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The Second World War 1939–45

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THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1939–45 Westerplatte near Gdańsk. It was the target of the first attack by German troops in World War II (on September 1, 1939). The photo shows Westerplatte after seven days of fierce defense by the Polish garrison against the overwhelming German forces. and printed be downloaded may This infographic and Solidarity. Remembrance Network of European © Institute https://hi-storylessons.eu purposes. educational and not-for-profit only for (citing its source) in unchanged form CIRCUMSTANCES Europe on 31 August 1939 Allied countries Soviet Union Axis Territories seized by the Axis before the war Neutral countries 1939 14 March Poland, Brześć Litewski – German-Russian Slovakia supported SOVIET victory parade by Germany declares UNITED independence from KINGDOM NAZI POLAND UNION GERMANY Czechoslovakia. On 15 March Germany CZECHOSLOVAKIA invades Czechoslovakia and establishes FRANCE AustRIA the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. ITALY 23 August Signing of the Molotov- Ribbentrop Pact – ALBANIA pact of non-aggression 1938 between Nazi Germany Seized by 17 March and the USSR. Its secret Italy in 1939 Anschluss of Austria protocol concerned whereby Austria is the division of Central incorporated into Europe between the Germany. two powers. 1933 1936 1937 30 September 1 September 30 January 25 November 7 July Munich Agreement – German attack on part of Czechoslovakia Poland, triggering the Adolf Hitler becomes Nazi Germany and Japanese attack on is incorporated by Second World War . the Chancellor of Japan sign the Anti- China, beginning of Germany. To keep Germany. Comintern Pact, the Japanese-Chinese the peace European 17 September directed against War. powers agreed to USSR attack on Poland communism and Hitler’s demands. and the incorporation the USSR. Italy joins of its eastern the pact in 1937. borderlands, more than one-half of Polish and printed be downloaded may This infographic and Solidarity. Remembrance Network of European © Institute https://hi-storylessons.eu purposes. educational and not-for-profit only for (citing its source) in unchanged form territory. Key figures: AXIS AND Adolf Hitler – leader Benito Mussolini – Hirohito – Boris III – Michael I – of Nazi Germany leader of Italy Emperor of Japan Tsar of Bulgaria King of Romania ALLIES Miklós Horthy – Philippe Pétain – Regent of Hungary Chief of State of so- called Vichy France Germany Axis powers Japan Bulgaria and their Romania supporters Italy Italian Social Republic Soviet Union France Vichy 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Kingdom of Italy Selected Allies and Finland France De Gaulle countries Poland fighting the United Kingdom Australia Axis Canada China Yugoslavia USA Charles de Gaulle – Władysław Sikorski Joseph Stalin – leader of the French – Prime Minister leader of the USSR resistance and Prime of the Polish Minister government-in-exile Josip Broz Tito – leader of the communist resistance Winston Churchill Franklin D. Roosevelt Chiang Kai-shek – – Prime Minister of (FDR) – President of leader of China the UK the USA © Institute of European Network Remembrance and Solidarity. This infographic may be downloaded and printed be downloaded may This infographic and Solidarity. Remembrance Network of European © Institute https://hi-storylessons.eu purposes. educational and not-for-profit only for (citing its source) in unchanged form POLITICS 1943 14–24 January 1945 1941 Casablanca Conference where Churchill, 4–11 February 11 March Roosevelt and de Yalta Conference Lend-Lease policy – Gaulle decided to fight where the Big Three USA’s financial and until an unconditional decided on the division military aid for the surrender (without of Germany into four countries fighting any guarantees to occupation zones and the Axis. the defeated party) set the Polish eastern 1940 of Germany, Italy border on the Curzon 17 July – June 22 June and Japan. line. The conference 2 August USSR incorporates the USSR joins the Allies 1942 effectively allowed Potsdam Conference 1939 Baltic States. after German attack. 1 January 22–26 November the USSR to expand its where the Big Three Declaration of the First Cairo Conference sphere of influence to established rules by 1 September 13 March 1940 14 August United Nations signed where Chiang Kai- Central Europe. which the Allies would German attack on After the Winter War Signing of the Atlantic by the Big Four shek, Churchill and govern Germany, Poland. Start of the with Finland (30.11.39- Charter by Roosevelt (USA, UK, USSR and Roosevelt discussed 25 April – set the new borders Second World War. 13.03.40) the USSR and Churchill. The China). The document fighting Japan until 26 June of Germany and incorporates some document stated formalized the alliance its unconditional San Francisco Poland, decided on 3 September important territories that every nation against the Axis and surrender and seized Conference and the resettlement of UK and France declare but fails to create a has a right to self- was a basis for the territories had been foundation of the Germans and called on war on Germany. Finish SSR. determination. United Nations. reclaimed. United Nations. Japan to surrender. 17 September 22 June 8 December 28 November – 8 May 2 September USSR attack on Germany defeated USA joins the Allies 1 December Unconditional Unconditional Poland and the France after after the Japanese Tehran Conference. surrender of Germany. surrender of Japan. incorporation of its conquering attack on Pearl Harbor First meeting of the The end of war in The end of war in the eastern borderlands, Luxembourg, (Hawaii). Big Three – Churchill Europe. Pacific theatre. more than one-half of Netherlands and (UK), Roosevelt (USA) Polish territory. Belgium in May. In 9 December and Stalin (USSR). the southern half China joins the Allies The leaders decided 28 September of France, Germany against the Axis. to open a new front Capitulation of created a puppet in France. Warsaw, German French State (État occupation of the français) – so-called western half of Poland. Vichy France. © Institute of European Network Remembrance and Solidarity. This infographic may be downloaded and printed be downloaded may This infographic and Solidarity. Remembrance Network of European © Institute https://hi-storylessons.eu purposes. educational and not-for-profit only for (citing its source) in unchanged form Warsaw Uprising in Poland, 1944. Polish Home Army soldiers RESISTANCE defending a barricade MOVEMENT IN OCCUPIED EUROPE Warsaw 1 August – 2 October Casualties: 150–180,000 A picture from Jürgen Stroop's report for Heinrich Himmler insurgents and civilians. about liquidation of Warsaw Warsaw Ghetto Insurgents were not Prague Ghetto, May 1943. Original Uprisings 19 April – 16 May helped by Soviet forces 5–9 May German title: These bandits offered armed resistance. in Europe: Casualties: up to stationed on the right Casualties: 8–9,000 40,000 insurgents and bank of the Vistula insurgents and civilians. River. civilians 1943 1944 1945 Paris Slovakia Unsuccessful Successful Partially successful 19–25 August 29 August – 28 October Casualties: 1–1,300 Casualties: 4,000 insurgents and insurgents and civilians.Insurgents civilians were heleped by the Allied forces. Poland France Yugoslavia Polish Underground Free France – French Two rival partisan State dependent on the government-in-exile organizations: Polish government-in- and its army led by exile in London. Charles de Gaulle. National Liberation Chetniks – led by The Underground Operated in occupied Army – communist Draža Mihailović, their State consisted of France and its partisan organization allegiance was to the military and civilian Soldiers of 27th Division in colonies. lead by Josip Broz Tito. Yugoslav government- the forests of Vohlynia structures operating in The partisans managed in-exile. German- and Soviet- French army in 1944: to liberate the country occupied Poland. 400,000 soldiers from the Nazis before Chetniks in 1944: the arrival of the Soviet 170,000 soldiers The Home Army Free France forces in ‘Nicole’ a French partisan Army (with help from in 1944: August 1944: who captured 25 Nazis the Allies). 400,000 soldiers 300,000 soldiers in the Chartres area, in addition to liquidating others, poses with the National Liberation automatic rifle with which Army in 1944: she is most proficient, 1944 800,000 soldiers and printed be downloaded may This infographic and Solidarity. Remembrance Network of European © Institute https://hi-storylessons.eu purposes. educational and not-for-profit only for (citing its source) in unchanged form SOVIET UNION Europe 1939–42 Key Territories 1940 owned, occupied, FINLAND figures: WAR IN controlled by: Allies Friedrich NORWAY Leningrad Axis Paulus – Soviet Union EUROPE German Field Neutral countries Marshall Moscow 1941 DENMARK AND NORTH Stalingrad Furthest reach of UNITED German invasion in Berlin 1939 KINGDOM August 1942 AFRICA NETH. General 1942 BEL. NAZI Government 1941 Heinz GERMANY 1940 Guderian FRANCE – German General VICHY ITALY FRANCE 1941 1939 1 September – 1940 6 October Erwin Rommel – German Polish September Field Marshal, Campaign. German commander of army defeats Polish 1940 9 April – 10 June German Afrika forces. At the same Korps time Poland is German attack on 1941 1942 El-Alamain attacked by the Denmark and Norway, 8 September USSR and falls under beginning the German The start of the German and Soviet occupation of these German siege of occupation. countries. Leningrad. Continued on the next page 30 November 1939 10 May – 25 June 10 July – 2 October 1941 – – 13 March 1940 Battle of France. 31 October 7 January 1942 Winter War. Soviet German attack on Battle of Britain. Battle of Moscow. Georgy Zhukov attack on Finland. France, Belgium, UK’s successful Soviets fend off – Marshal of the After a surprisingly Netherlands and defence against an attack by the Soviet Union long defence by Luxembourg, which German air force German army. Start Finnish forces, the fall under German attacks. of the Soviet counter- USSR incorporates occupation. offensive in the centre some important and northern front. territories but fails to create a Finnish SSR. © Institute of European Network Remembrance and Solidarity.
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