U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Lewis L. StrauS8, Secretary Robert W. Burgcs8, Director qln~f;, OF us CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS JUN PM 3 POPULATION ESTIMATES

June I, 1959 Washington 25, D. C. Series P-25. No. 201

PROJECTIONS OF THE SCHOOL-AGE POPULATION, BY STATES 1959 TO 1963*

This report presents short-range projections of can be expected until at least 1963 when children population of school age (5 to 1"1 years) by born in 1958 enter this group. The number of chil­ for each year, 1959 to 1963. Three series dren of school age has grown steadily from a low are shown, the series varying with point of 28* million at the end of World War II to the allowance for future net migration abcut 41.8 million in mid-1958. In the next five the States. Two of the series include ex- years, the number of children of school age will allo1rlances following the pattern of migration grow by about li million annually, to about 48.8 period 1950 to 195"1. A third series, assuming million by ; this gain of "I million is about net interstate migration, 1s also provided as a the same as occurred in the group in the five years to those interested in modifying the migrat,ion since 195~3. incorporated in the other t",O series of The rate of growth in the school-age group since 1950 has been substantially higher thEm that does not include estimates of the total population; in fact, this group has enrollment for future years. Since en- at ages 5 to l"Iisrelatively complete, only ry small increases in the rates can be expected in Figure 1.--POPULATION 5 TO 17 YEARS OF AGE: 1930 TO 1963 years; any such increases would be concen­ (A semi logarithmic scale is used tc lndicate relative d in the later high school ages (16 and 1"1).' rather than absolute change) the projected size and implied rbtes PopulatIon (millions) growth of' the pOpUlE.t10n 01' school age shown her'e indicatIve of' prospects relating to em'ollment should prove useful for measuring short-run re­ rements for school nJCili ties at the elementary school levels.

TRE]\;1)S IN SCHOOL-AGE POPULATIGN

in our history,

1 1'he percent of the population 5 to 17 years old en­ led in school in October,1958, by age, is as t'ollows: 5 years (including kindergarten), 63.9; 6 years, 97.3; 9 years, 99.5; 10 to 13 years, 99.5; 14 and 15 years, 16 and 17 years, 80.5. See U. S. Bureau of' the Curren'C Population Hepor"tis, Series P-20, No .. 93, 1935 191,.0 1945 1950 1955 1960 1963 October 1958," March 1959. Year

• This report was prepared a't the request and expense of the National Education Association, Washington, D. C.

For sale by the Bureau of the Census, Washington 25, D. 6. Price 10 oents. Annual subscription (Series P-20, P-23, P-25, and P-27, combined). ,~2.50; for foreign mailing, ~3.00. 2

grown roughly twice as rap1.dly as the total popu­ The infl~ence of the projected interstate lation. Some slowdown in thecrate of growth for the gration is illustrated in table A below, which school-age group is anticipated for the next several for five selected States, the projected changes years. Between 1958 and 1963, the annual growth the number of persons of sc[1001 age between 1957 rate may average about 3.2 percent as compared with 1963 under the various migration assumptions. an average annual rate of 3."~ 1Jerieen-e""~"between ;1:950

and 1958. The total population, on the other YUlnd, Table A. --RELATIVE SIZE OF POPULATION 01' SOHOOL AGE may continue to grow at the rate of about 1.7 per­ FOR SELJ!DTED STATES: 1963 '

cent, the rate which prevailed during the period 1950 (1957 " 100) to 1958. The trend in the growth of th"e schoo.l-age population of the United States annually since ~930 1s illustrated graphically in figure 1. state Prospects for growth by States.--For the United States as a whale, the population of this group over the next five years can be determined with a high Arkansas •••••••• " •••••••••••••••• Connect lout ••••••.••••••••.•••••. degree of accuracy Since it inVOlves only persons Florida ••...•..•••.••.•...... •.•. alr'eady born and changes due to death and net immi­ Mississippi..•..••...... •.. gration in the base population for only a few years Nevada ••••••••••••••••••••• hence. Thus, the national figures should contain relatively little error. PrOjections of State popu­ lation, however, involve assumptions regarding fu­ METHODS AND ASSUMPTIONS ture interstate migration and, even in the short run, these are subject to a considerable degree of uncer­ The general method used in developing tainty. Two of the series of projections shown here jections was the "cohort-survival" indicate the size of the School-age group in each procedure involves carrying forward State assuming a continuation of the recent past by age, on the basis of assumptions regarding pattern of interstate migration. Because of the mortality and net migration. For the present short-term nature of the projections and the age putations. projections of fertility were not group involved, it is believed that these figures quired. inasmuch as persons 5 to 17 years of can be used with greater confidence than that which all projection dates were bom prior to July I, 1 is usually attached to projections of State popu­ The assumptions made regarding future mortality lation. The future population in thls age group has migration are discussed below. also been projected on the assumption of no further interstate migration. Mortality.--One set of survival rates was to llJ8ke allowances for mortality during the proje The projections indicate that practically all tion periOd. The Fdtes are consistent with States can be expected to have more Children of used by the Bureau of the Census to develop school age in 1963 than in 1957. Yet, there is con­ national population projections recently siderable variation in the projected rates of growth. in Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. On the assumption of a continuation of the 1950-57 the latter allow for moderate future declines levels of migration, States with rates of growth mortality." No allowances were made for dJ well above the national average of 21 percent would in mortality from one State to another. Mortal be Alaska (81 percent), Arizona (42 percent), Dela­ at the ages under consideration is at a relatl ware (42 percent), California (39 percent), Florida low level and, it is believed, any refinements (45 percent), and Nevada (50 percent). Areas with the procedure would have very little effect on expected small declines (under this assumption) are final projections of population. Arkansas, West Virginia, and Puerto Rico. Because of the much higher birth rates since the end of World Net interst"te migration.--ThY'ce War II than during "the early 1940's, all areas would sumptions on future net interstate migration have a greater number of children of school age in used. Because of the short-range nature of the 1963 than in 1957 if there were no losses resulting jections, two of the sets of allowances for from interstate migration. The tremendous variations were based on the pattern of the recent past of expected change in this age group over the next than on any long-term trends, providing, for frve years (for all series) are not 'just a result of les.st one series, a smooth juncture from the pre differences in the projections of migration and levels to the immediate future. deaths for each State; they are also affected by past changes in migration and mortality levels and One series assumes that the by fertility differences among the St8tes. ~L'hus, level of net interstate migration even if there should be no further redistribution of year age group will continue throughout the pro population through migration between 1957 and 1963, growth in this group by States would still vary from 2 See U. S. Bureau of the Census, ~c~ur,,-r~Ee~n~t-d~~~ about 72 percent for Alaska and 44 percent for the Heports, Series P-25, No. 187, tfIllustrati-ve Proj District of Columbia, to 11 percent for Arkansas and of the l'opula tion of the United States, by Age ax:

A second series assumes that migration for use here was developed from the data for broad age group during the projection period will age groups for 1957 on the basis of the distribution the level of the 1950-57 period. As of population by age within the same age cohorts in ted earlier, a third series is also shown as­ 1950, for each State, and on the distribution of the nonet migration during the projection period. number of births by years for each State, for 1950 projections represent simply the survivors of to 1957. The estimates by age in 1957 were re­ of persons in July 1957 who would be 5 to 17 grouped into age groups that would correspond to the of age at each projection date. (For example, groups 5 to 17 years of age at each projection date. projections for July 1, 1960, represent survivors For example, to obtain the number 5 to 17 years of the population aged 2 through 14 years on July 1, age on July 1, 1960, the starting population would .) This ser'ies should prove useful as a bench­ be the population 2 to 14 years of age on July 1, in measuring the effect of various assumed 1957. This number was carried forward to Is of migration on the size of the age group in by subtracting the number of deaths occurring to the State in later years. cohort between July 1, 1957 and 1960 (estimated as indicated above in the section on mortality) and by The first two migration assumptions selected adding the number of net migrants assumed under each here are not intended to represent pre­ series of projections. ions of future net interstate migraMon but y illustrations of sets of allowances for fu­ In each ins'tance preliminary estimates of popu­ for use in preparing projections of lation, derived as described above, were adjusted to add to the national prOjections previously developed.

Base population.--The population estimates used Alaska is not included in the national total for these projections were those for for 1957 shown here inasmUCh as it did not become a 1, 1957, recently published by the Bureau of State until January 3, 1959. For comparability, in Current Population Reports, Series Alaska is also excluded from the national projections No. 194. The necessary age detail required for 1959 and later years. 4

Table 1. __ PROJECTIONS OF THE POPULATION 5 TO 17 YEARS OF AGE, FOR TIlE UNITED STATES, BY STA1'ES AND OTllER SELECTED AllEAS: JULY 1, 1959 TO 1963 WITH COMPARATIVE FIGURES FOR 1950 AND 1957 '

(In thousands. Figures for 1959 to 1963 include the small number of 17-year-olds serving in the Armed Forces from each State)

1957 1950 (July 1) division, and State Region, (April 1) current 1959 1960 1961 1962 estimates1

United Statas2 ...... HEGIONS: 10,589 7, OilS 10,112 10,297 Northeast ...... 0 ...... ~ ... ~ ...... 14,016 8,709 13,11+0 13,524 North Central ...... o ...... _ e .. " ...... 15,393 11,001 14,779 1.5,064 South ...... ~ ...... ~ ...... 6,781 7,061 7,390 west ...... 3,765

NORTHEAST: 2,340 2,374 2,429 New England ...... 1,'108 2,140 2,281 7,772 7,923 8,160 Middle Atlantic ...... 5,377 7,020 7,540 NORTH CENTRAL: 9,928 5,854 8,121 8,377 9,235 9,535 East North Central ...... 0 ...... 1 3,905 3,989 4,088 West North Oentral ...... 2,8.55 3,55t~ 3,79 • SOUTH: 7,271 4,843 6,231 6,684 6,899 7,070 South Atlantic ...... 3,286 3,291 3,301 East South Central ...... 2,839 3,163 3,251 4,459 4,594 4,703 4,821 West South Central ...... 3,318 4,163 WEST: 1,791 1,8'13 1,947 2,027 Mountain •••••••••••••••••••••••• 1,161 1,629 4,669 4,908 5,114. 5,363 Pacific ...... " 2,604 4,144

NEW ENGLAND: 240 196 223 233 237 238 Maine. _...... , ...... ~. 147 103 130 Li7 140 143 New Hampshire ...... "... , ...... 95 81 90 93 94 94 Vermont ••••••••••••••••••.••• ••• 1,138 837 1,023 1,082 1,105 1,117 Massachusetts ...... '195 201 204 209 Rhode Island •••••••••••••••••••• 138 181 541 563 578 600 Connecticut ...... 353 493 MIDDLE ATLANTIC: 3,922 2,514 3,361 3,614 3,729 3,804 New York ...... ~ ...... 1,487 834 1,209 1,329 1,385 1,427 New Jersey ...... 2,658 2,692 2,751 Pennsylvania ...... 2,030 2,450 2,597 EAST NORTH CENTRAL: 1,505 2,135 2,346 2,446'. 2,531 2,643 Ohio ...... • 1,296 788 1,074 1,170 1,215 1,251 Indiana ...... f ••••••••••••• 2,571 1,564 2,134 2,318 2,404 2,474 Illinois ...... 2,149 2,232 2,337 Michigan ••••••••••••••••••••••• , 1,297 1,861 2,056 987 1,021 1,047 1,081 Wisconsin •••••••••.•..••••...••• 699 916 WEST NORTH CENTRAL: 890 911 938 Minnesota ••••••.•.••.•••••••.... 615 804 862 690 705 716 730 Iowa •••••••••••••••••••• "•••••. " 536 655 765 935 996 1,024 1,045 1,074 Missouri •• ,...... "...... " G ...... 180 182 183 North Dakota ...... 148 169 176 ;144 173 184 189 193 196 South Dakota ...... 376 384 Nebraska ...... 266 331 356 367 530 550 566 583 Kansas ...... 379 486 SOUTH ATLANTIC: 117 124 132 Delaware ...... 61 98 III 457 687 760 794 821 858 Maryland ...... •• 169 173 178 District of Columbia ...... 113 145 161 1,075 1,104 Virginia •••••••••••••••••••••••• 731 946 1,018 1,051 500 528 527 525 517 511 West Virginia ...... , ••• "..... ",. ... 1,295 1,311 " ...... 1,027 1,198 1,253 1,278 574 683 717 734 744 753 South Carolina ...... 1,114 1,136 Georgia ..... : ••••••••••••••••••• 840 1,013 1,069 1,095 1,207 1,288 Florida ...... 5/,1 933 1,068 1,136 EAST SOUTH CENTRAL: 830 834 Kentucky •••••••••••••••••••••••• 712 801 819 828 930 934 942 Te:nIlessee ...... 770 883 916 783 867 891 899 899 901 Alabama ...... 628 624 Mississippi ••••••••••••••••••••• 574 611 625 629 WEST SOUTH CENTRAL: 452 442 Arkansas ...... 482 475 467 463 637 820 882 912 938 967 Louisiana ...... 560 559 Oklahoma ••••••••••••••.•••••••••• 508 547 557 560 2,322 2,553 2,659 2,753 2,853 Texas ...... 0 •• 1,692 MOUNTAIN: 168 181 187 193 200 Montana ..... ~ ...... 0 ...... 127 173 181 185 188 190 Idaho ...... 0 142 90 92 94 Wyoming ...... 63 81 87 271 400 44/, 466 486 507 Colorado ...... 273 283 New Mexico ...... 1'16 233 252 263 339 358 380 Arizona ...... 181 282 319 257 267 275 285 Utah ...... •• 172 233 59 70 76 82 88 Nevada ...... 0 •••••• 30 PACIFIC: 750 772 Washington ••••.••...•....••.•..• 451 644 707 732 464 474 486 Oregqn •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 298 413 450 3,712 3,890 4,105 California ...... 1,856 3,087 3,512 OTHER AllEAS: 23 42 54 60 66 71 Alaska ...... ,...... 177 177 ...... 117 153 166 172 754 759 757 726 Puerto Rico ...... ~ ...... 718 742

1 Excludes the small number of persons in the Armed Forces .. 2 United states excluding Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. 1.--PROJECTIONS OF THE POPULATION 5 1'0 17 YEARS OF' AGE, FOR TIlE UNITED STATES, BY STATES AND OTIJER SELECTpJ) AREAS: JULY 1, 1959 TO 1963, WUH COMPARATIVE FIGUJlES FOR 1950 AND 1957--Con.

(In thousands. Figures for 1959 to 1963 inclUde the small number of l'7-year-olds serving in the Armed Forces from each State)

2,258 '1,544

8,91,,7 9,109 9,365 3,772 3,934 4,029

6,676 6,887 6,871 7,032 7,225 3,154 3,141 3,Jt 06 3,456 3,520 4,415 t'~,530 4,643 4,767 4,907

1,809 1,899 1,837 1,8M 1,965 4,771 5,063 l~, 720 i~,860 5,033

227 243 2/,7 252 260 141 143 148 153 99 100 10.3 106 1,066 1,080 1,127 1,11.6 1,176 1,216 194 200 201 204 210 215 545 569 556 568 588 608

3,623 3,'742 3,715 3,784 3,896 4,015 1.,34'7 1,412 1,352 1,382 1,L,,29 1,1,70 2,571t 2,623 2,686 2,731 2,803 2,884

2,367 2,1,.77 2,573 2,1,08 2,480 2,5'76 2,671 1,178 1,226 1,266 1,201 1,232 1,272 1,308 2,329 .2,420 2,496 2,384 2,447 2,536 2,624 2,083 2,189 2,286 2,100 2,166 2}251 2,330 990 J.,025 1,053 1,016 1,040 1,072 1,103

861 sea 908 913 941 971 683 695 703 727 745 761 992 1,017 1,053 1,083 1,117 17/, 189 192 196 184 199 204 209 36/... 380 389 398 54/l 568 586 602

115 121 125 787 813 835 188 198 209 1,099 1,126 558 566 1,375 795

SOUTH CENTRAL: Kentucky ...... 899

Tennessee ~ 9 ~ ~ .. 9 ~ ~ ~ 1,005

Alabaw...a .. " ~ 0 .. " .. ~ n " ~ ~ "" 983 Mississippi. •••••••••••• 595 56$ 707 SOUTH OENTRAI.: Arkansas •••••••••••••••• 434 :3$5 526 875 925 5/,0 526 2,566 2,779 2,721

Montana ...... 181 192 204 Idaho ••••••••••••••••••• 179 192 200 Wyoming ...... <56 93 98 1,66 1,95 Colorado" <> ~ .... ~ • ~ ~ & " ..... ~" 452

New !'1exico .. \ & o. p e" ~ ~ • ~._ 2.50 260 277 300 Arizona.~ ~ .. ~ ...... ~"""." •• 329 354 331, 362 Utah •••••••••••• " ...... 258 268 272 289 Nevada .. " ...... " ...... """ .. ~" .. ~ 74 82 72 78

...... ~ " ..... 0 .... 712 740 772 453 470 482 3,606 3,853 3}932

55 61 72 165 170 179 711 694 836

United states excluding Al.aska, Hawaii, and Puert.o Rico. 6

Table 2.--REIATIVE SIZE OF TIlE POPUlATION 5 TO 17 YEARS OF AGE, FOR TIlE UNITED STATES, BY STATES AND OTRER SELECTED AREAS: JULy 1, 1959 TO 1963 (1957 = 100. Underlying figures include small number of 17-year-olds serving in the Armed Forces from each State) -= migration Migration levels MJ.gr~ om.. at twice 1950-57 Region, division, and State 1962 1962 1960 1961 1962

114 118 121 107 111 114 117 United States " ••• , ••• 108 111 114 118 121 108 111 ~ REGIONS: 118 107 110 112 116 107 no 112 115 119 107 110 112 115 119 Northeast." .. e •• "". "' ...... 121 125 108 112 115 118 North Central ...... 108 112 116 120 124 109 113 116 122 109 110 112 107 110 112 115 South ...... 106 109 111 113 116 105 107 118 120 126 133 140 109 113 117 121 125 West ...... ~ ...... 112 117 122 128 133 114

NORTI!EAST: 108 111 113 107 110 112 115 New England ...... 106 109 III 113 117 105 108 119 116 120 107 110 112 116 119 Middle Atlantic ...... '107 111 113 116 120 107 111 113 NORTB CENTRAl: 124 129 108 112 115 119 East North Oentral ...... 109 114 117 122 127 110 115 119 l23 113 116 107 111 113 116 119 West North Central...... 107 no 112 115 118 106 109 111 SOUTH: 116 119 107 110 113 116 119 South Atlantic ...... 107 111 113 116 120 107 110 113 98 96 95 105 108 109 III 113 East South Central ...... 103 104 104 104 105 100 99 111 1]3 115 108 111 114 118 121 West South Central ...... 107 110 113 116 118 106 109 WEST: 113 116 120 124 129 III 116 122 127 132 108 124 Moun.tain ...... 8 8 ...... 110 115 119 12$ 136 143 109 114 117 121 125 Pac:Lfic ...... 113 118 123 129 135 115 122

NEW ENGIAND: 102 106 109 ).11 113 104 106 107 108 110 102 102 102 101 116 Maine ...... 117 105 108 110 114 118 105 10$ 110 113 118 105 108 110 113 New Hampshire ...... 93 106 109 III 114 102 104 104 105 106 98 98 96 94 117 Vermont ...... 109 107 110 112 115 119 106 10$ 109 111 114 104 105 106 107 "Massachusetts ...... 115 117 107 III 113 116 11(! Rhode Island...... 107 III 112 115 118 107 110 112 118 124 129 109 112 115 119 123 Connecticut ...... 110 114 117 121 126 il0 115 MIDDLE ATLANTIC: 121 107 no 112 116 119 107 III 113 117 120 108 III 114 117 New York ...... 132 108 112 114 118 121 110 114 118 123 127 III 117 121 127 New Jersey •••••••••••••• 110 112 107 109 III 114 117 Pennsylvania ...... 106 108 110 112 115 105 107 108 EAST NORTE CENTRAl: 132 109 113 116 120 125 110 114 118 124 129 III 116 120 126 Ohio •••••••••••••••••••• 127 108 112 115 118 122 109 113 116 120 124 110 114 118 122 Indiana ••••••••••••••••• 126 108 112 114 119 123 108 112 116 120 125 109 113 117 122 Illinois ...... 129 135 109 113 116 121 125 Michigan ...... 110 115 120 125 131 112 117 123 115 119 122 107 111 113 117 120 Wisconsin ...... _. 108 111 114 118 121 108 112 w.EST NORTE CENTRAl: 120 107 111 113 117 121 107 no 113 116 120 107 110 ll3 116 t1tnnesota ...... 108 110 106 109 111 113 116 Iowa •••••••••••••••••••;. 105 107 109 111 113 104 106 107 111 113 117 107 110 112 116 119 Missouri ...... 106 109 112 115 118 106 109 102 102 101 106 109 III 113 116 North D8kot.a ...... 104 106 107 108 109 102 103 107 107 108 108 112 115 118 120 South Dakota •••••••••••• 106 109 111 113 115 104 110 112 114 116 108 112 114 117 120 Nebraska.· ...... " ...... 107 III 113 116 118 107 113 116 119 122 109 113 117 120 124 Kansas ...... 109 11.3 116 120 123 109 SOUTH ATLANTIC: 109 113 118 123 128 120 127 135 142 117 126 135 145 154 Delavrare., ••••• "., ...... 113 108 112 114 118 121 110 115 119 125 129 113 118 123 130 136 Maryland ...... 106 108 116 123 129 136 lA4 111 116 119 122 127 105 107 107 District of Columbia •••• 117' 120 107 III 113 116 119 107 111 113 116 119 108 111 114 Virginia •.•••••••••••••• 83 103 104 104 106 107 100 99 98 97 96 96 93 ' 90 86 West Virginia. ~ '" ., •• " 105 106 106 106 108 110 112 115 North Carolina •••••••• ,. 104 107 108 109 111 103 104 105 106 106 106 109 112 114 116 South Carolina ...... 105 107 109 110 112 103 105 106 108 109 107 110 113 116 119 Georgia ••••.••••••.•••.• 105 108 110 112 114 104 105 139 151 161 108 112 117 121 125 Florida ••••••••••••••••• 114 121 129 138 145 119 129 EAST SOUTH CENTRAl: 98 97 97 104 106 108 110 112 Kentucky...... 102 103 103 104 105 99 99 101 101 101 105 108 109 111 114 Tennessee ••••••••••••••• 104 105 106 107 108 101 102 97 95 95 105 107 109 111 113 Alabama ...... 103 103 103 104 105 99 99 93 89 87 106 109 111 113 115 Mississippi ...... 102 103 lOil 102 102 97 95 WEST SOUTH CENTRAl: 104 106 107 109 III 97 95 93 92 9i 87 81 74 69 Arkansas ...... , 98 112 116 120 124 114 118 122 107 110 113 116 119 108 Louisiana •••••••••••••.• 107 III 106 107 109 III 102 102 102 99 98 96 94 93 104 Oklahoma ...... 102 102' 117 121 124 123 126 110 115 119 124 128 109 113 Texas ...... G' •• 110 114 118 M:JUNTAIN: 111 115 119 122 107 111 114 118 Montana ...... 107 III 115 118 122 107 106 106 107 106 109 III 113 Idaho.' ...... 105 107 109 110 112 103 105 111 113 114 109 113 116 119 Wyoming ...... 108 III 114 116 118 106. 109 125 132 138 108 112 116 120 Colorado •••••••••.•••••• 111 116 121 126 131 113 119 115 119 123 109 114 119 124 New l'13xico •••••••••••••• 108 113 117 121 126 107 111 126 134 :w; 153 109 114 118 123 Arizona ••••••••••••••••• 113 120 127 135 142 117 115 119 123 128 109 113 116 120 Utah •••••••••••••••••••• 110 114 118 122 126 110 152 168 180 110 117 122 129 Nevada •••••••••••••••••• 118 ).29 139 150 159 125 139 PACIFIC: 118 122 125 109 112 114 117 120 Washington ••••••••••••.• 110 113 116 120 123 110 ill 117 114 116 120 123 108 III 113 115 Oregon •••••••••••••••••• 109 112 115 118 120 110 l27 132 141 149 110 114 118 123 California ...... 114 120 126 133 139 117 125 I'll OWER AREAS: 145 162 176 ISe 126 138 152 162 Alaska...... 129 143 157 169 181 131 117 111 114 114 114 109 113 116 117 Hawaii •••••••••••••••••• 108 112 116 116 116 108 94 90 82 75 107 111 114 113 Puerto Rico •••••• "' ••• "' •• 102 102 102 98 94 96

1 United States excluding Alaska, Hawaii, aJ;ld Puarto Rico.