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Hardcore in Een Context Van Subculturen

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Hardcore in Een Context Van Subculturen FACULTEIT LETTEREN EN WIJSBEGEERTE Vakgroep Geschiedenis van de Nieuwste Tijden Hardcore in een context van subculturen scriptie neergelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Master in de Geschiedenis door Temmerman Jan ACADEMIEJAAR 2008-2009 Promotor : Prof. dr. Art Jan 0 INHOUDSOPGAVE 1 DANKWOORD 4 INLEIDING 5 HOOFDSTUK I EEN DEFINITIEVORMING ROND (SUB)CULTUUR 7 1. Wat verstaan we onder ‘cultuur’? 2. Subcultuur vs. tegencultuur HOOFDSTUK II JEUGD(SUB)CULTUUR 10 1. Factoren die de ontwikkeling van jeugdsubculturen mogelijk maakten 2. Afbakening van het begrip ‘Jeugd’ 3. Het concept ‘jeugd(sub)cultuur’: ontstaan en ontwikkeling 3.1 De aanloop: de Chicago School of Social Ecology 3.2 De naoorlogse theorievorming: de generatietheorieën 3.2.1 Jeugd en generatie: Karl Mannheim 3.2.2 De generatieconflicttheorie 3.2.3 Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft: de structureel-functionalistische theorie 3.3 De CCCS-benadering van de jeugd 3.3.1 Het CCCS: een voorstelling 3.3.2 Phil Cohen: Jeugdsubculturen als klassengebonden fenomeen 3.3.3 De strijd om de culturele hegemonie en de ‘magische’ oplossing 3.3.4 Dick Hebdige stelt de betekenisproductie centraal 3.3.5 Paul Willis en de ‘symbolische drievuldigheid’ 3.3.6 Sarah Thornton goes Bourdieu: Subcultureel kapitaal HOOFDSTUK III SUBCULTUREN NA WERELDOORLOG TWEE, EEN OVERZICHT 34 1. Op weg naar een Culturele Revolutie 1.1 Teddy boys 1.2 Mods 1.3 Rockers 2. De jaren ’60: Revolutie tegen de heersende cultuur 2.1 Idealisme tegen de burgerstaat: Beatniks en Folkies. 2.2 Op en top tegencultuur: de Peace & Love van de Hippies 3. Na de culturele Revolutie 3.1 Glamrock 1 3.2 Punk: Die young, You will make a nice corpse 3.3 Skinheads 3.4 New Wave en Gothic: melancholie in een latex jasje 3.5 Heavy Metal: harder, faster, louder 3.6 It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold us Back: de Hip Hopcultuur 3.7 Elektronica rules! Van dance, house en techno naar rave en gabber HOOFDSTUK IV HARDCORE, A WAY OF LIFE 65 1. Hardcore: Algemeen 1.1 Van punk naar hardcore 1.2 Een subcultuur in een subcultuur: Straight Edge 1.3 De vonk wordt een vuur 1.4 Links, snel en vooral extreem: grindcore en powerviolence 1.5 New York zwaait de scepter, Europa volgt 1.6 Krishnacore 1.7 Eurocore 1.8 Hardcore gemoderniseerd, enter heavy metal 1.9 Een wirwar aan hardcorestijlen 2. Straight Edge (sXe) 2.1 Terminologie en ontstaan 2.2 De X van Straight edge 2.3 Straight edge vs. muziek 2.4 MacKaye over staatsgesponsorde rebellie 2.5 Een persoonlijke keuze? 2.6 Consolidatie van een subcultuur 2.7 Vegetarisme en Veganisme in de sXe-scene 2.8 Hardline: het rechte, maar vooral het harde pad 3. Hardcore, de situatie in België 3.1 Reflectie op de Belgische scene 3.1.1 De BXL-scene 3.1.2 De Brabantse Hagelandscene 3.1.3 Limburg en de Zonhoven-crew 3.1.4 Antwerpen 3.1.5 Oost-Vlaanderen 3.2 Toonaangevend in België: de H8000scene 3.3 Straight edge in H8000 3.4 Veganisme/vegatarisme in H8000 3.5 Labels 3.6 Magazines 3.7 Waarden in de H8000scene 3.7.1 Unity, Respect, Brotherhood 3.7.2 Do It Yourself 2 3.8 Tendensen in hardcorescene 3.8.1 Violent Dancing 3.8.2 Verrechtsing binnen de scene 3.8.3 Hardline, Hare Krishna en Christenheid in H8000 BESLUIT 86 BIBLIOGRAFIE 87 BRONNEN 90 . Geluids-en filmfragmenten Geschreven bronnen 3 DANKWOORD Zij is er dan eindelijk, die scriptie over de geschiedenis van de hardcoremuziek in West- Vlaanderen. Sowieso schrijf je een scriptie nooit alleen, maar dit geldt des te meer met betrekking tot een scriptie over een sociaal gegeven als hardcore. Hardcore is immers in al zijn facetten een sociale beweging. Bijgevolg zou ik de volgende mensen willen bedanken. Zonder hen was deze scriptie immers nooit tot stand gekomen. Eerst en vooral zou ik mijn ouders willen bedanken voor alles (moeilijk gaat dus echt wel ook), mijn vriendin Ellen voor de steun en toeverlaat (en voor de noodzakelijke aanmoediging), mijn broer Stefaan en mijn zus Katrien, eveneens voor de steun. Ook de mensen op het werk aan het VIB/Ugent verdienen een dikke dank jullie wel (om een oogje dicht te knijpen als ik alweer eens met mijn gedachten bij “ dienen hardcore ” zat). Verder ben ik de volgende mensen omwille van hun medewerking aan dit project “ een dikke merci ” verschuldigd: Bruno Vandevyvere (Genet Records, Pyrrhus en organisator IeperHardcoreFest), David Deblock alias Bloxje (Morda, Ezekiel28, Zeus Walks The Earth as Men), Dominiek Denolf alias Dompie (Spirit of Youth, Solid, Blood Redemption), Jasper Himpe (All Above Hate, crew Genet vzw en IeperHardcoreFest), Joost Noyelle alias JoshFury (Congress, Liar, Man’s Ruin), Lazar Zec (Rafflesia), Lieven Van Beneden (crew Genet vzw en IeperHardcoreFest), Micha Ivanov (crew Genet vzw en IeperHardcoreFest), Mike Spysschaert alias Spike (Always Fallen, Kuato Records, crew Genet Records en IeperHardcoreFest, The Brave Do Not Fear The Grave) en Wim Jacobs (Legion, Blood Redemption, Crimson Falls). THANKS, YOU ALL ROCK!!! Tot slot zou ik deze scriptie willen opdragen aan Maria ‘ Ma ’ Tessens, mijn meter, die deze week het gevecht tegen kanker heeft verloren en die gisteren werd begraven. Jan Temmerman 7 augustus 2009. 4 INLEIDING Acht oktober 2006, jongerencentrum De Schuur in Izzegem. Een getatoeëerde man staat wild gesticulerend op een podium. Onder een muur van heavy metalriffs gaat een kolkende bende jongeren voor het podium wild tekeer. Op een gegeven moment steekt de getatoeëerde persoon een zangmicro in het publiek. Meteen wordt hij belaagd door de schijnbaar hondsdolle meute die allen tegelijk de micro proberen op te eisen. Iedereen schreeuwt in de richting van de micro: “ Straightedge, burns in my heart. Straightedge, burns in my soul”. We bevinden ons op de ‘Final March’, het allerlaatste optreden van Liar. In het naar daar rijden bleek het JOC De Schuur niet zo gemakkelijk te vinden. Tot we een kleine colonne auto’s tegenkwamen met Duitse en Tsjechische nummerplaten. Duitsers en Tsjechen in deze uithoek van West-Vlaanderen? Volgen maar, en inderdaad, een kwartier later bereikten we onze bestemming. Ook een kleine internationale delegatie had de weg naar daar gevonden en wou het allerlaatste optreden van dit metalcore icoon niet missen. Eén maand later op elf november, speelt dat andere icoon Congress, eveneens zijn laatste optreden. Met Congress en Liar verdwenen twee, zowel nationaal als internationaal, invloedrijke bands die jaren een hele undergroundbeweging hadden gedragen: H8000hardcore (uitgesproken als Hatethousand). Het nummer 8000 verwijst naar de postcode van West-Vlaanderen, de ‘H’ staat voor ‘hate’ tegenover alle mistoestanden in de maatschappij en tegenover al wie deze muziek en haar idealen niet lust Een aantal jaar voordien was ik al een paar keer met hardcore in contact gekomen. Subculturen hebben me immers altijd geïnteresseerd. Het was alsof er onder jongeren kleine micromaatschappijen bestonden, met elk hun eigen waarden en normensystemen. Hardcore begreep ik niet goed. De muziek klonk als een kruising tussen heavy metal en punk, maar toch zag je bijna geen heavy metalfans in hun publiek. En dan was er Straight edge (kortweg sXe). Was dit nu hetzelfde als hardcore? Was iedere hardcorefanaat met andere woorden ook straight edge? En wat me nog meer trof was wat straight edge inhield. Veel jongeren experimenteerden met van alle vormen van genotsmiddelen om hun eigen grenzen te verkennen. Zo jaagden zij onbewust of bewust hun ouders, leerkrachten en vrienden op de kast. Maar straight edge vertrok van een resoluut afwijzen van al deze genotsmiddelen zoals alcohol en vormen van drugs. Hoe slaagden die mensen er dan in van minstens even extreem, zo niet extremer over te komen dan de subculturen waarmee zij concurreerden? En dan waren er nog die verhalen van geweldplegingen door sXe-aanhangers tegenover gebruikers van drugs en alcohol. Moet straight edge dan opgevat worden als een soort sektarisch gegeven waar je aan bepaalde vereisten moet voldoen m.b.t consumptiegebruik? Moeten hardcore en straight edge dan worden opgevat als een vorm van tegenculturen die de maatschappij op extreme wijze uitdagen? Het antwoord op al deze vragen, of toch een poging tot, zit vervat in deze scriptie. Om het fenomeen hardcore te bestuderen ben ik uitgegaan van een participatieve observatiemethode. Ondergetekende heeft zich met ander woorden ondergedompeld in de hardcorecultuur. Ik heb gewerkt in een hardcore speciaalzaak, de Pyrrhus, als vrijwilliger. Verder heb ik veganistisch gekookt voor tal van bands en ben ik te zien geweest op tal van optredens. Vervolgens heb ik de literatuur ter zake bij de hand genomen. Hardcore is bestudeerd gewest vanuit sociologische hoek. Zonder sociologische theorieën en invalshoeken had ik het historische verhaal van hardcore nooit kunnen schrijven. Talloze magazines met betrekking tot hardcore heb ik doorgenomen om me een beeld te kunnen vormen van de waarden en normen binnen deze beweging. Mij hierop baserend heb ik een vragenlijst opgesteld waarmee ik dan op zoek 5 ben gegaan naar mensen die de hardcorescene al jaren bevolken, die ze mee helpen opbouwen hebben. Ook heb ik nieuwere, jongere fanaten van deze subcultuur geïnterviewd om naast het beeld op het verleden, ook een beeld met betrekking tot de huidige situatie te kunnen vormen. Aan het einde kwam natuurlijk het schrijfproces, wat geen sinecure bleek. Hoe al deze informatie rond een rijke subcultuur als hardcore in een verhaal gieten? Deze scriptie moet worden opgevat als een schrijfproces van groot naar klein. Eerst wordt het meest algemene beeld geschetst, nl. de gangbare cultuur. Dan verkleinen we naar subcultuur. Dit alles werd doorspekt met theorieën vanuit sociologische hoek. Vervolgens wordt het kader geschapen waarin hardcore zich als subcultuur voortbeweegt. Hardcore is immers niet de enige subcultuur bij jongeren, totaal niet.
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