Drukbegrazing En Chopperen Als Alternatieven Voor Plaggen Natte

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Drukbegrazing En Chopperen Als Alternatieven Voor Plaggen Natte Drukbegrazing en Chopperen als Alternatieven voor Plaggen van Natte Heide: Effecten op korte termijn en evaluatie van praktijkervaringen Michiel Wallis de Vries Kim Huskens Joost Vogels Remco Versluijs Roland Bobbink Emiel Brouwer Evi Verbaarschot OBN Ontwikkeling Beheer Natuurkwaliteit april 2014 © 2014 Directie Kennis en Innovatie, Ministerie van Economische Zaken Deze publicatie is tot stand gekomen met een financiële bijdrage van het Ministerie van Economische Zaken. Teksten mogen alleen worden overgenomen met bronvermelding. Deze uitgave kan schriftelijk of per e-mail worden besteld bij het Bosschap onder vermelding van code 2014/OBN191-NZ en het aantal exemplaren. Oplage 150 exemplaren Samenstelling: Michiel Wallis de Vries, de Vlinderstichting Kim Huskens, de Vlinderstichting Joost Vogels, stichting Bargerveen Remco Versluijs, stichting Bargerveen Roland Bobbink, B-Ware Emiel Brouwer, B-Ware Evi Verbaarschot, B-Ware Druk: KNNV Uitgeverij/KNNV Publishing Productie Bosschap, bedrijfschap voor bos en natuur Bezoekadres : Princenhof Park 9, Driebergen Postadres : Postbus 65, 3970 AB Driebergen Telefoon : 030 693 01 30 Fax : 030 693 36 21 E-mail : [email protected] Wijze van citeren: Wallis de Vries, M.F., Bobbink, R., Brouwer, E., Huskens, K., Verbaarschot, E., Versluijs, R. & Vogels, J.J. (2014). Drukbegrazing en Chopperen als Alternatieven voor Plaggen van Natte Heide: effecten op korte termijn en evaluatie van praktijkervaringen. Rapport OBN191-NZ, Ministerie van Economische Zaken, Den Haag. Voorwoord Het doel van het Kennisnetwerk Ontwikkeling en Beheer Natuurkwaliteit (OBN) is het ontwikkelen, verspreiden en benutten van kennis voor terreinbeheerders over natuurherstel, Natura 2000, leefgebiedenbenadering en ontwikkeling van nieuwe natuur. In het kader van Natura 2000 worden in Europees perspectief zeldzame soorten en zeldzame vegetatietypen in Nederland beschermd. In dit rapport staan de soortenrijke natte heide centraal (H4010). Het heidelandschap is één van de meest kenmerkende landschappen voor de Nederlandse natuur. De variatie en soortenrijkdom van de Nederlandse heidegebieden staat echter onder druk, tegelijkertijd is het traditionele landgebruik in heidegebieden vervangen door gericht natuurbeheer. Verzuring, vermesting en verdroging vormen belangrijke knelpunten voor herstel. In natte heide hebben deze invloeden dikwijls geleid tot dominantie van Pijpenstrootje (Molinia caerulea). Op natte heide is het doorbreken van de dominantie van Pijpenstrootje een grote uitdaging om de soortenrijkdom te herstellen. Omdat plaggen een aantal negatieve neveneffecten heeft, wordt naar alternatieve maatregelen gezocht, maar hierover ontbrak tot op heden veel van de benodigde kennis nog. Via dit onderzoek, een combinatie van experimenteel onderzoek en evaluatie van ervaringen uit de beheerpraktijk, zijn belangrijke stappen gezet om de kennisleemte over de effecten van twee kansrijke alternatieven voor plaggen – drukbegrazing en chopperen – te vullen. Een definitief oordeel over de effectiviteit van chopperen en drukbegrazing – in combinatie met bekalking – als alternatieven voor plaggen is op basis van het huidige onderzoek nog niet te geven: het beheerexperiment loopt daarvoor nog te kort en de praktijkvoorbeelden geven wel een globaal beeld maar lenen zich niet voor vergaande conclusies. Op basis van de opgedane inzichten zijn voorlopige richtlijnen voor het herstelbeheer van vergraste natte heide opgesteld. Deze vindt u in hoofdstuk 14. Ik wens u veel leesplezier. Drs. E.H.T.M. Nijpels Voorzitter Bosschap English summary Breaking the dominance of Molinia caerulea constitutes an important challenge in the restoration of species-rich wet heathlands. This dominance often results from a combination of abiotic changes of desiccation, acidification and eutrophication and the biotic changes of ongoing succession after management neglect. Sod-cutting is a widespread measure in heathland management, with proven effectiveness against grass encroachment. However, it also has a number of important drawbacks which render its large- scale application undesirable: soil degradation, removal of organic matter, lowering of buffering capacity, removal of the seed bank and detrimental effects on resident fauna. Intensive rotational grazing and choppering are two possible alternative to sod-cutting. This study has investigated the effects of both measures on soil chemistry, vegetation (including macrofungi) and fauna on a short term (Part I of this report) and has surveyed the experiences in conservation practice (Part II). The research on short-term effects had an experimental set-up and was carried out in four study areas, Kampina and Strabrechtse heide in Noord- Brabant and Blauwe Bos and Oosthoek in Friesland. In each area, three vegetation treatments (sod-cutting, choppering and intensive rotational grazing with sheep) were compared with an untreated control. Moreover, each treatment was executed without or with liming at a light dose (dologran), in order to include a measure to restore buffer capacity. Each replicate consisted of a block of 4x2=8 plots of 20x20 m. Three blocks were laid out in each of the two areas in Brabant and a single block in each of the two Frieisan areas, The initial survey was carried out in 2011, prior to implementation of the measures, and the effect measurements were carried out in 2013. The experimental study confirmed the experience with sod-cutting as a measure that, combined with liming, leads to a quick recovery of characteristic plants and pioneer animal species, but is detrimental on a short term to Sphagnum mosses, litter-dependent fungi, detritivorous and herbivorous fauna as well as characteristic fauna of older heathland stages. Choppering caused a similar effect with less negative effects on bryophytes, humus-dependent fungi and the fauna of older heaths. Liming neutralized the ammonium peak after choppering, just as after sod-cutting. A single year of intensive rotational grazing did lead to a more open vegetation structure, but did not yet result in significant changes in soil chemistry, vegetation or fauna; species of older heath stages were not negatively affected and there were indications of positive effects for insect species, such as Plebejus argus, Myrmica ruginodis and Chorthippus montanus. Liming also resulted in restoration of buffering capacity on intensively grazed and control plots, without leading to encroachment of disturbance indicator plants. Too few examples of choppering in grass-encroached wet heathlands are known from conservation practice. The practical experience on intensive rotational grazing indicated that it may be effective to break Molinia dominance on a longer term. With sheep, this requires repeated application over a number of years. However, the dose-effect relation still needs to be established. The studied example of intensive rotational grazing with horses suggests that a single application (and a brief follow-up grazing event) may suffice for successful heathland restoration. This requires closer investigation. In the context of the programmatic approach to mitigate the effects of nitrogen excess (PAS), the preliminary conclusion of this study is that choppering, like sod-cutting, causes a substantial reduction of the nitrogen load, but that liming is required to neutralize the ammonium peak. Intensive rotational grazing probably leads to a slight net removal of nitrogen, but mainly causes indirect effects on nutrient dynamics through herbivory, dung and trampling. In this case too, liming may have beneficial effects. A definite conclusion on the effectiveness of choppering and intensive rotational grazing – in combination with liming – as alternatives to sod-cutting cannot be drawn as yet: the experimental management has been running too short and the examples from conservation practice do give a general picture but are not suited to allow far-reaching conclusions. Hence, we recommend pursuing the study of the management experiment, so that the effects on the medium term can be elucidated. On the basis of the progressing insights, preliminary guidelines for restoration management of grass-encroached wet heathlands have been drawn up. The most important recommendation is that the most drastic measure (sod- cutting) remains useful for targeted application at a small scale and that the least drastic measure (intensive rotational grazing) can be applied at a larger scale, provided that it is spread out in both space and time. Choppering is intermediate in that respect. Supplemental liming can generally be recommended after sod-cutting and choppering, but it is too early to judge whether this also constitutes an effective measure against acidification in combination with intensive rotational grazing or without any further restoration management. Samenvatting Een belangrijk probleem bij het herstel van een soortenrijke natte heide is het doorbreken van de dominantie van Pijpenstrootje. Deze is veelal het gevolg van een combinatie van de abiotische veranderingen door verdroging, verzuring en vermesting en de biotische veranderingen van voortschrijdende successie door achterstallig beheer. Plaggen is een veel toegepaste – en tegen vergrassing ook effectieve – maatregel in het heidebeheer, maar plaggen heeft ook een aantal belangrijke nadelen die grootschalige toepassing onwenselijk maken: aantasting van de bodem, afvoer van de organische stof, verlaging van het bufferend vermogen, afvoer van de zaadvoorraad en schade aan de aanwezige fauna. Drukbegrazing en chopperen
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