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Depik Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir Dan Perikanan P-ISSN: 2089-7790, E-ISSN: 2502-6194 Depik Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan p-ISSN: 2089-7790, e-ISSN: 2502-6194 http://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/depik RESEARCH ARTICLE DOI: 10.13170/depik.9.1.14121 Komunitas ikan karang di perairan karang Pulau Weh, Sabang, Provinsi Aceh Reef fish community in the Weh Island reef waters of Sabang, Aceh Province Isa N. Edrus1*, Tri A. Hadi2 1Balai Penelitian Perikanan Laut – KKP, Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor, Cibinong; 2Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi–LIPI, JL. Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur, Jakarta Utara, 14430, Indonesia. *Email korespondensi: [email protected] Received: 22 Juli 2019 Accepted: 4 Februari 2020 Abstract. Prolonged coral reef damages due to natural and anthropogenic factors may lead to fish habitat changes. The habitat alteration will make the necessary study of fish community structures. This study was conducted in the 12 stations of the Weh Island reef waters. The purpose of this study is to provide baseline data for monitoring activities in the future. The study objective is to identify the reef fish community structures in terms of diversity, species composition, density, and biomass. Methods used was belt transect and visual census within transect areas of 350 m2. The results showed that there were at least 126 species of reef fishes with 18 families included in the fishing targeted group and the indicator fish group. Those respectively consisted of 23 corallivorous species, 36 herbivorous species, 53 carnivorous species and 14 zooplantivorous species. Their species number, density and biomass were varied among transect sites. The dominant species of corallivores were Hemitaurichthys zoster, Chaetodon guttatissimus, Chaetodon colare, Chaetodon trifasciatus, Forcipiger flavissimus, Chaetodon vagabundus, Chaetodon meyeri, Chaetodon kleinii, Heniochus singularis, and Heniochus pleurotaenia. The dominant species of herbivores were Acanthurus leucosternon, Ctenochaetus striatus, Acanthurus tristis, Ctenochaetus truncatus, Zebrasoma scopas, Chlorurus sordidus, Acanthurus triostegus, Scarus niger, Scarus ghobban and Acanthurus auranticavus. The dominant species of carnivores were Pempheris vanicolensis, Odonus niger, Mulloidichthys vanicolensis, Scolopsis ciliatus, Parupeneus barberinus, and Scolopsis bilineatus. The dominant spcies of zooplanktivores were Pterocaesio tile, Caesio xanthonotus, Sargocentron caudimaculatum, Myripristis berndti, Caesio caerulaurea, Pterocaesio randalli, Pterocaesio chrysozona, Caesio varilineatus and Myripristis kuntee. Species diversity of fish indicator and target fishes are relatively high. Among of the dozen study sites that have excellent conditions of diversity, composition, density and biomass are three location only. Key words: Reef fish, community structures, Weh Island, Provinsi Aceh. Abstrak. Perubahan habitat ikan dapat terjadi sebagai akibat kerusakan terumbu karang yang berkepanjangan oleh sebab faktor-faktor alami dan kegiatan manusia. Perubahan habitat seperti ini mendorong kepada suatu kebutuhan penelitian struktur komunitas ikan karang. Lokasi Penelitian ini dilakukan di 12 stasiun pada perairan karang pulau Weh. Sasaran penelitian adalah untuk menyediakan data dasar bagi dalam kaitannya dengan kegiatan-kegiatan pemantauan dikemudian hari. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengindentifikasi struktur komunitas ikan karang berkaitan dengan parameter keanekaragaman, komposisi jenis, kepadatan individual dan biomassa. Metode yang digunakan adalah transek sabuk dan sensus visual dalam area transek seluas 350 m2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa didapat 126 jenis ikan karang yang mewakili 18 suku yang termasuk kelompok ikan karang target dan ikan indikator. Jenis-jenis tersebut masing-masing terdiri dari 23 species koralivora, 36 species herbivora, 53 species karnivora dan 14 species zoopanktivora. Jumlah jenis, kepadatan dan biomassanya ditemukan bervariasi antara lokasi transek. Jenis yang mendominasi koralivora adalah Hemitaurichthys zoster, Chaetodon guttatissimus, Chaetodon colare, Chaetodon trifasciatus, Forcipiger flavissimus, Chaetodon vagabundus, Chaetodon meyeri, Chaetodon kleinii, Heniochus singularis, dan Heniochus pleurotaenia. Jenis yang mendominasi herbivora adalah Acanthurus leucosternon, Ctenochaetus striatus, Acanthurus tristis, Ctenochaetus truncatus, Zebrasoma scopas, Chlorurus sordidus, Acanthurus triostegus, Scarus niger, Scarus ghobban dan Acanthurus auranticavus. Jenis yang mendominasi karnivora adalah Pempheris vanicolensis, Odonus niger, Mulloidichthys vanicolensis, Scolopsis ciliatus, Parupeneus barberinus, dan Scolopsis bilineatus. Jenis yang mendominasi zooplanktivora adalah Pterocaesio tile, Caesio xanthonotus, Sargocentron caudimaculatum, Myripristis berndti, Caesio caerulaurea, Pterocaesio randalli, Pterocaesio chrysozona, Caesio varilineatus dan Myripristis kuntee. 56 Edrus dan Hadi (2020) Volume 9, Number 1, Page 56 - 67, April 2020 Depik Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan p-ISSN: 2089-7790, e-ISSN: 2502-6194 http://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/depik Keanekaragaman jenis ikan indikator dan ikan karang target relatif tinggi. Di antara 12 lokasi penelitian yang terbaik dalam hal keragaman, komposisi, kepadatan dan biomassa hanya dijumpai pada tiga lokasi saja. Kata Kunci: Ikan karang, struktur komunitas, Pulau Weh Island, Provinsi Aceh. Pendahuluan Dampak peristiwa tsunami 2004 di perairan karang Provinsi Aceh menyebabkan kerusakan terbatas yang bergantung pada topografi bawah laut. Kerusakan terumbu karang diperkirakan mencapai 30% dari total 97.250 hektar (Gunawan et al., 2006). Perubahan terumbu karang di Pulau Weh dan Pulau Rubiah pasca tsunami yang terpantau dari hasil kajian citra satelit adalah menyangkut adanya perubahan luasan karang hidup menjadi karang mati dan substrat campuran. Kategori terumbu karang yang baik berada di Sea Garden 1, kategori sedang di Sea Garden 2 dan Rubiah Channel 2 sedangkan kategori buruk di Ujung Seurawan dan Lok Weng (Purbani et al., 2014). Jejak-jejak kerusakan terumbu karang yang disebabkan oleh alam maupun kegiatan manusia, seperti terlihat adanya perubahan tutupkan karang, biasanya memperlihatkan adanya pergantian rezim dalam sistem terumbu karang (Obura dan Grimsditch, 2009). Perubahan yang terjadi memberikan dampak pada struktur komunitas ikan, seperti keragaman, komposisi, kelimpahan atau kepadatan serta biomassa jenis ikan (Feary et al., 2007). Perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi pada masing-masing saja akan sangat berbeda dari lokasi ke lokasi, tergantung pendekatan pengelolaan masing-masing. Perubahan tersebut terjadi seiring waktu dan sejauh mana perubahan tersebut tidak diketahui. Pengetahuan tentang hal ini sangat bermanfaat pada upaya pengelolaannya dari setiap lokasi yang terdampak. Kerusakan terumbu karang diprediksi mampu merubah struktur ikan karang dapat dideteksi dari perubahan luasan karang hidup (Purbani et al., 2014) dan perubahan komponen penyusun substrat terumbu (Baird et al., 2005). Kedua faktor ini memberikan petunjuk perubahan dari komposisi fungsional ikan terumbu karang (Gunawan et al., 2006). Perubahan komposisi, keragaman dan kelimpahan dari kelompok suku ikan karang herbivora yang mendukung proses perbaikan lingkungan (resiliensi) atau sebaliknya suku-suku ikan predator yang mengontrol suku-suku herbivora, dapat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi yang tidak menentu sebagai akibat pengaruh iklim global dan meningkatnya kegiatan perikanan (Obura dan Grimsditch. 2009). Kehadiran kelompok suku seperti Kerapu (Serranidae), Kakap (Lutjanidae), Lentjam (Lethrinidae), Bibir tebal (Haemulidae), Baronang (Siganidae), Kakatua (Scaridae), dan Butana (Acanthuridae) menjadi perhatian utama atas manajemen terumbu karang, karena sifat fungsionalnya sebagai predator utama yang mengendalikan jenis ikan lain dan sebagai herbivora yang dapat mengendalikan pertumbuhan alga (Green dan Bellwood, 2009; Edrus dan Abrar, 2016). Disamping itu, ikan indikator dari kelompok Chaetodontidae berperan penting sebagai obligat karang dan menjadi indikator lingkungan terumbu karang, karena banyak dari jenisnya yang bersifat koralivora (Pratchett, 2013). Kondisi Perubahan-perubahan dari kelompok suku-suku di atas menjadi petunjuk adanya gangguan pada ekosistem karang. Untuk keperluan pengelolaan, informasi terkini kondisi struktur komunitas ikan karang di perairan Pulau Weh perlu diketahui. Beberapa indikator terpilih untuk kepentingan pemantauan berkala perairan karang perlu disediakan sebagai basis data untuk melihat perubahan yang akan terjadi di kemudian hari. Kajian mengenai komposisi ikan karang di perairan Aceh telah dilaporkan oleh beberapa peneliti dari beberapa wilayah, diantaranya di perairan Simeulue (Batubara et al., 2017), pantai Lhoknga dan pantai Lhok Mata Ie (Nur et al., 2019), dan beberapa kawasan lainnya di Aceh Besar (Fadli et al., 2019). Namun kajian mengenai komposisi ikan karang di perairan karang Pulau Weh belum pernah dilaporkan sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi struktur komunitas ikan karang, terutama parameter keanekaragaman, komposisi jenis, kepadatan individual dan biomassa dari ikan karang dalam tiga kelompok besar, koralivora, herbivora dan karnivora yang tergolong dalam suku ikan indikator dan ikan target. Diharapkan penelitian ini akan bermanfaat sebagai informasi dasar (baseline data) untuk pengelolaan dan pemantauan selanjutnya. 57 Edrus dan Hadi (2020) Volume 9, Number 1, Page 56 - 67, April 2020 Depik Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan p-ISSN: 2089-7790, e-ISSN: 2502-6194 http://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/depik Bahan dan Metode
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