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Asteraceae) No Rio UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA O GÊNERO PTEROCAULON ELL. (ASTERACEAE) NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL: ASPECTOS TAXONÔMICOS, PALINOLÓGICOS E FITOQUÍMICOS Luís Fernando Paiva Lima Porto Alegre – RS 2006 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA O GÊNERO PTEROCAULON ELL. (ASTERACEAE) NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL: ASPECTOS TAXONÔMICOS, PALINOLÓGICOS E FITOQUÍMICOS Luís Fernando Paiva Lima Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Botânica. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Nélson Ivo Matzenbacher Banca Examinadora: Profª Drª Lílian Eggers Profª Drª Mara R. Ritter Prof. Dr. Sérgio A. L. Bordignon Porto Alegre – RS 2006 ii “A alma nasce na pedra, respira na planta, anda no animal e pensa no homem” Pietro Ubaldi – Filósofo italiano iii Agradecimentos Pelo amor que tenho à vida e em especial ao estudo das plantas, “ O gênero Pterocaulon Ell. (Asteraceae) no Rio Grande do Sul: aspectos taxonômicos, palinológicos e fitoquímicos”, veio numa hora em que definitivamente agarrei. Por destino? Talvez Por obrigação? Com certeza! Pois ao nascer cada um recebe o seu dom, e no meu caso, perder a oportunidade de conhecer, interpretar e registrar algo sobre os “segredos” das plantas seria como poder ir à Lua e não olhar para a Terra. Assim deixo os meus agradecimentos: Ao prof. Dr. Nélson Ivo Matzenbacher, obrigado pela orientação, conselhos, conversas, amizade e estímulo, que sem dúvida ajudaram a nortear minha estrada. À profª Drª Soraia Girardi Bauermann e a Marcus Vinícius Gribov Corrêa, pela colaboração e entusiasmo com o estudo palinológico. À profª Drª Gilsane Lino von Poser, pelo apoio técnico e incentivo durante o estudo fitoquímico. Aos colegas de pós-graduação, que lembraram de mim ao coletar um exemplar de Pterocaulon e pelas sugestões oportunas. À profª Drª Mara R. Ritter pelas sugestões e críticas. A CAPES pelo apoio financeiro. iv Aos que me disseram não, porque me deram mais forças para seguir adiante. Ao meu sobrinho Thomás, pelo apoio técnico indispensável na editoração deste trabalho. À minha família pela compreensão em mais esta etapa da minha vida. E, finalmente, a Deus, que não me solta da sua mão. v SUMÁRIO Lista de Figuras e Pranchas Lista de Tabelas Apresentação ................................................................................................................. 1 Introdução Geral ........................................................................................................... 2 Referências Bibliográficas ............................................................................................ 9 Capítulo I – O gênero Pterocaulon Ell. no Rio Grande do Sul – Brasil 1. Introdução .......................................................................................................... 13 2. Material e métodos ............................................................................................. 19 2.1 Levantamento bibliográfico ....................................................................... 19 2.2 Revisão de herbários .................................................................................. 20 2.3 Expedições de coleta .................................................................................. 21 2.4 Análise morfológica ................................................................................... 21 2.5 Ilustrações .................................................................................................. 22 3. Resultados e discussão ....................................................................................... 23 3.1 Descrição do gênero Pterocaulon Ell. ....................................................... 23 3.2 Espécies confirmadas para a flora do Rio Grande do Sul ......................... 24 3.3 Chave dicotômica para identificação das espécies de Pterocaulon no Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil .............................................................................. 25 3.4 Descrição das espécies de Pterocaulon no Rio Grande do Sul ............... 26 vi P. alopecuroides (Lam.) DC. ……………………………………….......... 26 P. angustifolium DC. ................................................................................... 35 P. balansae Chodat ……………………………………….…………….… 44 P. cordobense Kuntze ……………………………………….……………. 52 P. lorentzii Malme ……………………………………...….…………...… 55 P. polypterum (DC.) Cabr. ........................................................................... 63 P. polystachyum DC. .................................................................................... 71 P. rugosum (Vahl.) Malme ........................................................................... 78 P. virgatum (L.) DC. .................................................................................... 84 3.5 Distribuição geográfica ............................................................................. 91 3.6 Adaptações morfo-fisiológicas associadas à escassez de água e insolação .. ................................................................................................................. 91 3.7 Plasticidade fenotípica ............................................................................. 92 4. Referências bibliográficas ........................................................................... 92 Capítulo II - Aspectos morfopalinológicas das espécies brasileiras de Pterocaulon Ell. (Asteraceae) 1. Introdução ........................................................................................................... 96 2. Material e métodos ................................................................................................... 98 2.1 Material estudado ..................................................................................... 98 vii 2.2 Processamento físico-químico e análise polínica sob microscopia óptica .. ............................................................................................................... 98 2.3 Análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) ..................... 99 2.4 Observação e descrição da morfologia polínica .................................. 99 3. Resultados ....................................................................................................... 101 4. Discussão dos resultados ................................................................................. 114 5. Síntese dos resultados ..................................................................................... 117 6. Referências bibliográficas .............................................................................. 124 Capítulo III – Aspectos fitoquímicos do gênero Pterocaulon Ell. no Brasil 1. Introdução ..................................................................................................... 127 2. Revisão bibliográfica .................................................................................... 129 2.1 Constituintes químicos de Pterocaulon spp. ....................................... 129 2.2 Caracteres anatômicos e histoquímicosde Pterocaulon spp. ............. 132 3. Material e métodos ....................................................................................... 133 3.1 Material vegetal ................................................................................. 133 3.2 Extração e perfil cromatográfico ....................................................... 134 3.3 Estudo histoquímico .......................................................................... 134 4. Resultados e discussão ................................................................................ 135 viii 5. Referências bibliográficas .......................................................................... 143 Considerações Finais ........................................................................................... 146 ix Lista de Figuras e Pranchas Figura 1. Distribuição geográfica do gênero Pterocaulon .................................................. 16 Figura 2. Pterocaulon alopecuroides .................................................................................. 32 Prancha 1. Pterocaulon alopecuroides ............................................................................... 33 Figura 3. Mapa das ocorrências de Pterocaulon alopecuroides no Rio Grande do Sul ..... 34 Figura 4. Pterocaulon angustifolium .................................................................................. 41 Prancha 2. Pterocaulon angustifolium ............................................................................... 42 Figura 5. Mapa das ocorrências de Pterocaulon angustifolium no Rio Grande do Sul ..... 43 Figura 6. Pterocaulon balansae ......................................................................................... 49 Prancha 3. Pterocaulon balansae ...................................................................................... 50 Figura 7. Mapa das ocorrências de Pterocaulon balansae no Rio Grande do Sul ............ 51 Figura 8. Pterocaulon cordobense .................................................................................... 55 Figura 9. Mapa das ocorrências de Pterocaulon cordobense no Rio Grande do Sul ....... 56 Figura 10. Pterocaulon lorentzii ....................................................................................... 62 Prancha 4. Pterocaulon lorentzii .....................................................................................
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