DOCSLIB.ORG

The Challenge of Foresight

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

B Enhancing Safety: The Challenge of Foresight ESReDA Project Group Foresight in Safety EUR 30441 EN Page 1 of 252 This publication is final Technical report from ESReDA Project Group “Foresight in Safety” published by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. EU Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC122252 EUR 30441 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-76-25189-7 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/814452 KJ-NA-30441-EN-N Print ISBN 978-92-76-25188-0 ISSN 1018-5593 doi:10.2760/382517 KJ-NA-30441-EN-C Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 © European Union, 2020 The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented based on Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecom mons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. All content © as noted in the report chapters, except cover photo: Christopher Liang, Binoculars “Enhancing Safety: The Challenge of Foresight” 2009. Source: www.flickr.com/photos/chrisliang82/3169050348. (CC BY 2.0). Edited by ESReDA Project Group Foresight in Safety How to cite this report: ESReDA Project Group Foresight in Safety, Enhancing Safety: The Challenge Available from: ESReDA website: www.esreda.org, of Foresight, EUR 30441 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2020, ISBN 978-92-76-25189-7, doi:10.2760/814452, JRC122252. Joint Research Centre https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository and https://op.europa.eu/en/web/general-publications/publications Page 2 of 252 Preface by ESReDA President thanks are due to those organisations that have allowed working group members to participate in this work including giving free access to their extensive in-house expertise and experience. We record our appreciation and grateful thanks to: Foresight in safety is a critical capability for high-risk industries. It is needed to achieve sustainable, reliable and safe performance: failures of foresight have been • Agenția de Investigare Feroviară Română (AGIFER), Romania observed in most accidents. Foresight in safety requires a mindset within operating • Collectif Heuristique pour l’Analyse Organisationnelle de Sécurité (CHAOS), companies and regulators to think ahead and to remain critical about current risks France that are not fully controlled or acceptable, and to develop vigilance to new threats. • Électricité de France, EDF R&D, France; We should humbly acknowledge that risk anticipation is a difficult challenge and • Energias de Portugal (EDP) – Gestão da Produção de Energia, S.A., Portugal; has no perfect, simple or definitive solution in complex systems. Indeed, systems • European Commission, DG-Joint Research Centre, Energy, Transport & are dynamic, continuously evolving with important changes, such as the current Climate, (JRC), the Netherlands; and DG-Joint Research Centre, Space, massive digitalisation, and external challenges - some with potential major crisis Security & Migration, (JRC), Italy consequences such as the COVID19 pandemic that surprised many stakeholders. • Federal Public Service Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue, Belgium • Fondation pour une Culture de Sécurité Industrielle (FonCSI), France The European Safety, Reliability and Data Association (ESReDA) was created almost • Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), France; thirty years ago to help stakeholders to cope with these kinds of challenges. Its • Kindunos Safety Consultancy Ltd, the Netherlands; principle is cooperative: across boarders in Europe; as well as between industries, • Noordwijk Risk Initiative Foundation (NRI Foundation), The Netherlands, institutions, and authorities. ESReDA is a non-profit making association of • European industrial and academic organisations that promotes advances in the Societatea Nationala Nuclearelectrica SA, Romania, • fields of safety and reliability. ESReDA is a forum for experts to exchange potential SRL Health, Safety, and Environment Consulting, Norway strategies and solutions to cope with these kinds of challenges. The association • Starline, USA always welcomes comments and contributions concerning their publications and • Tukes - Safety Technology Authority, Finland; invites all to submit ideas for further developments in the field of new safety • University of Pardubicze, Czech Republic measures and reliability data as well. In addition, we specifically thank the Joint Research Centre of the European The analyses and proposals presented here were written by an ESReDA project Commission for their support on the publication and dissemination of this ESReDA group. This report would not have been possible without substantial individual deliverable. We hope this report meets the expectations of members of the public efforts by the ESReDA project group members who come from different and organisations who have shown interest in the work of the group in this companies, research institutes, universities and authorities. They have produced important field. its contents without any financial support and have devoted considerable free time to the task. This publication is based on extensive experience from several industrial sectors (transportation, energy, chemical…) and countries in Europe. ESReDA is proud to present the results of their work and hopes it will benefit the Porto, November 2020 Saclay, November 2020 many organisations and individuals worldwide concerned with foresight in safety Luis Andrade Ferreira Mohamed Eid challenges. Universidade do Porto CEA ESReDA would like to thank the authors for their contribution and also the member Former President of ESReDA Current President of ESReDA organisations for funding travel expenses for its members. In particular special Page 3 of 252 Preface by the ESReDA Project Group Foresight in Safety Chapter 6 points out that visualisation of early warning signs is critical to a clear understanding of the causes of existing weaknesses and to defining proper actions to prevent their escalation; This report is the result of a joint effort by experts, working in the fields of risk 1 management, accident analysis, learning from experience and safety Chapter 7 shows how the ESReDA Cube can be used to identify foresight potential management. They come from 10 countries, mainly from Europe but also from the for detection of Early Warning Signs; USA and Australia. Their expertise covers several industrial sectors. Chapter 8 focuses on the investigation and diagnosis of dysfunctional The report aims to provide useful information, from both theoretical and practical organisational factors, in particular those than may lead to a safety level decrease viewpoints, about “Foresight in Safety”, based on current practices and the state with potential negative consequences; of scientific knowledge. Chapter 9 identifies areas of the asset management process that can be used to Safety is an area concerned by ongoing debate (e.g. is goal of safety to ensure that generate safety foresight, enabling the detection of process and 'as few things as possible go wrong' or to ensure that ‘as many things as possible systems/equipment deterioration and other anomalies before a serious accident go right’?), but we can assume that safety implies continued correct operation of can occur; the process such that errors and failures do not lead to major accidents. Chapter 10 explains how analysis of “big data” can help to detect Early Warning The contents of this publication are summarised below. Signs of system failure, and can predict occurrence of very infrequent events affecting safety; Chapter 11 focuses on the role of whistleblowers and argues that taking advantage Chapter 1 presents the case for a new approach to “foresight in safety”, based in of information provided by these persons could help avoid the occurrence of particular on the literature in future studies, and presents its theories, traditions, events; and challenges; Chapter 12 presents technologies, domains and applications that can be used to Chapter 2 shows how foresight is conceptually located between system resilience improve safety directly and by enabling use of foresight; and listening to whistleblowers; Chapter 13 describes some daily activities of regulators and discusses the ways in Chapter 3 aims to characterise some of the failures to foresee major accidents in which regulators can generate and disseminate foresight during these activities. order to foster the ongoing debate about the best strategies to enhance “foresight in safety”; Chapter 4 claims that organisational loss of memory is a topic to be taken into This report can be read either as a whole (by downloading the full report) or you account, in particular the loss of knowledge regarding Early Warning Signs; can read only single chapters (a hyperlink is available for every chapter on the ESReDA dedicated webpage – www.esreda.org). Chapter 5 demonstrates that scenarios describing potential event sequences
Recommended publications
  • COVID-19 Compilation – May 28, 2020 Courtesy of Cornerstone Government Affairs

    COVID-19 Compilation – May 28, 2020 Courtesy of Cornerstone Government Affairs

    COVID-19 Compilation – May 28, 2020 Courtesy of Cornerstone Government Affairs Common Acronyms Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Department of Defense (DOD), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Central Command (CENTCOM), Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) Washington, D.C. • HRSA awarded $15 million to 52 Tribes, Tribal organizations, urban Indian health organizations, and other health services providers to Tribes across 20 states to prepare, prevent, and respond to COVID-19 in rural tribal communities. View the list of awards here. • The FDA is hosting a virtual Town Hall on June 3rd at 12:15 PM for clinical laboratories and commercial manufacturers that are developing or have developed diagnostic tests for COVID-19. The purpose of this Town Hall is to help answer technical questions about the development and validation of tests for COVID- 19. • Vice President Mike Pence met with members of the American Camp Association by phone and led a discussion with camp owners and operators across the country to discuss the approach to safely and responsibly reopening summer camps amid COVID-19. A brief readout is available here. • The CDC published more new COVID-19 documents to its dashboard today. Some highlights are: screening for COVID-19 at homeless shelters and encampments, how to wash cloth face coverings, and resources for child care, schools, and youth programs to help plan for reopening.
  • The New Hampshire Gazette, Friday, April 10, 2020 — Page 1

    The New Hampshire Gazette, Friday, April 10, 2020 — Page 1

    The New Hampshire Gazette, Friday, April 10, 2020 — Page 1 Vol. CCLXIV, No. 15 The New Hampshire Gazette Grab Me! April 10, 2020 The Nation’s Oldest Newspaper™ • Editor: Steven Fowle • Founded 1756 by Daniel Fowle PO Box 756, Portsmouth, NH 03802 • [email protected] • www.nhgazette.com I’m Free! The Fortnightly Rant The Big X-Ray ast weekend Covid-19 was As the sordid life of Allen Dulles† killing a thousand Americans a demonstrates, the Prime Directive Lday. If the death rate doubles every of the U.S. Government has been six days or so, this weekend we’ll say to defend capitalism against all en- goodbye to 4,000 more. emies, foreign and domestic. This is, of course, quite terrible. After letting the world’s #1 Bol- It certainly seems so right now. All shevik scamper off to overthrow the things being relative, though, and Russian Empire, Allen, the inveter- the laws of mathematics being as ate horndog and unregenerate con- they are [the exponential function spirator, joined his staid and stuffy has a power that Bill Barr can only brother John Foster at Cromwell & envy] a month or two from now we Sullivan, the world’s most powerful may look back and see these as the corporate law firm. Their clients,ipso good old days. facto, were the world’s most powerful Remember the bumper sticker, corporations. “Giant Meteor 2016—Just End It Even after purportedly leaving Already”? The comet never came, corporate law—Allen becoming but we got the next-worst thing: Eisenhower’s CIA Director, John umpteen trillion itsy-bitsy blobs Foster his Secretary of State—they of ribonucleic acid are giving this continued serving the same clients.
  • Prism Vol. 9, No. 2 Prism About Vol

    Prism Vol. 9, No. 2 Prism About Vol

    2 021 PRISMVOL. 9, NO. 2 | 2021 PRISM VOL. 9, NO. 2 NO. 9, VOL. THE JOURNAL OF COMPLEX OPER ATIONS PRISM ABOUT VOL. 9, NO. 2, 2021 PRISM, the quarterly journal of complex operations published at National Defense University (NDU), aims to illuminate and provoke debate on whole-of-government EDITOR IN CHIEF efforts to conduct reconstruction, stabilization, counterinsurgency, and irregular Mr. Michael Miklaucic warfare operations. Since the inaugural issue of PRISM in 2010, our readership has expanded to include more than 10,000 officials, servicemen and women, and practi- tioners from across the diplomatic, defense, and development communities in more COPYEDITOR than 80 countries. Ms. Andrea L. Connell PRISM is published with support from NDU’s Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS). In 1984, Secretary of Defense Casper Weinberger established INSS EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS within NDU as a focal point for analysis of critical national security policy and Ms. Taylor Buck defense strategy issues. Today INSS conducts research in support of academic and Ms. Amanda Dawkins leadership programs at NDU; provides strategic support to the Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, combatant commands, and armed services; Ms. Alexandra Fabre de la Grange and engages with the broader national and international security communities. Ms. Julia Humphrey COMMUNICATIONS INTERNET PUBLICATIONS PRISM welcomes unsolicited manuscripts from policymakers, practitioners, and EDITOR scholars, particularly those that present emerging thought, best practices, or train- Ms. Joanna E. Seich ing and education innovations. Publication threshold for articles and critiques varies but is largely determined by topical relevance, continuing education for national and DESIGN international security professionals, scholarly standards of argumentation, quality of Mr.
  • The Public Health Impact of the Buncefield Oil Depot Fire the Public Health Impact of the Buncefield Oil Depot Fire

    The Public Health Impact of the Buncefield Oil Depot Fire the Public Health Impact of the Buncefield Oil Depot Fire

    The Public Health Impact of the Buncefield Oil Depot Fire The Public Health Impact of the Buncefield Oil Depot Fire Report prepared by the Chief Executive’s Office, Health Protection Agency in collaboration with the Dacorum and Watford and Three Rivers Primary Care Trusts. Prof. Pat Troop Chief Executive, Health Protection Agency With thanks to The Buncefield Health Surveillance Steering Group and Tina Endericks, Health Protection Agency, for co-ordinating and editing this report. Please direct any queries concerning this report to: [email protected] This report is available at: www.hpa.org.uk www.watford3r-pct.nhs.uk www.dacorum-pct.nhs.uk ISBN: 0 901144 82 7 PAGES_01_TO_15 14/7/06 00:03 Page 1 T HE P UBLIC H EALTH I MPACT OF THE B UNCEFIELD O IL D EPOT F IRE - 2006 Appendix 1 Contents Chief Executive’s Foreword 3 Executive Summary 4 Summary of the Buncefield Oil Depot Fire 6 Assessing the Public Health Impact 8 Key Findings 10 Appendices 1 Environmental Impacts of the 17 Buncefield Oil Depot Explosion 2 Study of Accident and Emergency Attendances 51 in Hemel Hempstead and Watford 3 Buncefield Follow up Population Survey 71 4 Atmospheric Modelling and Monitoring 89 1 PAGES_01_TO_15 14/7/06 00:03 Page 2 T HE P UBLIC H EALTH I MPACT OF THE B UNCEFIELD O IL D EPOT F IRE - 2006 2 PAGES_01_TO_15 14/7/06 00:03 Page 3 T HE P UBLIC H EALTH I MPACT OF THE B UNCEFIELD O IL D EPOT F IRE - 2006 Chief Executive’s Foreword This report is important as it is the first time this type of public health follow-up study has been undertaken and reported following a major environmental incident in the UK.
  • 37749 World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) Program China: Addressing Water Scarcity Background Paper Series

    37749 World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) Program China: Addressing Water Scarcity Background Paper Series

    37749 World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) Program China: Addressing Water Scarcity Background Paper Series Public Disclosure Authorized THE UK EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEMS: THE CASE OF THE BUNCEFIELD INCIDENT AND LESSONS LEARNED∗ ABSTRACT Public Disclosure Authorized This paper describes the UK Emergency Response Systems, their application during the Buncefield incident and the lessons that can be learned from the enquiry into the incident. It describes the roles and coordinated interaction of the different agencies and the site operator both in preparation and practice for an incident and during an incident. It highlights the importance: of emergency planning as a mechanism to minimize the chance of an accident and being in the best position to respond should an accident occur; of rapid response and a robust communication network that works 24/7; of procedures to inform the public immediately and rapid public evacuation. The nature of the incident also demonstrates the need to understand, manage and monitor the impact to human health and all environmental media, namely air, land, and water. Public Disclosure Authorized 1. INTRODUCTION In the early hours of Sunday 11th December 2005, a number of explosions occurred at Buncefield Oil Storage Depot, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, UK. At least one of the initial explosions was of massive proportions (measuring 2.4 on the Richter scale) and there was a large fire, which engulfed a high proportion of the site. Over 40 people were injured; fortunately there were no fatalities. Significant damage occurred to both commercial and residential properties in the vicinity and a large area around the site was evacuated on emergency service advice.
  • Buncefield Major Incident Investigation

    Buncefield Major Incident Investigation

    BUNCEFIELD MAJOR INCIDENT INVESTIGATION Initial Report to the Health and Safety Commission and the Environment Agency of the investigation into the explosions and fires at the Buncefield oil storage and transfer depot, Hemel Hempstead, on 11 December 2005 Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board a b BUNCEFIELD MAJOR INCIDENT INVESTIGATION Initial Report to the Health and Safety Commission and the Environment Agency of the investigation into the explosions and fires at the Buncefield oil storage and transfer depot, Hemel Hempstead, on 11 December 2005 Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board i ii Contents Executive summary iv Introduction 1 Part 1 – Summary of the incident and subsequent Investigation 5 M Overview of Buncefield operations 5 M Timeline of key events 7 M Emergency response to the Buncefield incident 10 M The Investigation 11 Part 2 – Issues of concern arising from the Investigation to date 18 M Design and operation of storage sites 18 M Emergency response to incidents 21 M Advice to planning authorities 23 Annexes 1 Terms of reference and progress 24 2 Members of the independent Board 27 3 Planning history of Buncefield site and neighbouring developments 28 4 UK petroleum refinery, pipeline and storage system 35 5 Incidents that have similarities with the Buncefield incident 37 6 Fire and explosion hazards from petrol 39 7 Product composition at Buncefield 44 8 Regulatory framework for high hazard sites 46 9 Regulation of perfluorooctane sulphonates (PFOS) 49 10 Legal considerations 51 Glossary 54 Further information 58 iii iv Executive summary The terms of reference of the Investigation directed by the Health and Safety Commission into the explosions and fires at the Buncefield oil storage and transfer depot, Hemel Hempstead, on 11 December 2005 require an initial report to be produced for the Health and Safety Commission and the Environment Agency when the main facts of the incident have been established.
  • Recommendations on the Emergency Preparedness For, Response to and Recovery from Incidents

    Recommendations on the Emergency Preparedness For, Response to and Recovery from Incidents

    Recommendations on the emergency preparedness for, response to and recovery from incidents Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board a Recommendations on the emergency preparedness for, response to and recovery from incidents Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board © Crown copyright This publication may be freely reproduced, except for advertising, endorsement or commercial purposes. First published 07/07. Photographs 1-4, 7, 8, 10 and 11 courtesy of Hertfordshire County Council Photograph 5 courtesy of the Fire Service College Photographs 6 and 9 courtesy of the Press Association Photograph 12 by Brian Howard, supplied by Hemel Hempstead Local History ii and Museum Society and the Dacorum Heritage Trust Limited Contents Introduction 1 The Board’s approach Scope of the recommendations Status of the recommendations The recommendations Assessing the potential for a major incident 7 Recommendation 1 Managing a major incident on site 8 Recommendations 2–9 Preparing for and responding to a major incident off site 13 Recommendations 10–26 Recovering from a major incident 27 Recommendations 27–32 Annexes 1: Terms of reference and progress 32 2: Members of the independent board 35 3: Devolved and equivalent administrations 36 4: Other major incidents causing extensive off-site damage 39 5: National Recovery Working Group terms of reference 41 References 45 Glossary 48 Further information 51 iii Figure 1 An overview of the Buncefield site and adjacent business and residential communities before the incident iv Introduction 1 This report sets out recommendations to improve both planning for emergencies and the effectiveness of the response to emergencies at Buncefield-like sites and other high-hazard industrial facilities regulated under the COMAH1 regime.
  • COVID Reference Esp | 2020.4 Esp | 2020.4 Covidreference.Com Reference COVID COVID

    COVID Reference Esp | 2020.4 Esp | 2020.4 Covidreference.Com Reference COVID COVID

    www.CovidReference.com Bernd Sebastian Kamps Christian Hoffmann COVID reference esp | 2020.4 esp | 2020.4 covidreference.com reference COVID COVID Bernd Sebastian Kamps Christian Hoffmann COVID Reference www.COVIDReference.com Cuarta Edición 2020~4 Uploaded on 24 July 2020 Colaboración y traducción: Anisha Gualani Gualani Jesús García-Rosales Delgado Los editores, autores, editoriales y traductores no han recibido apoyo de instituciones públicas o compañias privadas para realizar este manual. Bernd Sebastian Kamps Christian Hoffmann COVID Reference www.COVIDReference.com Edición 2020~4 Steinhäuser Verlag 4 | Bernd Sebastian Kamps, M.D. www.Amedeo.com Christian Hoffmann, M.D. Infektionsmedizinisches Centrum Hamburg MVZ PartG (ICH) ICH Stadtmitte Glockengiesserwall 1 20095 Hamburg researchgate.net/profile/Christian_Hoffmann8 Descargo de responsabilidad La medicina COVID es un campo nuevo y de rápido cambio. Los editores y autores de COVIDReference.com han hecho todo lo posible para proporcionar información precisa y completa a la fecha de publicación. Sin embargo, en vista de los rápidos cambios que ocurren en la ciencia médica, la prevención y la política de COVID, así como la posibilidad de un error humano, este texto puede contener imprecisiones técnicas, errores tipográficos u otros. Se recomienda a los lectores que consulten las bases de datos de ensayos (fda.gov, etc.) así como la información del producto que el fabricante proporciona actualmente de cada medicamento que se administrará para verificar la dosis recomendada, el método y la duración de la administración, y las contraindicaciones. Es responsabilidad del médico tratante (¡y de los estudiantes del último año!) quien se basa en la experiencia y el conocimiento sobre el paciente para determinar el mejor tratamiento y dosis para el paciente.
  • American Nephrology Nurses Association

    American Nephrology Nurses Association

    American Nephrology Nurses Association Daily Capitol Hill Update – Friday, April 3, 2020 (The following information comes from Bloomberg Government Website) Schedules: White House and Congress WHITE HOUSE 11:30am: President Trump receives intelligence briefing 3pm: Trump holds roundtable discussion with energy industry CEOs 5pm: White House coronavirus task force news briefing CONGRESS House lawmakers scheduled to return to Washington April 20 Senate plans next votes April 20 Congressional, Health Policy, and Political News Hospitals Press Insurers for Faster Payments: The hospital industry is asking major health insurers to follow Medicare’s lead and allow providers to receive their payments faster or more frequently during the Covid-19 emergency. Doing so would “make a significant difference in whether a hospital or health system keeps their doors open during this critical time,” said Richard Pollack, president and CEO of the American Hospital Association, in an letter Wednesday to insurance industry executives. o But Kristine Grow, a spokesperson with America’s Health Insurance Plans, said in a statement that decisions about payments should be made on a case-by-case basis. “Not every hospital is in need of advance payments, and not every plan is able to make them,” Grow said. FDA Eases Gay Blood Donor Rules: Federal regulators eased restrictions that severely limit blood donations by men who have sex with men as supplies run short amid the pandemic. The FDA released revised guidelines yesterday that would allow gay men to donate blood after refraining from sexual contact for three months instead of a year. The FDA said that the experience in other countries, such as the U.K., with a three-month deferral and improved testing led the agency to make the change.
  • Oil Leaks, Fires & Explosions

    Oil Leaks, Fires & Explosions

    7/31/2017 Oil leaks, fires and explosions | UK and US made for a happy day music | philosophy | photos | videos | thoughts | news | contact | Oil leaks, fires & explosions Steels are sagging, valves sticking, fillers over­filling, pipes leaking, gauges sticking. Safety procedures fail. Alert systems remain stubbornly silent. It shouldn't be this way. Every Chief Executive will tell you that their company’s number one priority is safety. Building and planning regulations have succeeded in minimizing fire hazards. Risk assessments inform every conceivable area of health and safety at work and play. Yet right now our energy industry infrastructure is suffering a series of catastrophic shocks that is starting to look unstoppable. Some of these disasters are baffling, not least because they are happening at a time of soaring prices and massive oil wealth ­ a time when the pressure to cut corners ought to be minimal. Take the investigation into the ‘UK’s biggest peace time explosion’, the Buncefield explosion of December 2005. Investigators are unable to explain why the greatest blast damage to buildings was in the vicinity of the nearby open air car parks. The report states that ‘The magnitude of the overpressures generated in the open areas of the … car parks is not consistent with current understanding of vapour cloud explosions'. This assertion sheds doubt on the validity of the reports own reading of events*1. In New York in February 2003, residents were woken up 30 miles away by a massive blast at the oil and gas facility on Staten Island*2. An explosion at the Ghislenghien plant in Belgium in July 2004 'sent huge fireballs into the air, flung bodies hundreds of yards, burned two factories and left a large crater between them'*3.
  • Annex D Major Events in the Energy Industry

    Annex D Major Events in the Energy Industry

    Annex D Major events in the Energy Industry 2018 Energy Prices In February 2018 the Domestic Gas and Electricity (Tariff Cap) Bill was introduced to Parliament, which will put in place a requirement on the independent regulator, Ofgem, to cap energy tariffs until 2020. It will mean an absolute cap can be set on poor value tariffs, protecting the 11 million households in England, Wales and Scotland who are currently on a standard variable or other default energy tariff and who are not protected by existing price caps. An extension to Ofgem’s safeguard tariff cap was introduced in February 2018 which will see a further one million more vulnerable consumers protected from unfair energy price rises. Nuclear In June 2018 the Government announced a deal with the nuclear sector to ensure that nuclear energy continues to power the UK for years to come through major innovation, cutting-edge technology and ensuring a diverse and highly-skilled workforce. Key elements include: • a £200 million Nuclear Sector Deal to secure the UK’s diverse energy mix and drive down the costs of nuclear energy meaning cheaper energy bills for customers; • a £32 million boost from government and industry to kick-start a new advanced manufacturing programme including R&D investment to develop potential world-leading nuclear technologies like advanced modular reactors; • a commitment to increasing gender diversity with a target of 40% women working in the civil nuclear sector by 2030. 2017 Energy Policy In October 2017 the Government published The Clean Growth Strategy: Leading the way to a low carbon future, which aims to cut emissions while keeping costs down for consumers, creating good jobs and growing the economy.
  • Isbn: 978-9940-46-058-7

    Isbn: 978-9940-46-058-7

    ISBN: 978-9940-46-058-7 HEALTH SCIENCES Current Research and New Trends/2 Editor Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayhan GULER Editor Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayhan Guler First Edition •© December 2020 /Cetinje-Montenegro ISBN • 978-9940-46-058-7 © copyright All Rights Reserved web: www.ivpe.me Tel. +382 41 234 709 e-mail: [email protected] Cetinje, Montenegro PREFACE Dear scientists, Our age is the information age. It is now a definite conclusion that the countries that produce information will survive in the future. This is why; As scientists, we have to do our best to prevent our country from falling behind in this race. During the pandemic process of all countries, we should not fall behind in the development of vaccines and the efforts to contain the epidemic. We must help and guide young researchers in this regard. We know that we are better than many countries in the world in the field of health. The way to circumvent this pandemic with the least damage is to raise awareness of our people correctly. In this period when face-to-face education is not possible, we should use all kinds of scientific research and meetings to inform our society in the most accurate and fastest way online. It is also pleasing that our healthcare personnel and scientists, who are working under difficult conditions nowadays, can also continue their scientific activities. I hope this will set an example for the younger generation. I would like to thank all of my colleagues and publishing house for their devotion. Ast. Prof. Dr. Ayhan GÜLER I CONTENTS CHAPTER I Azimet YALÇIN BUĞDAYCI &