ISBN-13 → 978-1-74108-528-0 DOI → 10.26183/29c7-kj09 christchurch hobart punta arenas ushuaia cape town © 2021 the authors Report Authors To cite this report Juan Francisco Salazar, Western Sydney University Paul James, Western Sydney University J.F. Salazar, P. James, E. Leane, L. Magee, Antarctic Cities: Elizabeth Leane, University of Tasmania From Gateway to Custodial Cities, Institute for Culture Liam Magee, Western Sydney University and Society, Sydney, 2021. With the Project Research Team and other Chief This research project was funded by an Australian Investigators Research Council Linkage grant (LP 160100210) 2017–2021. This final report was commissioned Project Chief Investigators for partner institutions Hobart City Council, Christchurch City Council, and Instituto Antártico Juan Francisco Salazar, Western Sydney University Chileno (INACH), Chile. Paul James, Western Sydney University Elizabeth Leane, University of Tasmania Project website Liam Magee, Western Sydney University Daniela Liggett, University of Canterbury https://antarctic-cities.org/ Elías Barticevic, Instituto Antártico Chileno Claudia Estrada, Universidad de Magallanes Creative Licence copyright Project Research Team © Juan Francisco Salazar, Paul James, Elizabeth Leane, and Liam Magee Doita Datta Andrea Herbert Published by the Institute for Culture and Society Marina Khan Chloe Lucas Western Sydney University Sebastián Martín Valdez Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Silvia Martínez New South Wales, 2751 Katie Marx Australia Hanne Nielsen Andrea Pollio Design Gabriela Roldán Pablo Ruíz Teneb Project Partner Institutions Printing Hobart City Council, Australia Christchurch City Council, New Zealand Dark Star Digital, Sydney, Australia Antarctic Office, Christchurch, New Zealand Tasmania Department of State Growth, Australia First published 2021 Instituto Antártico Chileno, Chile The report Antarctic Cities comprises the following volumes Antarctic Cities, Volume 1: From Gateway Cities to Custodial Cities Antarctic Cities, Volume 2: Urban Sustainability Profiles Antarctic Cities, Volume 3: Antarctic Connectivity Index Antarctic Cities, Volume 4: Principles for Antarctic Connectivity from gateways to custodial cities ISBN-13 → 978-1-74108-528-0 DOI → 10.26183/29c7-kj09 https://doi.org/10.26183/29c7-kj09 Table of Contents 9 1. Executive Summary 65 6. The Antarctic 113 9. Antarctic Custodians and Connectivity Index Youth Engagement: The Antarctic Youth Coalition 11 Key aims of the project 65 Background to the Index Key outputs of the project 66 Why this index? 116 Recruitment 12 Key outcomes of the project 67 Index Questions, Indicators, and Means of 117 The Antarctic Cities Youth Expedition 13 Key Engagement and Impact Figures at a Glance Measurement 123 Planning the Antarctic Youth Coalition in 68 What is the general question guiding the index? Antarctica 15 2. Introduction 68 Key Findings from the Hobart Connectivity 129 A transformative experience Workshop 20 Reimagining Gateway Cities as Custodial Cities 70 Key Findings from the Christchurch 133 10. From Gateways Connectivity Workshop to Custodial Cities 25 3. Insights and Recommendations 136 Principles for Antarctic 25 Key Insights 73 7. Informed Citizens in the Antarctic Cities Connectivity Preamble 27 Key Recommendations 137 The Principles in Summary 74 Circles of Social Life Survey 2018 138 References 33 4. Background, Aims, and Outputs Method and Instrument 141 Commissioned Essay The Secret Weapon 76 Key Findings of the Hobart Survey Against the Climate Crisis: Indigenous 33 Background to the Antarctic Cities Project 78 Key Findings of the Christchurch Survey Sovereignty by Jamie Graham-Blair 34 Research Team 80 Key Findings of the Punta Arenas Survey 157 Appendix 1. Academic Publications 36 Partners 84 Comparisons Between the Three Cities and Presentations Antarctic Youth Coalition Ambassadors 85 Antarctic Urban Identities Online Survey 2020 159 Appendix 2. Participating Stakeholders and Core Partner Organizations 86 Methodology Engagement Activities (2017-2020) Other Partners and Sponsors 90 Multidimensional Connections 162 School engagement (Hobart) 37 Project Aims 92 Information 163 Project engagement activities 37 The project has the following aims: 93 Engagement 164 Research participant numbers 39 Project Outputs 97 Social Imaginaries 167 Appendix 3. Media Strategy Public Policies 168 Media Coverage 2017 to 2020 43 5. The Urban Sustainability 100 Antarctic values 176 Appendix 3. Antarctic Youth Coalition Strategy of the Antarctic Cities 181 Appendix 4. Antarctic Futures Resource Pack 47 Background to the Urban Sustainability Profiles 103 8. Anticipating the Future of 182 Theoretical Underpinnings 48 The Urban Profile Method Antarctica: The Antarctic Futures Methodology 49 The Expert Panels and Workshops Game Learning Objectives 50 Key Findings of the Hobart Profile Process 184 Aspects of the Game 1'05 Developing a Functioning Prototype 52 Key Findings of the Punta Arenas Profile Process 186 Instructions 106 Storyboarding the Game 54 Key Findings of the Christchurch Profile Process 189 Settings Prototype Development 57 Comparative Findings between 190 Learn with Antarctic Futures 108 Prototype Testing Hobart, Christchurch, and Punta Arenas 109 Testing and Improving the Beta Version 59 Built Form and Mobility 110 Key Findings 60 Level of Physical Activity and Obesity Rates 111 Conclusions 63 Resilience of Regional Ecosystems Sense of Belonging and Identification with the Urban Area Level of Personal Security Housing Affordability 6 7 executive summary antarctic cities 1 1. Executive Summary The cities of Cape Town, Christchurch, Hobart, Punta Arenas, and Ushuaia are formally recognized international gateway cities through which flows most travel to the Antarctic region. All significant engagement with the South Polar region is co-ordinated through them. By geographical placement and historical contingency, these cities have a special connection to their bioregions to the south. They are the most connected to the Antarctic in the world. They have become important scientific hubs where the diplomatic and logistical co-operation underpinning most of the world’s interactions with the Antarctic and the Southern Ocean take place. Through these cities, Antarctica has exercised a powerful hold on the global imagination since the late nineteenth century. In 2009, these five cities came together to sign a document, the first of its kind, the Statement of Intent between the Southern Oceanic Rim Gateway Cities to the Antarctic. The agreement invoked the spirit of the Antarctic Treaty, outlining in-principle support for knowledge exchanges and ‘promot[ing] the enhancement of peaceful and co- operative relations between signatory nations’ (Sciurano, et al., 2009). Although the statement expired 18 months after it was signed, in the period since, the ‘Antarctic city’ status of several of the cities has been reinforced by policy papers at all levels of government that put forward visions for enhancing this place-identification (Leane, et al., 2021). Today, the Antarctic region faces unprecedented challenges. These Southern Oceanic Rim cities, individually and as a group, are in a position to play an important role in defining how Antarctica is imagined, discursively constructed, and vicariously experienced. This requires elaboration of the more conventional roles they have played as ‘gateway cities’, portals for goods and services (Hall, 2000). As this report shows, these five cities are much more than gateways. They are intimately connected to the south in ways—historical, cultural, political, affective—that exceed the logistical and transport function implied in the notion of gateway. With the ‘ice continent’ taking on a new centrality in global public consciousness in the Anthropocene, these cities’ relationship with the region to their south is likely to become an even more valuable part of their urban identity. As the future of the Antarctic hangs in delicate balance, this research project argues that these cities are key to securing the future of this fragile region. 8 9 executive summary antarctic cities 1 Antarctic gateway cities are urban centres that can embody the values associated with Antarctica—international co-operation, figure 1.1. Mount Wellington scientific innovation, environmental protection—and act as or kunanyi, overlooking the global stewards of the South Polar region. As Antarctic custodial city of Hobart. ©Photo: Public Domain, Wikimedia.org. cities these urban centres can strengthen an existing interlinked southern-rim network, to better learn from and benefit each figure 1.2. A panoramic view other. The project has sought to shift the emphasis on the role and of Christchurch City. ©Photo: Public Domain, Wikimedia. responsibilities of nation-states in Antarctica and pay attention org. to the roles and responsibilities of these five cities formally recognized as the Antarctic gateway cities. Most importantly, the figure 1.3. The Arturo Prat pier looking towards the Strait of Antarctic Cities project has sought to summarize this change Magellan, Punta Arenas. 2018. in conception and function by interchanging ‘gateway’ with ©Photo: René Quinan. ‘custodian’. In this context, it seeks to inform decision-makers and figure 1.4. The iconic Table citizens on how their Antarctic gateway cities can best effect a Mountain, also called cultural, political, ecological, and economic transition towards Hurio₮axa (Khoekhoe) or becoming Antarctic custodial cities. Tafelberg (Afrikans) overlooking