PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 109(2), 2007, pp. 286–294

INTRODUCED LEAF OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES, 2: THE CEREAL LEAF MELANOPUS (LINNAEUS) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

LAURENT LESAGE, ERHARD JOHN DOBESBERGER, AND CHRISTOPHER G. MAJKA

(LL) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, ECORC, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6 (e-mail: [email protected]); (EJD) Science Advice and Biohazard Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Plant Health Risk Assessment Unit, 3851 Fallowfield Rd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9 (e-mail: [email protected]); (CGM) Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, 1747 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3A6 (e-mail: [email protected])

Abstract.—Voucher specimens of the cereal , Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus), from the Maritime Provinces of Canada were examined. This important cereal pest is newly recorded from Prince Edward Island. Most populations established in the Maritime Provinces of Canada probably originated from southern Ontario where O. melanopus was first discovered about 1965. Historical information demonstrates that the beetle spread northeastward by natural means and reached Prince Edward Island by 1994. An alternate source of introduction may have been the port of Halifax where O. melanopus has been intercepted in cargo originating from Italy. However, it is not possible to distinguish beetles originating from southern Ontario from those introduced directly into Halifax. The introduction of the species into the Canadian Maritimes was probably either domestic or from adjacent portions of the United States. Oulema melanopus is likely to continue to spread slowly by natural means throughout Canada. Host availability and climate change are likely to assure survival and establishment in new environments despite phytosanitary measures. Introduction of biological control agents and resistant cereal varieties are likely to maintain populations at or below economic thresholds. Key Words: Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Criocerinae, Oulema melanopus, , Canada, Maritime Provinces, adventive species, quarantine pest

The cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melano- and across much of Asia from China, pus (Linnaeus, 1758), is an adventive Mongolia and central Siberia west Palearctic leaf beetle that is now widely through Iran and the Caucasus to established across much of the United Turkey and south to Israel and Syria States except for the southwest (NAPIS (Haynes and Gage 1981, Olfert et al. 2005, Riley et al. 2003) and Canada 2004). (Campbell et al. 1989, LeSage 1991, In Europe, however, O. melanopus has Olfert et al. 2004, CFIA 2005). often been mistaken for the closely In the Old World, it is found through- related O. duftschmidi (Redtenbaker, out most of Europe, in North Africa, 1874). Berti (1989) discussed the external VOLUME 109, NUMBER 2 287 morphology and genitalia of both species throughout the Great Lakes Region in detail. Both are sympatric, but O. between 1962 and 1979 (Haynes and melanopus appears more northern in Gage 1981). distribution whereas O. duftschmidi is In Canada, all life stages of the beetle more Mediterranean and Oriental. Con- were found for the first time in May sequently, the possibility that O. duftsch- 1965, near Harrow, in southern Ontario midi has also been introduced into North (Brown 1966). Within two years, the America is not excluded, but it has not as beetle had already infested several fields yet been demonstrated. of Essex County. For this reason, it was Hitherto, most of the available in- expected to spread mostly in a northeast- formation on O. melanopus in Canada erly direction (McClanahan et al. 1968). consisted of short summaries resulting To the northwest, the dispersal may have from Canadian agricultural pest surveys been assisted by additional foreign or plant quarantine pest monitoring. In sources of adults since specimens were this study, we provide original informa- intercepted in 1969 at Thunder Bay tion obtained directly from voucher (Ontario) from agricultural machinery specimens of older records, or from (combines) originating from Germany new material not previously reported in (Straby 1971). To the east, O. melanopus publications. The dispersal patterns of O. reached the Ontario/Que´bec border in melanopus in the Maritime Provinces of 1970, and was suspected to be estab- Canada are also discussed. lished in Que´bec (Manson and Boyce 1970). In order to verify this hypothesis, HISTORICAL REVIEW the Division of Plant Protection of Oulema melanopus is an invasive pest Agriculture Canada, Que´bec section, of small grains and was probably in- made several surveys in the southwest troduced into North America between of the province in 1972, but no eggs, 1947 and 1949, although it was not larvae, or adults were detected although identified until 1962 in Berrien Co., minor damage was observed in some Michigan, where it caused significant fields of the Vaudreuil-Soulanges coun- damage to oats (Avena sativa L., Poa- ties, west of the Island of Montre´al ceae) (Haynes and Gage 1981). Oulema (Dandurand 1976). The quarantine mea- melanopus may have gained entry into sures ordered by the Division included the United States via straw originating all Metropolitan Montre´al and Vau- from Europe that was used as packing dreuil-Soulanges counties (Cardinal material for shipments of brick, although 1974, Caron 1975). Despite these mea- the exact pathway is unknown (Dobes- sures, all life stages of O. melanopus were berger 2002). In 1960, at Muskegon, found in 1975 in several localities along Michigan, O. melanopus was found on the north side of the Ottawa River, from plants in the trunk of a passenger car Lachute to Iˆle-aux-Alumettes (Dandur- originating from Europe (Spears 1964). and 1976). Following a small survey in Numerous interceptions in the USA have 1981, it was established that the beetle been made since the earliest known occurred south of the St. Lawrence River record in 1936 at Baltimore, Maryland from the Ontario border eastward to (Spears 1964). Despite pest control and Nicolet, Drummondville, Acton Vale, strict quarantine measures (i.e., treat- and Bedford (Anonymous 1981). In ment of hay, straw, corn and sod for 1982, an attempt was made to define movement outside of a quarantine zone), the eastern border of the infestation in O. melanopus continued to spread by Canada. Scattered specimens were found natural and various man-made means in Richmond, Sherbrooke, and Stan- 288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON stead counties; the map given in the et al. 1977). In 1975, only one year after the report also included Que´bec City (Anon- parasitoid releases, parasitism rate varied ymous 1983). In 1983, 22 fields were from 15% to 95% (Ellis et al. 1979). In the checked between Que´bec City and Mont- late 1980s, parasitism held the cereal leaf Joli, and within the Matape´dia Valley; beetle at a low level throughout Ontario after this survey, O. melanopus was except in west Norfolk County (Bereza considered to have extended its eastern 1990). In New Brunswick, T. julis was range to Mont-Joli, in the Gaspe´ Penin- already present when the beetle popula- sula, and to the border of New Bruns- tions were surveyed (Finnamore 1988b). In wick (Anonymous 1983). Colchester Co. and Kings Co., Nova A survey carried out by the Plant Scotia, larval parasitism by Tetrastichus Health Division of Agriculture Canada, julis varied from 5 to 50%, and 0 to 12.7% in 1984, in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), respectively (Crozier 1997b). barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Poaceae) These parasitoids succeeded in keep- and oat fields of Grand Falls, St. ing populations of the cereal leaf beetle Quentin, and Woodstock, New Bruns- in the United States at or below wick, did not detect the cereal leaf beetle economic thresholds (USDA-APHIS- (Anonymous 1986). Larvae of the beetle PPQ 1995). In the absence of natural were collected for the first time in 1988, enemies, yield losses could reach 55% in in grain fields located along the St. John spring wheat, and 23% in winter wheat. River Valley between Hartland (Carleton Up to 75% yield loss could be observed Co.) and Edmundston (Madawaska Co.) in oats and barley (USDA-APHIS-PPQ (Finnamore 1988a, Anonymous 1989). It 1995). The successful introduction of was first detected in Maine (USA) in Ft. parasitoids into O. melanopus popula- Kent, New Canada, and Presque Isle in tions, which contributed to their decline, northern Aroostock Co. (adjacent to probably led to the deregulation of this Que´bec and New Brunswick) in 1986 pest by USDA officials in 1973 and (Dearborn and Donahue 1993). discontinuation of these biological con- Oulema melanopus was first noticed in trol programs in 1979 (USDA-APHIS- Kings County (Nova Scotia) in 1995, PPQ 1995). became widespread in 1996, and it was In 1984, O. melanopus was reported in necessary to use chemical controls in Utah and by 1999 had spread to the 1997 (Crozier 1997a, 1998). Oulema neighbouring states of Montana, Oregon, melanopus has since been intercepted in Washington, Idaho, Colorado, and Nova Scotia (Halifax) in a wooden Wyoming (Hammon and Peairs 2003). In container originating from Italy (CFIA the Pacific Northwest, O. melanopus was 2001). found to be a serious problem where the The search for biological control agents early stages of barley crops were attacked started as early as 1963. Four hymenop- (Buntin et al. 2004). As a result of this teran species were immediately established western invasion and observation of in- in Michigan (Haynes et al. 1974): a my- creased damage compared to central and marid egg parasitoid, Anaphes flavipes northeastern North America, APHIS re- (Foerster), an eulophid larval parasitoid, introduced its biological control program Tetrastichus julis (Walker), a solitary ich- for O. melanopus in 1993 (USDA-APHIS- neumonid, Diaparsis carinifer (Thomson), PPQ 1995). Despite these biological con- and a larval ichneumonid parasitoid, trol efforts, O. melanopus has been found Lemophagus curtus (Townes). Only T. julis in the Creston Valley in neighboring was released in Canada, and the targeted British Columbia, Canada in 1998 (CFIA area was south-central Ontario (Hartcourt 1999), and in the East Kootenays in 2002 VOLUME 109, NUMBER 2 289

(CFIA 2002). Oulema melanopus has since NSNR Nova Scotia Department of spread to Alberta in 2005 (County of Natural Resources, Shubena- Lethbridge and the Municipal District of cadie, Nova Scotia. Taber) (NAPPO 2005). STFX Saint Francis Xavier Universi- Oulema melanopus has been recorded ty, Antigonish, Nova Scotia. as feeding on a wide variety of grasses in the Poaceae including species in the genera Agrostis, Alopecurus, Arrhe- RESULTS natherum, Avena, Brachypodium, Bro- Identification.—Oulema melanopus is mus, Dactylis, Echinochloa, Elymus, Fes- a showy beetle with a black head, red tuca, Hordeum, Lolium, Oryza, Panicum, pronotum and legs, and deep metallic Phalaris, Phleum, Poa, Secale, Setaria, blue elytra (Fig. 1). Such a color pattern Sorghum, Triticum, and Zea (Campbell is very uncommon in native Canadian et al. 1989, Clark et al. 2004). According leaf beetles; only Gastrophysa polygoni to Dandurand (1976), oats are the ideal (Linnaeus), another Palearctic species host, whereas Caron (1975) reported that introduced from Eurasia, looks superfi- spring wheat was preferred when he cially similar. The elytral punctation can made mid-June surveys in cereal fields be used to separate them easily as it of the southeast region of Montre´al. comes in well-defined rows in O. mela- Surveys made in Ontario in 1970 ranked nopus, but it is completely confused in G. oat, barley and wheat in order of polygoni. The shape of the pronotum can preference (Anonymous 1970). also help to distinguish these two species, since the pronotum of G. polygoni METHODS AND CONVENTIONS possesses a well-formed bead on both sides whereas such a bead is not found in In the course of ongoing research on O. melanopus. the Coleoptera fauna of the Maritime Distribution.—Oulema melanopus has Provinces of Canada, specimens of O. now been found at a variety of sites in melanopus in various regional collec- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and tions, as well as, in the Canadian Prince Edward Island in the Maritime National Collection (CNC) were exam- Provinces of Canada (Fig. 2). This is ined and determined. a first record for its presence in Prince Abbreviations of names of collections Edward Island. referred to in the text are: Locality records for the Maritime Provinces.—NEW BRUNSWICK: Car- ACNS Agriculture and Agri-Food leton Co.: Hartland, 20.VII.1987, D.B. Canada, Kentville, Nova Sco- Finnamore, (on) grain, (3, CNC). Victo- tia. ria Co.: Grand Falls, VII.1980, L.S. ACPE Agriculture and Agri-Food Thompson, (3, CNC). NOVA SCOTIA: Canada, Charlottetown, Prin- Antigonish Co.: Antigonish, 14.V.1998, ce Edward Island. G. Merner, grassland, (1, STFX); Anti- CGMC Christopher G. Majka Collec- gonish Landing, 14.V.1998, E.C. Roder- tion, Halifax, Nova Scotia. ick, grassy wetland, (1, STFX). Colche- CNC Canadian National Collection, ster Co.: Bible Hill, 13.V.1998, P. Van Ottawa, Ontario. Wychen, (20, CNC), 30.VI.1997, L. DHWC David H. Webster Collection, Crozier (10, CNC); Clifton, 11.V.1998, Kentville, Nova Scotia. L. Crozier, (10, CNC); Little Dyke, JOC Jeffrey Ogden Collection, 4.IX.1996, Lorne Crozier; Masstown, Truro, Nova Scotia. 30,VI.1997, L. Crozier, (10, CNC); Shu- 290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Fig. 1. Habitus photograph of Oulema melanopus. benacadie, 31.VII, 1997, J. Ogden, (1, grassy meadow, (1, CGMC); south-end JOC); Shubenacadie, 1.VIII, 1997, J. Halifax, 6.VI.2001, C.G. Majka, open Ogden, (2, NSNR). Halifax Co.: Point area, (1, CGMC). Kings Co.: New Pleasant Park, 15.VI. 2001. C.G. Majka, Minas, 20.V.2001, D.H. Webster, open VOLUME 109, NUMBER 2 291

Fig. 2. Distribution of Oulema melanopus in the Maritime Provinces and adjacent regions. The asterisk (*) indicates the location of the first Canadian record; open circles indicate localities cited in the paper; closed circles indicate localities based on voucher specimens referred to in the paper. woods, on Daphne mezereum L., (1, a forested area not close to any agricul- DHWC); Sheffield Mills, 17.VII.1996, tural areas. Of interest is the specimen L. Crosier, (2, CNC); Sheffield Mills, collected on Pictou Island in the North- 15.X.1998, M. Trombley, (1, ACNS); umberland Straits, 7.5 km from the Sheffield Mills, 21.V.1997, S. Rigby & C. nearest point of mainland Nova Scotia. O’Flaherty, (1, ACNS). Pictou Co.: This island is inhabited and parts are Black River, 13.VII.1998. J. Ogden, (1, regularly harvested for hay production. NSNR); Pictou Island, 14.VII.1998, J. Also of interest are records from Ogden, (1, NSNR). PRINCE EDWARD Halifax, an important transatlantic sea- ISLAND: Queens Co.: Harrington, Har- port. The specimen collected at Point rington Farm, 2.VIII.1994, M.E.M. Pleasant Park was less than 500 meters Smith, (on) winter wheat, (3, CNC; 3, from the container terminal in the port ACPE). area, while the specimen collected in south-end Halifax was immediately ad- DISCUSSION jacent to the ravine along which the Oulema melanopus has been found in CNR railway lines run from the port. a variety of areas and habitats. Records The port of Halifax has a very sizeable from Grand Falls (NB), Hartland (NB), annual commerce of grain and related Harrington (PE), Sheffield Mills (NS), materials through the port facilities. Shubenacadie (NS), and New Minas Oulema melanopus does not feed on (NS) are in agricultural districts, fre- grain, nor is it likely to be moved in quently in or adjacent to agricultural grain as adults generally die within about sites. The specimens collected in Black three weeks in such plant material. River (NS) were along a small stream in Adults do not survive long-term storage 292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON in grain bins (Morrill et al. 1992), and it and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS) is known that beetles may be accidentally and David H. Webster for making found in stored products (Campbell et al. specimens and records available. Thanks 1989). However, O. melanopus adults to Alicia Zmudzinska for review of the may ‘‘hitch-hike’’ in solid wood packag- manuscript, Klaus Bolte for executing ing materials (e.g., crating), but intercep- the habitus photograph, and Susan tions are rare. Farm machinery, Christ- Flood for creating the map (Agriculture mas trees, fruit for consumption, and and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON). plants with or without soil also are C.G. Majka thanks Calum Ewing and known pathways of movement (Haynes Andrew Hebda (Nova Scotia Museum) and Gage 1981, Dobesberger 2002). for continuing support and encourage- Point Pleasant Park and the port of ment. This work has been assisted by Halifax are well-known sites for the a research grant from the Nova Scotia introduction of a wide variety of adven- Museum of Natural History. E.J. Do- tive Coleoptera (Majka and Klimas- besberger thanks D.E. Watler and J.A. zewski 2004). Majka and LeSage (2006) Garland (Plant Health Risk Assessment suggest that the road and rail corridors Unit, Canadian Food Inspection Agen- that lead from Halifax may have been cy, Ottawa) for review of earlier drafts of responsible for the introduction and this manuscript. Two anonymous re- spread of the Palearctic leaf beetle, viewers read earlier versions of the Sphaeroderma testaceum (Fabricius). manuscript and made many constructive In the CLIMEXTM model of the suggestions. potential distribution of O. melanopus generated by Olfert et al. (2004), most of LITERATURE CITED the Maritime Provinces are indicated as Anonymous. 1970. Pests of small grains—Cereal being favorable for the establishment of Leaf Beetles (Oulema melanopus (L.)). The Canadian Agricultural Pest Review the species with portions of Nova Sco- 48: 3. tia having EI (Ecoclimatic Index) values ———. 1981. Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melano- in the 35–40 range (values . 20 are pus. Summary of Plant Quarantine Pest and considered favorable for establishment). Disease Situations in Canada 1980. 50 pp. Oulema melanopus is likely to continue to ———. 1983. Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema mela- nopus. Summary of Plant Quarantine Pest spread slowly by natural means through- and Disease Situations in Canada 1980. out Canada. Host availability and cli- pp. 49–50. mate change are likely to assure survival ———. 1986. Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melano- and establishment in new environments pus. Summary of Plant Quarantine Pest and despite phytosanitary measures. Intro- Disease Situations in Canada 1984–1985. 17 pp. duction of biological control agents and ———. 1989. Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melano- resistant cereal varieties would maintain pus (Linnaeus). Summary of Plant Quarantine cereal leaf beetle populations at or below Pest and Disease Situations in Canada 1987– economic thresholds. 88. 20 pp. Bereza, K. 1990. and related pests of cereal ACKNOWLEDGMENTS crops—Ontario. The Canadian Agricultural Insect Pest Review 67: 1. Thanks to Randolph F. Lauff (St. Berti, N. 1989. Contribution a` la faune de France. Francis Xavier University), Christine L’identite´ d’Oulema (O.) melanopus (L.) 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