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Revista Ejército Nº 947 Marzo 2020

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Revista Ejército Nº 947 Marzo 2020 EJÉRCITO núm. 947 núm. El ocaso del orden liberal La asistencia a las Fuerzas de Seguridad EJÉRCITO MARZO 2020 - año LXXXI MARZO EJÉRCITO Los primeros sargentos del Tercio de Extranjeros REVISTA DEL EJÉRCITO DE TIERRA ESPAÑOL NÚMERO 947 MARZO 2020 - AÑO LXXXI EJÉRCITO núm. 947 núm. Marzo 2020 • AÑO LXXXI • NÚM. 947 El ocaso del orden liberal La asistencia a las Fuerzas de Seguridad EJÉRCITO MARZO 2020 - año LXXXI MARZO EJÉRCITO Los primeros sargentos del Tercio de Extranjeros Asistencia a las REVISTA DEL EJÉRCITO DE TIERRA ESPAÑOL NÚMERO 947 MARZO 2020 - AÑO LXXXI Fuerzas de Seguridad Índice EDITA: ARTÍCULOS CONOCER Y CONOCERTE. LA BATALLA DE CANNAS. LECCIONES APRENDIDAS Antonio Varet Peñarrubia. Coronel de Artillería retirado 4 DIRECCIÓN Director General de brigada Leopoldo HERRERO NIVELA Subdirector de Asistencia Técnica de JCISAT Subdirector CONFLICTOS LATENTES: TICOS, NICAS Y EN MEDIO EL RÍO SAN JUAN Coronel Manuel Salvador HERRÁIZ MARTÍNEZ Raúl Suevos Barrero. Coronel de Infantería retirado 10 Jefe de Redacción Coronel Carlos TEJEDA FERNÁNDEZ CONSEJO DE REDACCIÓN Coroneles Torres Santo Domingo, Padilla Velázquez-Gaztelu, Losilla Ortega, Batuecas López, EL OCASO DEL ORDEN LIBERAL Sevillano Queipo de Llano, Rico Sánchez, José Luis Pontijas Calderón. Coronel de Artillería DEM Guerrero Acosta, Baeza López, 18 Bordonado y Urrutia, Lunar Bravo, Martínez Viqueira, Fernández Herrero y Aguilar Rubio Tenientes coroneles Rosell González, Gómez Reyes, Huerta Ovejero y Negrón Carreño LAS BRIGADAS MECANIZADAS RUSAS Comandante Fernando Manrique Montojo. Capitán de Infantería 24 Domínguez Ruiz Teniente López Andrés Suboficial mayor Simarro Pi Corrector de pruebas REFLEXIONES SOBRE ARTILLERÍA LANZACOHETES PARA LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS José Manuel Riveira Córdoba Mateo Moreno Barahona. Ingeniero Aeroespacial 34 Documentación Emilia Antúnez Monterrubio Ofimática y Maquetación NUESTRAS INSERCIONES Ricardo Aguado Martínez Vanesa García Sanz Ana María González Perdones PREMIOS REVISTA EJÉRCITO Luis Fabra Andrés 32 Mª Eugenia Lamarca Montes Eugenio Salmerón Martínez NOVEDADES EDITORIALES DEL MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA 33 Imprime Ministerio de Defensa NORMAS DE COLABORACIÓN 46 NIPO: 083-15-005-2 (edición en papel) NIPO: 083-15-004-7 (edición en línea) Depósito Legal: M-1633-1958 PUBLICACIONES DEL EJÉRCITO DE TIERRA 77 ISSN: 1696-7178 (edición papel) ISSN: 2530-2035 (edición digital) Publicidad RINCÓN DEL MUSEO DEL EJÉRCITO 98 EDITORIAL MIC C/ Artesiano s/n. Polígono Industrial Trobajo del Camino, 24010 León PREMIO HERNÁN PÉREZ DEL PULGAR Tfno.: 902 271 902 / Fax: 902 371 902 99 Email: [email protected] [email protected] APP Y WEB DEFENSA 107 Fotografía MDEF, DECET INTERIOR DE CONTRAPORTADA: «Espíritu del Credo Legionario - El espíritu de compañerismo» 115 Suscripción y venta: calle del Factor n.º 12 - 4.ª planta, 28013 MADRID Tfno.: 915160485 [email protected] Suscripción anual: España 12,02 euros; Europa: 18,03 euros; resto del mundo: 24,04 euros. ARTÍCULOS SECCIONES OBLICUIDAD, DEFENSA Y PODER OBSERVATORIO INTERNACIONAL Augusto Manzanal Ciancaglini ¿Está en peligro el futuro de Iraq? Licenciado en Ciencia Política y de la Administración 40 Alberto Pérez Moreno Coronel de Infantería DEM retirado ¿Avances en la resolución del conflicto de Ucrania? Carlos Echeverría Jesús LAS OPERACIONES MULTIDOMINIO: EL NUEVO RETO Profesor de Relaciones Internacionales Enrique Gaitán Monje. Coronel de Artillería DEM 48 de la UNED 100 INNOVACIÓN Y TECNOLOGÍA La baba del pez Bruja No existen defensas AGRUPACIÓN TÁCTICA MADRID, ASPECTOS LOGÍSTICOS (1.ª PARTE) Ricardo Illán Romero Juan José Otiñano Viñes. Coronel de Infantería DEM reserva 56 Teniente coronel de Infantería 104 GRANDES AUTORES DEL ARTE MILITAR José de Navarrete y Vela-Hidalgo Comandante de Artillería ASISTENCIA A LAS FUERZAS DE SEGURIDAD Y FRUSTRACIÓN Pedro Ramírez Verdún Amaya Bolao Merlo.Teniente Psicólogo 64 Coronel de Infantería DEM retirado 106 FILMOTECA 71 EL ASEGURAMIENTO OFICIAL DE LA CALIDAD Midway Eliseo Nuñez Jato. Teniente coronel del Cuerpo de Ingenieros José Manuel Fernández López Politécnicos del Ejército de Tierra 70 Ejército de Tierra 108 EL ENCUENTRO DE DOS JINETES Ángel Cerdido Peñalver. Coronel de Caballería retirado 78 INFORMACIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA 110 BLAS RUIZ: EL HOMBRE QUE PUDO REINAR (I) Elizabeth Manzo Carreño. Escritora y orientalista 84 SUMARIO INTERNACIONAL 112 LOS PRIMEROS SARGENTOS DEL TERCIO DE EXTRANJEROS Antonio García Moya. Subteniente de Infantería reserva 92 APUNTES DE EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA 114 Revista fundada el 30 de septiembre de 1939, siendo continuación de la revista La Ilustración Militar fundada en 1880, el semanario El Mundo Militar fundado en 1859 y el periódico La Gaceta Militar fundado en 1857. La revista Ejército es la publicación profesional militar del Ejército de Tierra. Tiene como finalidad facilitar el intercambio de ideas sobre temas militares y contribuir a la actualización de conocimientos y a la cultura de defensa. Está abierta a cuantas personas sientan inquietud por los temas militares. Los trabajos publicados representan, únicamente, la opinión personal de los autores sin que la revista Ejército, ni ningún organismo oficial, compartan necesariamente las tesis o criterios expuestos. CONOCER Y CONOCERTE. LA BATALLA DE CANNAS. LECCIONES APRENDIDAS Muerte de Lucio Emilio Paulo en Cannas. Cuadro de John Trumbull La batalla de Cannas nos aporta enseñanzas fundamentales en el campo de la táctica, pero sobre todo en el terreno de la información y contrainformación. A través de su relato, el autor nos muestra los distintos aspectos que dieron la victoria al ejército en principio más débil; un contingente que, finalmente, no supo extraer las ventajas estratégicas de su victoria Si conoces a los demás y te conoces a ti mismo, ni en cien batallas correrás Antonio Varet Peñarrubia peligro; si no conoces a los demás, pero te conoces a ti mismo, perderás una batalla y ganarás otra; si no conoces a los demás ni te conoces a ti mismo, Coronel de Artillería retirado correrás peligro en cada batalla. Sun Tzu La batalla de Cannas nos aporta en- de la sabiduría, las artes y la estrate- o la extinción: es forzoso manejarla señanzas fundamentales en el campo gia militar, los que alcanzarán, armas bien»1. de la táctica, pero sobre todo en el te- mediante, una victoria guiada por una rreno de la información y contrainfor- intuición muy similar a la de un artista Pero a nadie le gusta vivir con miedo. mación. A través de su relato, el autor frente a su obra. Queremos la paz. Este texto no busca, nos muestra los distintos aspectos por tanto, glorificar la guerra, sino ha- que dieron la victoria al ejército en A su vez, y como también ocurre en el llar respuestas en las enseñanzas del principio más débil; un contingente mundo de la creación, una batalla ne- pasado. que, finalmente, no supo extraer las cesita de un contrincante (en el cam- ventajas estratégicas de su victoria. po artístico puede ser el propio crea- dor o la obra en sí misma), un enemigo LA IMPORTANCIA DE al que hay que conocer bien para en- CONOCER Y CONOCERTE. A MODO DE INTRODUCCIÓN contrar las mejores opciones de vic- LA BATALLA DE CANNAS toria, como nos indican las líneas de La guerra, el fenómeno eterno, nun- Sun Tzu que abren este texto. Y es que ca entendido y casi nunca aceptado, el general y pensador chino sabía de la Conoce a los demás es un arte tanto en cuanto exige una importancia de la guerra para el Esta- pericia solo al alcance de unos pocos. do: «Es el dominio de la vida o muer- «Pocas batallas hay en la historia de Son los escogidos por Minerva, diosa te, el camino hacia la supervivencia la humanidad con un nombre tan 4 / Revista Ejército n.º 947 • marzo 2020 evocador como el de Cannas. ¿Quién cada uno. Si Emilio Paulo era un hom- tratar de romper el dispositivo cartagi- no ha oído hablar de una de las mayo- bre cauto que, según los historiadores nés. res derrotas sufridas jamás por las le- Polibio y Tito Livio, estaba convencido giones romanas?... Incluso hoy día se de la necesidad de rehusar el comba- Respecto al armamento de sus ad- estudia en las principales academias te directo, Varrón era impulsivo y va- versarios, los púnicos conocían que militares del mundo, tal fue su impor- nidoso, por lo que no sería sorpren- el arma de los romanos para el com- tancia en cuanto al desarrollo del arte dente que decidiera sacar el ejército bate a corta distancia era la espada de de la guerra se refiere»2. a combatir el día que le correspondía hierro griega, de unos 70 cm de longi- el mando. Eso esperaba Aníbal y eso tud, con punta y doble filo. Un instru- Así es. El conocimiento que el gene- obtuvo, justo lo que necesitaba para mento que, para herir, debía descar- ral Aníbal tenía del enemigo, gracias a ganar la contienda. gar un golpe de arriba abajo, dejando un magnífico servicio de información al descubierto al legionario, quien po- que hoy llamaríamos inteligencia mi- No importó que fuera inferior en infan- día ser herido en la parte inferior con litar, resultó fundamental en la aplas- tería, donde los romanos tenían mejor la temible espada corta que portaban tante victoria del ejército púnico sobre armamento e instrucción táctica (toda los hispanos. las muy superiores legiones romanas. una fuerza cohesionada, preferente- mente ofensiva, con un 80 % de infan- Y luego estaba la caballería romana, Fueron los informadores y espías del tes en el contingente), pues Aníbal sa- poco numerosa respecto a la carta- cartaginés quienes le proporcionaron bía, gracias a sus informadores, que el ginesa, lo que le otorgaba una gran tácticas y costumbres del ejército ro- objetivo principal consistía en detener ventaja a los de Aníbal. Los jine- mano. Por ejemplo, sabía de primera el brutal empuje romano que se produ- tes romanos pertenecían a la orden mano que Roma había lanzado con- ciría en el centro del despliegue para ecuestre de los caballeros.
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