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Graeco-Latina Brunensia 26 / 2021 / 1 https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2021-1-6 Gothic Christians in Constantinople: The Arians Mirón Jurík (Masaryk University, Brno) Abstract This paper deals with the topic of Christian Goths in Constantinople, who, at the turn of the 4th to the 5th century, played an important role in the history of religious matters in the city. A sig- nificant part of these were of Arian confession, which was forbidden as heresy from the ascen- / ARTICLES ČLÁNKY sion of Theodosius I. Thanks to the Nicene Christian authors who actively fought Arianism, we are able to reconstruct the development of the Arian Gothic community in Constantinople and its most distinguished members. The topic of Nicene Goths in Constantinople will be present- ed in a follow-up paper, to be published in the next issue of Graeco-Latina Brunensia. Keywords Goths; Arians; Gainas; John Chrysostom; Constantinople; Homoians 81 Mirón Jurík Gothic Christians in Constantinople: The Arians The development of the Roman policy in the second half of the 4th and 5th century was (among other things) determined by the growing influence and presence of the Goths on the Roman territory. After 376 when Gothic tribes crossed the Danube and their later victory over Romans in 378 at Hadrianopole, the Goths began to play an important role in the shaping of Roman history. The intensity and extent of military clashes between the specific Gothic groups and the Roman army led to the creation of federate treaties as well as the practice of hiring groups of warriors, which were then relocated to different sites of the Empire. It is only natural that Constantinople as the main, wealthy, powerful, and multicultural city of the Roman East, attracted these barbarians. The influx of Goth- ic people was also determined by their ambitious leaders, who had tried to gain the best possible status, wealth, influence, and contacts in the political centre of the Empire. At the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries, it became evident that Constantinople and its vi- cinity harboured thousands of Goths who, in the eyes of the indigenous inhabitants, rep- ČLÁNKY / ARTICLES ČLÁNKY resented a dangerous minority. It is intriguing that many of these Goths were Christians who built and shaped several Christian communities and confessions at the place. This paper focuses on Arians, a significant part of these Gothic Christians, the development of Arian community, and its relationship with the representatives of the Nicene creed. The Goths and Arians in Constantinople at the end of the 4th and beginning of the 5th century The heretical tenets followed by the so-called “Arian Goths” are called Homoianism in modern research. The main principle was the refutation of the Greek non-biblical ter- minology, especially the word οὐσία, whereas the relationship between Christ and God was formulated as the Son being similar (ὅμοιος) to the Father.1 The origin of the Gothic Arians is related to the Christianizing activity of Wulfila and the mass conversion of the Tervingi Goths in 376.2 We also know that the treaty of 382 (foedus) was made with this group of Goths. At the same time, the sources do not reflect that these Goths were led by any unequivocal leader between years 382‒392. However, the treaty in 382 may have been made between several reiks,3 Theodosius I. (379‒395) and Gratian (375‒383). In this treaty, the Goths were not referred to as clearly defeated, which is apparent from the fact 1 In this paper I use the terms Arian and Homoian as synonyms. For the widely-held and problematic per- ception of everything that can be thought of as the Arian confession, see Hanson (1988: 931 p.); for the developments of the Homoian confession in barbarian context, see Heil (2014). 2 Zeiller (1918: p. 452); Zeiller’s approach is well attested by the analysis of Heather (1986: p. 315), with which I agree; however, there are other concepts of conversion of the Goths to Christianity, see: Thom- pson (1966: pp. 78‒93); Schäferdiek (1979: pp. 90‒97); Rubin (1981: p. 53); Lenski (1995: pp. 85‒86); Bednaříková (2013: p. 79). 3 In this paper I use the term reiks for the old tribal aristocracy, not in the sense of the latin term rex with which it later merges. In the 4th century, the reiks did not mean the thiudans (king) yet. Vulfila used the reiks in his translation for the members of Sanhedrin or for the rich landowners. On the other hand, thiudans meant king in the monarchical sense, e.g. the Christ is called thiudans Iudaie. Wolfram (1975: pp. 16, 297, 304). 82 Mirón Jurík Gothic Christians in Constantinople: The Arians that according to the treaty they were not scattered to the different cities and locations of the Roman Empire, as it had been usual for the settling of defeated barbarians before. On the contrary, every subgroup (φῡλή, kuni) with its own leader was assigned a terri- tory, which was a very important factor in the preservation of their tribal and Gothic identity.4 This identity could be supported by the relative freedom in religious matters.5 Although the Goths became the subjects of the Empire, the laws against the Arians were valid only for the citizens of the State. The federate treaty provided them with an auton- omous position thanks to which they did not have to be bound by the legal regulations issued at the imperial court.6 Theodosius was forced to grant them this extraordinary freedom by the unfavourable political circumstances. In 378, during the battle of Had- rianopole, the Goths destroyed a great part of Roman army in the eastern part of the Empire. Paradoxically, such a loss of forces was later to be replaced by the members of the victorious part, i.e. the Goths themselves. Even if Theodosius was able to completely defeat the Goths, the time and expense of such an enterprise would have put a great / ARTICLES ČLÁNKY load on the Empire. Therefore, the ideal solution for the Romans was to treat Goths as allies rather than enemies. This opportunity presented itself during the turbulent and escalating situation at the Danube border. The benefits of this solution were proven by the events that followed, including the usurpations of the Magnus Maximus and Eugen- ius, who were defeated thanks to the barbarian troops. A part of these Homoian Goths led by the reiks probably settled in Constantinople and its vicinity. Barbarian leaders were also frequently present at the embassies and banquets of the imperial court, with the pomp and richness naturally attracting other members of their community.7 One of these banquets was supposed to have happened in the context of the preparations for the military campaign against Eugenius.8 At the same time, Theodosius used to begin his campaigns with the whole army from Constantinople.9 As part of fulfilling their mili- tary duties, the army, which the Goths provided for the Empire, had to be concentrated 4 Heather (1991: pp. 173‒175, 191) in the context of the treaty of 382: Themistius did not mention only one leading person of the Goths, he speaks about multiple leaders. Them. Or. 16. 209d‒210a; the conciliation with Goths in 382 is also described by stressed compassion of Theodosius I. in the Synesius work De regno, Heather (1988: pp. 155‒156); for an outline of the treaty, see Wolfram (1988: pp. 133‒134). 5 Arians and other heretics were repressed and expelled from the churches inside the city wall CTh. 16.5.6; regarding the tolerant religious practice towards the barbarians, this could have been mentioned in the second canon of Constantinopolitan council: Eclesiam autem Dei in barbaricus gentibus constitutas gubernari convenit iuxta consuetudinem, quae est patribus instituta. Alberigo et al. (1962: pp. 27‒28), the interpretation of this canon is questionable and it can signify the aspect of the organization of the barbarian churches, not the freedom of the keeping of their theological-heretical position. R. Mathisen believes that a barbar- ian bishop was not the bishop of the city, but the bishop of gentes, which can be regarded an anomaly in the organization of the churches in this respect. Mathisen (1997: p. 668): the truth is that sources until the reign of Justinian I. do not reflect any intervention of the State to suppress the Arianism of barbarians who were the subjects of the Empire. 6 See Heather (1996: p. 137). 7 Eunap. fr. 59. 8 Heather (1991: p. 186). 9 Sozom. HE. 7.24.; before he leaves Constantinople for the campaign against Eugenius, the text mentions that the greater part of his army was made up of the barbarians from the Danube region. 83 Mirón Jurík Gothic Christians in Constantinople: The Arians near Constantinople. The sources also mention ambitious barbaric individuals who were attracted to the wealth of the imperial court and enrolled themselves to the ranks of scholae Palatinae. Another part of barbarians, especially the young generation, settled as hostages in many cities of Asia Minor. This group of hostages acted as a guarantee that the federate treaty of 376, which allowed all the Gothic tribes enter the Roman territory, would be respected. During the crisis that took place later, these hostages were massa- cred by commander Julius.10 Although the source states that all of them fell victim, it is probably not true. In the following years, we can still see the presence of Goths in the cities of Asia Minor, which indicates that not only could some Goths be kept alive, but also other Goths were brought in to re-settle these areas.
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