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La Política Exterior De Arabia Saudí En Oriente Medio Tras La Primavera Árabe

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La Política Exterior De Arabia Saudí En Oriente Medio Tras La Primavera Árabe UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS TESIS DOCTORAL La política exterior de Arabia Saudí en Oriente Medio tras la primavera árabe. Objetivos y estrategias regionales (2011-2016) The foreign policy of Saudi Arabia in the Middle East after the Arab sprin. Regional objectives and strategies (2011-2016) MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR David Hernández Martínez Directora Paloma González Gómez del Miño Madrid 2019 © David Hernández Martínez, 2018 La política exterior de Arabia Saudí en Oriente Medio tras la primavera árabe. Objetivos y estrategias regionales (2011-2016). The foreign policy of Saudi Arabia in the Middle East after the Arab Spring. Regional objectives and strategies (2011-2016). Autor: David Hernández Martínez. Directora: Dra. Paloma González Gómez del Miño. Departamento de Relaciones Internacionales e Historia Global. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, octubre 2018. Analizar el mundo, explicarlo o despreciarlo acaso sea la tarea principal de los grandes filósofos. Yo, en cambio, lo único que persigo es poder amar al mundo, no despreciarlo, no odiarlo a él ni odiarme a mí mismo, poder contemplar –y con él a mí mismo y a todos los seres- con amor, admiración y respeto. Siddartha, Hermann Hesse. 2 Agradecimientos Quisiera hacer mención a todas aquellas personas que de una forma u otra me han acompañado en esta parte tan importante de mi vida. Espero que estas páginas no representen el final de una etapa, sino el principio de nuevos retos. Las primeras palabras de agradecimiento se las quiero dedicar a Paloma González Gómez del Miño. Por confiar en mí en todo momento para llevar a cabo este trabajo. Paloma es para mí mucho más que una directora de tesis. Me ha inspirado la pasión por el estudio del mundo árabe. La responsabilidad de cualquier investigador de ser riguroso pero atrevido en su labor. La universidad me ha permitido conocer a una gran profesional y una bellísima persona. El desarrollo de esta tesis no hubiera sido posible sin la estancia realizada en el Middle East Centre of London School of Economics and Political Science. Ahí tuve la oportunidad de conocer a grandes expertos en Oriente Medio, a los que guardo un cariño especial. Gracias a la profesora Madawi Al Rasheed por su respaldo para trabajar allí. Al director del Centro, Toby Dodge, y al apreciado y respetado Robert Lowe por su deferencia, amabilidad y simpatía. Por supuesto, a mis compañeras y compañeros Chelsea, Stella, Sandra, Ribale, Courtney, Ian y Kyra, que hicieron que me sintiera como en casa cada día, convirtiendo el centro en una gran familia. Al profesor Steffen Hertog de London School of Economics and Political Science por su sus consejos para abordar ciertos temas de la investigación. Al analista del Foreign and Commonwealth Office y amigo, Samuel Peat, por compartir conmigo su amplio conocimiento sobre el Golfo. A los profesores Mishari Alnahedh de Kuwait University y a Mohammed Ibahrine de American University of Sharjah de Emiratos Árabes Unidos, que tuve la oportunidad de conocer en Londres, por su amabilidad, ayuda y calidez. Una de las razones principales por las que decidí dedicarme al campo de la investigación es por la admiración que guardo a profesores de la talla de José Antonio Sanahuja, Rafael Calduch, Concepción Anguita, Rafael Bustos, Pilar Requena o David García Cantalapiedra. Sus clases convirtieron mi etapa como alumno por la universidad en una experiencia inolvidable. Sus trabajos continúan siendo para mí una enseñanza constante. En este sentido, una mención especial merece la profesora Esther del Campo, por su esfuerzo y atención como coordinadora del programa de doctorado. Siempre a disposición de los investigadores y ofreciendo todo su apoyo. El Máster en Economía Internacional y Desarrollo de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid ha sido uno de los momentos más enriquecedores de mi vida. Gracias a su programa pude ampliar mis conocimientos y mejorar mis aptitudes profesionales. Volvería encantado a disfrutar de las clases de profesores como Josep Borrell, Enrique Palazuelos, Juan Manuel Ramírez Cendrero, Bibiana Medialdea o Clara García. 3 Uno de los espacios donde más he aprendido ha sido participando en el proyecto de investigación el Índice Elcano de Presencia Global, dirigido por dos personas a las que siempre estaré agradecido, Iliana Olivié y Manuel Gracia. También dedicar afectuosas palabras a María Solanas, coordinadora de proyectos del Real Instituto Elcano, por su enorme cordialidad y generosidad, así como al resto de miembros de la institución por su acogida. Gracias a la Asociación de Diplomados Españoles en Seguridad y Defensa (ADESyD) por la confianza depositada en mí. Por hacerme partícipe de la prolífera labor académica y divulgativa que llevan a cabo. Especialmente a la labor que realiza su presidenta, María Angustias Caracuel, junto a Lourdes Albacete, Alfredo Crespo y José Díaz Toribio. Reconocer la atención prestada y sus consejos para abordar este tema tan complejo del profesor Alberto Priego de la Universidad Pontifica Comillas. Uno de los grandes expertos académicos sobre el Golfo que contamos en este país. A la directora de la Biblioteca Islámica AECID, Luisa Mora Villarejo, por ser siempre tan considerada conmigo y por el ingente trabajo que realiza en la institución. Asimismo, mi agradecimiento especial a los/as profesionales de la Biblioteca AECID y al personal de la Biblioteca de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología por su esfuerzo por mantener siempre intacta una riqueza, a veces tan poco apreciada, como son todas esas obras. Al equipo de El Orden Mundial por darme la oportunidad de trabajar en un proyecto tan innovador e ingenioso. Una fantástica plataforma para difundir conocimiento y debate sobre la sociedad internacional. Extraordinaria es la tarea que realizan los expertos de la sección de cartografía. Todo este camino empezó mucho tiempo atrás. Gracias al apoyo de profesores tan comprometidos con la enseñanza, como mis queridos Raúl, Michele y Elena. Me enseñaron a pensar más allá de lo escrito en una pizarra, y a que un libro es el mejor regalo que se le puede hacer a una mente que siempre está soñando. Decirle a Javi, Beatriz, Elena, Iván, que seguimos caminando de la mano, sin dar un paso atrás, hacia la utopía. A mis amigos y amigas de mis dos grandes equipos de fútbol, Sporting de Carabanchel e Internacional de Somosaguas. Por todos los buenos momentos vividos dentro y fuera del campo. Para Mer, Marc, Iván y Magdalena, por hacer que Londres sea para siempre mi segunda ciudad. No me olvidó de Juan Gabriel, Sofía, Estefanía, Ana y Nacho. Gracias por convertir aquel 2016 en un año tan emocionante y regalarme poder decir que tengo amigos en varios continentes. Para Chantall, Pablo y Fernando. Porque en poco tiempo han llegado a ser una parte fundamental de mi vida de la que no me quiero desprender. Porque siempre nos quedará Conil y Casavieja. 4 A Ángel y Alejandro por compartir la locura de quemar asfalto con unas zapatillas, porque siempre nos encontramos en la meta. Gracias a Alfredo y Álvaro por todos los viajes, conciertos y aventuras vividos juntos… y por las que nos quedan por compartir. Desde que entrará por primera vez en la Facultad de Somosaguas, allá por septiembre de 2009, me han acompañado en este camino Mónica, María, Nora, Olga, Arancha, Mariola y mis compañeras de aventuras del “H”, Carmen y Alba. Aunque pasen los años seguirán estando en las fotografías más divertidas de mi vida. Espero que tras acabar la tesis continúe compartiendo proyectos académicos con Elena, una de las personas más inteligentes que he conocido y una muy buena amiga. A Julia, Virginia y Marina agradecerles que cada día sean un punto de apoyo indispensable para mí. Tanto en los buenos momentos como en los más difíciles. Para Latona, Javi, Matías, Tomás e Iñigo porque nuestra relación no se debilita pese a la distancia. Porque las experiencias de la vida saben mejor si se comparten con personas tan especiales. Casi desde que tengo uso de conciencia hasta el día de hoy he tenido a mi lado a Marina, Sandra María, Alberto y Rodrigo. Son mi ligazón con mi patria chica: Carabanchel. De una forma u otra siempre nos las apañamos para continuar creciendo juntos. Tengo la fortuna de tener hermanos, con los que no comparto apellidos, pero que han sido, son y serán los hombros en los que apoyarme. Mis mejores confidentes y la risa cuando más se necesita. Porque tenemos las espaldas muy anchas y resistimos cualquier golpe. Gracias José, Daniel, Juan Carlos, David (Korre) y Sito por ser los abrazos que nunca faltan. Soy lo que soy en gran parte por las enseñanzas de mis padres y por el ejemplo constante de mi hermana. Con su sudor y sus desvelos hoy estoy aquí, haciendo realidad lo que fue una ilusión. Son los guías que me señalan el camino correcto. El mayor premio para mí es ver en sus ojos un brillo de orgullo y felicidad. Como cada beso y caricia de mi querida abuela Carmen. Desde verano de 2014 la oscuridad ya no da tanto miedo. Siempre encuentro tu mano pese a las sombras que nos hacen temblar. Ahogado entre tantos quizás eres mi única seguridad. La valentía para no dejar atrás cada uno de nuestros sueños. Para siempre Mercedes. Finalmente, quiero acordarme de los que hace un tiempo nos dijeron hasta luego en silencio. A Andrés, Charo y a mis amados abuelos Elvira, José y Rufino. Porque nos volveremos a ver paseando por Madrid Río, por los caminos de Palacios de Corneja y por las playas de Calpe. Madrid, octubre 2018 5 Índice de capítulos Índice de siglas ........................................................................................................................... 10 Resumen ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Introducción (Introduction) ..................................................................................................... 14 Capítulo I Aspectos metodológicos y marco teórico ..............................................................
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