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2011/12 Is Especially Rich, with Visits by Continue to Give with Such Generosity Program in Jewish Culture & Society 2011-2012 Newsletter College of Liberal Arts and Sciences • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Program in Jewish Culture & Society 1 DEAR FRIENDS, Edited by Matti Bunzl • Designed by New Catalogue aplomb. He will also have the help of the Studies and another guest from Rutgers. Produced for the Program in Jewish Culture & Society • © 2011 by the University of Illinois Gary Porton Fund, created by Gary’s for- What a list – and there will be more! mer student Doug Hoffman to support the work of his successor. I invite you to learn As I say every year, everything we do is more about our wonderful new colleague in made possible by our friends and donors. the profile in this newsletter. The faculty we hire, the courses we teach, the public lectures we organize, the work- We are also continuing to bring some shops we convene – the entire presence of the most inspiring figures in Jewish of Jewish Studies at Illinois – it all comes Studies and the world of Jewish arts and from the support of our contributors. culture to campus. We do every year; but We want to thank all of our friends who 2011/12 is especially rich, with visits by continue to give with such generosity. We high-powered Israeli writers Ron Leshem simply couldn’t do our work without them. and Eshkol Nevo in the fall and an entire conference on contemporary Israeli If you are interested in becoming a friend literature – organized by Rachel S. Harris of the Program, please don’t hesitate to After another banner year, we are looking and bringing together writers, critics, and get in touch with me at bunzl@illinois. forward to 2011/12 with tremendous scholars – in the spring. In addition, we edu. Even the smallest contribution excitement. will host Azzan Yadin of Rutgers, one of makes a difference! the leading young scholars of Rabbinics; First off, we are thrilled to welcome a new Harvard’s Susan Suleiman, one of the colleague: Dov Weiss, a specialist in the most innovative scholars of Holocaust history of biblical interpretation, rabbinic representation; Ilan Troen of Brandeis, a Matti Bunzl literature, and Jewish thought. Dov, who key figure in the emerging field of Israel just received his Ph.D. from the University Studies; Stanford’s brilliant Israeli German- of Chicago where he studied with Michael ist Amir Eshel; NYU’s Hasia Diner, one of Fishbane, will join the Religion Department the foremost historians of American Jewry; Director, Program in Jewish Culture & Society in the position formerly held by Gary Por- leading Eastern European Jewish historian Professor, Department of Anthropology ton. So Dov has big shoes to fill – but we Steven Zipperstein (also of Stanford); and know that he will do so with tremendous Yael Zerubavel, another key figure in Israel 2 Program in Jewish Culture & Society • Research Research • Program in Jewish Culture & Society 3 EUGENE AVRUTIN ON HIS NEW BOOK JEWS AND THE IMPERIAL STATE: IDENTIFICATION POLITICS IN TSARIST RUSSIA Much like their tions. A central argument of the book of an administrative effort to manage so- indirect practices of social control, Jews The answers to these and many similar of a legal-administrative order capable of western and is that documentary records played a cieties, refashion populations, and create were subject to an astonishing number of questions grew more ambiguous as the accommodating the empire’s remarkable central European crucial, if often overlooked, role in the a transparent social order. Beginning with laws regulating their precise movement, Russian government began to restructure juridical distinctions and confessional counterparts, construction, manipulation, and eventual the reign of Nicholas I, the imperial state residence, and career paths. the social and economic order of the diversity, the ordering of clear and distinct imperial Russian unraveling of the empire. The challenges began to gradually shift its administrative empire. The modernization projects of the cultural boundaries between Jews and administrators, of determining who was Jewish and focus from ruling territories and communi- Until the middle of the nineteenth century Great Reform era created new profes- non-Jews, and the containment of Jews in journalists, and where Jews were provide a window onto ties to managing populations. The admin- Jewish collective identity continued to re- sional and entrepreneurial classes, laying their permanent places of residence. police officials ex- the broader process by which the tsarist istrative, fiscal, and linguistic demands main stable, even if Russian Jewry consti- the foundations for the technologies that pressed concerns regime attempted to fashion a sufficiently of governing an ethnically diverse and tuted a diverse population divided along made travel accessible and affordable. about the problem of knowing exactly unified social order capable of accom- territorially expansive empire, however, religious, linguistic, and cultural lines. The construction of the railroad played who was Jewish. In the Russian Empire, modating imperial diversity and the actual, impeded the state from making a suc- Travelers, police officials, and journal- an important in the development of however, these discussions centered everyday practices of administration. In cessful transition to a national model. As ists who visited the western borderlands commerce and industry in cities such not only on the dilemma of recognizing particular, Jews and the Imperial State one of the most undergoverned states in spoke of the distinct “Jewish” look of the as Warsaw, Moscow, Odessa, Kiev, St. Jews visually, as they usually did in the provides a case study of how one imperial all of Europe, Russia ruled its popula- hundreds of small market towns. While Petersburg, and Ekaterinoslav, all of West, but also on the more widespread population, the Jews, shaped the world in tions through the mediation of religious Jews could be easily identified visually which attracted sizable Jewish migrant imperial anxieties of identifying Jews which they lived by negotiating with what personnel and institutions, even as it as a collective group or defined in legal populations. The expansion of travel and by documentary records. The practice were often perceived as contradictory and attempted to establish universal admin- terms (by law, anyone who converted the emergence of consumerism fostered of identifying Jews by passports, vital highly restrictive laws and institutions. istrative practices common to all civil from Judaism to Christianity ceased to the cross-fertilization of tastes, fashions, statistics records, censuses, and other statuses and religious groups. In this sys- be a Jew), authorities found it much more behaviors, and forms of conduct and documentary records was tied to the In the Russian Empire, the preoccupation tem of government, which simultaneously challenging to document Jews as individu- appearances. Jews flocked to these and growth and development of government with techniques of government based on relied on the more direct techniques of als. In the second half of the nineteenth many other cities in search of higher institutions, the creation of elaborate the power of numbers emerged as part population management as well as the century, the challenges of identification forms of secular education, professional record-keeping procedures, the preserva- grew more problematic. Not only were opportunities, and social experiences. Eugene M. Avrutin is Assistant Professor of tion of these documents in accessible Jewish population statistics notoriously By around 1900, as an unprecedented modern European Jewish history and Tobor archives, and the challenge of identifying unreliable, but more important, the cat- number of Jews traveled throughout the family scholar in the Program of Jewish every person in the empire. At a time egories used by government administra- empire by way of a vast network of paved Culture and Society at the University of Illinois. when the imperial Russian state placed tors failed to capture unambiguously who and unpaved roads and railroad lines, Jews and the Imperial State: Identification Poli- increasing trust in the power of paper to was Jewish. Should Jews be defined as in the process adapting to the news tics in Tsarist Russia was published by Cornell govern its vast territories and communi- a social estate, a religious community, a tastes and fashions of the day, it became University Press in 2010. Together with Harriet ties, Jews appeared invisible in the public distinctive race, or perhaps an ethnic increasingly difficult to know who was Murav, he has also edited Photographing eye by continually defying conventional corporation? Did the individuals who Jewish and where Jews were. the Jewish Nation: Pictures from S. An-sky’s criteria of administrative classification. had converted to Russian Orthodoxy, Ethnographic Expeditions (2009), which was a Catholicism, or Protestantism lose their A central premise of the book is that finalist for the National Jewish Book Award in Jews and the Imperial State explores one Jewishness, as the law instructed? How three particular factors – all of which the visual arts category. of the fundamental arenas of imperial could administrators keep track of an were linked to the state’s efforts to fash- statecraft – the techniques by which the individual whose passport read Russian ion a more direct relationship with the Russian government ruled its popula- Orthodox but whose ethnoreligious origin population – created
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