earth 139 02. Revolt Of Palayakkars and Vellore Mutiny 11 02. Earth Movements 146 03. Economic Condition of TamilNadu Under British 20 03. Volcanoes 158 04. Education in TamilNadu Before Independence 27 04. Earthquakes 173 Role of Christian Missionaries 05. Rocks 185 05. Role of TamilNadu in the Freedom struggle 35 06. Rivers 193 06. 19th and 20th Century Social Reform Movements in TamilNadu 42 07. Underground Water 209 07. Education In TamilNadu After Independence 50 08. Glaciers 222 08. Economic Development In TamilNadu 60 09. Ocean Waves 234 09. Social Welfare Schemes of TamilNadu Government 72 10. Wind 241 10. Development of Literature and Culture in Modern 11. The Oceans 250 TamilNadu 82 12. Typology of Natural Disasters 264 CIVICS 13. Typology of Human-Made Disasters 289 01. Our National Goals 89 02. National Integration 99 03. National Defence System 105 04. Our Social Problems and Solutions 113 05. Our Economic Problems 122 06. Human Rights- Women Rights 131 iii iv www.kalvisolai.com HISTORY 1.COMING OF EUROPEANS TO TAMILNADU Learning objectives 1 Acquires knowledge about the arrival of the Europeans. 2 Understands the conflict between the English and the French. 3 Acquires knowledge about the achievements of Robert Clive. Tamil Nadu, a state of India, is also a land of great culture. It was ruled by many famous kings during the Sangam age. Their contribution to Tamilnadu’s culture and civilisation are very significant. The ancient Tamils had trade links with Greeks and the Romans. More over, the Venician traveller, Marco-Polo during the reign of II Pandian Empire visited the then Tamilnadu. He gave a good account about the commercial goods like spices, cotton, silk etc. This encouraged the other Europeans to have trade relations with Tamilnadu. In 1453, the Turks captured Constantinople and closed the Mediterranian sea route. So the Europeans had to discover a new sea route to Eastern Countries. Dicoveries of 15th and the 16th centuries paved the way for the Europeans to have trade relations with the Eastern countries, particularly with India. Portugal and Spain encouraged their navigators to undertake sea voyages. 1. Coming of the Portuguese: The Portuguese were first among the Europeans to discover a sea route to India. The king of Portugal, Henry- the navigator encouraged the sailors to undertake the sea voyages. Consequently, a portuguese 1 www.kalvisolai.com sailor,Vasco-da-gama reached Calicut on the Nagapattinam on the East coast were captured by them. They also western coast of India, in 1498. He was received obtained Santhome from the French. They fortified all their settlements. by Zamorin, the ruler of Calicut. This paved the In 1689 Nagapattinam was made the seat of Dutch Government. way for establishing their settlement. Causes for the failure of the Dutch: The sea route discovered by Vasco-da-gama is a a.The Dutch indulged in slave trade and entered into intrigues turning point in the history of India Vasco-da-Gama in the courts. These activities made them unpopular. Francisco-de-Almeida (1505-1509) was appointed as the first b.The Dutch had to yield their position in India to the English governor for the Portuguese settlements in India. He wanted to make because of the British naval supremacy. They developed the portuguese, the masters of Indian Ocean . This policy is known trading contacts with Indonesia rather than with India. as the “Blue Water Policy”. Alfonso de Albuquerque (1509-1515) was appointed as the 3. Coming of the English: second governor. He laid the real foundation for the portuguese power The English East India Company obtained Royal Charter from queen in India. In 1510, he captured Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur, which Elizabeth on 31st December 1600 to trade with India. In 1639 Francis became their headquaters in India. Dey obtained the site of Madras from the Governor of Chandragiri. Growth of the Portuguese: Over the time, the Portuguese obtained For the site the company was trading rights at Nagapattinam from the Sevappa Nayak of Tanjore. to pay a small amount as annual A Portuguese fleet arrived in 1533 and occupied the port towns like rent. Nagapattinam, and Tuticorin. Santhome in Chennai was also one of the Portuguese settlements. Madurai Nayak attempted to send the In 1640, Fort St.George was Portuguese away from India, but failed. built at Madras. It was made the Headquarters of English in Causes for the decline of the Portuguese Power in India: the East.In 1654, Madras a. Portugal was a small country. It could not control a big became the headquarters of all Fort St.George country like India. the British possessions in the East. In 1681, the new settlements were b. The Portuguese merchants were rarely honest. opened in Cuddalore and Portonova. Fort St.David was built at c. The Dutch and the English became the strong rivals to Cuddalore. the Portuguese in India. 4. Coming of the Danes: 2. Coming of the Dutch: The Danish East India Company was established in 1616 in Denmark. The Dutch traders came from Holland. They set up a factory at They founded a settlement at Tranquebar in Nagapattinam in 1620. Devanampatnam in 1608. Towns such as Karaikal, Pulicat and Their merchants were not prominent. In the 19th century they sold 2 3 www.kalvisolai.com their factories to the English due to the irregular supply of money and Madras (Chennai) from Dupleix. But the Nawab’s forces were arrival of ships from their home country. They lost their influence as defeated by the French at Santhome near Adayar in 1746. The French well as interest. forces plundered Madras. 5. Coming of the French : The French tried to capture Fort St.David at Cuddalore. But Major Lawrence, the British general defended it. Though the French failed The French East India Company was founded in the year 1664. to capture the fort, the war proved the might of the French and the The French seized Santhome near Madras, but surrendered the same ability of Dupleix. to the Dutch. In 1674, Francis Martin obtained a small village of Pondicherry from the Sultan of Bijapur. In 1699, the French lost Result: The first carnatic war came to an end by the treaty of Aile- Pondicherry to the Dutch. But it was restored by the Treaty of Ryswick. La-chappelle in 1748 and settlement was reached between English In 1701 it became the headquarters of the French possessions in India. and French in the Carnatic Coast. The French left and the English got The French occupied Mahe on the Malabar coast in 1725 and Karaikal back Madras. in 1739, from the Marathas of Tanjore . The Second Carnatic war (1749 - 1754): ENGLISH - FRENCH COLONIAL RIVALRY Causes: The Nizam of Hyderabad died in 1748. His son Nazir In the beginning of the 18th century the French and the English were Jung became the Nizam. Muzzafur Jung his nephew opposed him. powerful in India. The English established their supremacy in Madras, Anwar-ud-din , the Nawab of Arcot opposed his uncle, Chanda Sahib. Calcutta, and Bombay. The French had their settlement at Pondicherry. Muzzafur Jung and Chanda Sahib joined together and sought the help Both of them wanted to establish their authority in India. This resulted of the French. The dispute for the throne of Hyderabad and Arcot in the outbreak of Carnatic wars. were the causes for the war. The first carnatic war (1746 - 1748): Course of the war:The French army joined the army of Chanda Sahib and Muzzafur Jung near Arcot in 1749. Anwar-ud-din was Causes: In 1744 the war of Austrian succession broke out in Europe defeated and killed in the war. Chanda Sahib became the Nawab of between Austria and Prussia. While the French supported Prussia, Carnatic. He rewarded Dupleix by giving the villages of Valudavoor, the English stood by the side of Austria. Both of them were eager to Villianoor and Bahur near Pondicherry.. extend their trade relations in India. Dupleix the French governor of Pondicherry wanted to drive away the English from India. Anwar-ud-din’s son Mohammed Ali escaped to Tiruchirapalli and took refuge in the Fort of Tiruchirapalli. It was beseiged by Chanda Course of the war: Dupleix marched towards Madras where he Sahib.
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