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ISSUE 3 || July 2020 || www.whiteblacklegal.co.in ISSN: 2581-8503 VOLUME 2 : ISSUE 3 || July 2020 || Email: [email protected] Website: www.whiteblacklegal.co.in 1 www.whiteblacklegal.co.in ISSN: 2581-8503 DISCLAIMER No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any form by any means without prior written permission of Editor-in-chief of White Black Legal – The Law Journal. The Editorial Team of White Black Legal holds the copyright to all articles contributed to this publication. The views expressed in this publication are purely personal opinions of the authors and do not reflect the views of the Editorial Team of White Black Legal. Though all efforts are made to ensure the accuracy and correctness of the information published, White Black Legal shall not be responsible for any errors caused due to oversight or otherwise. 2 www.whiteblacklegal.co.in ISSN: 2581-8503 EDITORIAL TEAM EDITOR IN CHIEF Name - Mr. Varun Agrawal Consultant || SUMEG FINANCIAL SERVICES PVT.LTD. Phone - +91-9990670288 Email - [email protected] EDITOR Name - Mr. Anand Agrawal Consultant|| SUMEG FINANCIAL SERVICES PVT.LTD. EDITOR (HONORARY) Name - Smt Surbhi Mittal Manager || PSU EDITOR(HONORARY) Name - Mr Praveen Mittal Consultant || United Health Group MNC EDITOR Name - Smt Sweety Jain Consultant||SUMEG FINANCIAL SERVICES PVT.LTD. EDITOR Name - Mr. Siddharth Dhawan Core Team Member || Legal Education Awareness Foundation 3 www.whiteblacklegal.co.in ISSN: 2581-8503 ABOUT US WHITE BLACK LEGAL is an open access, peer-reviewed and refereed journal provide dedicated to express views on topical legal issues, thereby generating a cross current of ideas on emerging matters. This platform shall also ignite the initiative and desire of young law students to contribute in the field of law. The erudite response of legal luminaries shall be solicited to enable readers to explore challenges that lie before law makers, lawyers and the society at large, in the event of the ever changing social, economic and technological scenario. With this thought, we hereby present to you WHITE BLACK LEGAL: THE LAW JOURNAL 4 www.whiteblacklegal.co.in ISSN: 2581-8503 MISSING ALIENISTS: THE FAULTS IN OUR INDIAN CRIMINAL PROFILING SYSTEM (By Vasudha) TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS……………….……………………….…………..……..PAGE NO. I. Acknowledgement………………………………………………………….5 II. Meaning of criminal profiling.......................................................................6 III. Criminal Profiling v. Psychological Profiling v. Racial Profiling………....7 IV. Purpose of Criminal Profiling……………………………………………...7-8 V. History of Profiling………………………………………………………...8-9 VI. Fiction versus Reality………………………………………………………10 VII. Criminal Profiling in India………………………………………………….10-11 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………12 5 www.whiteblacklegal.co.in ISSN: 2581-8503 MEANING OF CRIMINAL PROFILING Criminal profiling also known as ‘Offender Profiling’ is a tool used in the process of investigation to narrow down the potential suspects. Originally the term ‘offender profiling’ was coined by the US Federal Bureau Investigation.1 The different terms are used to refer to profiling of offenders in the context of police investigation include: psychological profiling, criminal personality profiling, crime scene analysis, diagnostic evaluation, criminal investigative analysis, crime‐linking, crime action profiling, and geographical profiling.2 Criminal profiling can be said a hybrid of psychology and law. It is important to understand the nature of the person who would commit a particular kind of a crime. Each offender leaves a part of him or herself at the crime scene. It can be done intentionally which is commonly also known as the ‘signature’ of the criminal or in certain cases of serial murderers, their way of committing the murder will be similar. To form an analysis after observing the crime scene is said to be forming a profile. Generally, criminals are caught by the police system but because of increasing crime rate and different techniques coming into play, the demand for criminal profilers who are experts in the field of analyzing behavior of humans is rising. Role of profilers is to assist the police department in the investigation of cases in which they require help from a psychological angle. The profiler usually arrives at the crime scene with the police and collects the data so that he can analyze it from which conclusions can be drawn about the nature of the crime, whether it was an impulsive action or was it a planned crime. For example, if the crime scene is messy and the weapon has been taken from the nearby sources such as knife from the kitchen it can be assumed that the offender was not prepared before coming to the crime scene and hence it was not a planned murder. 1 Scott A. Bonn, Criminal Profiling: The Original Mind Hunters, Psychology Today (Dec 04, 2017), https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/wicked-deeds/201712/criminal-profiling-the-original-mind-hunters. 2 Andreas Kapardis, Offender‐profiling today: an overview, Apr 26,2017 http://crime-in-crisis.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/41-KAPARDIS-KOURAKIS- FS_Final_Draft_26.4.17.pdf. 6 www.whiteblacklegal.co.in ISSN: 2581-8503 CRIMINAL PROFILING V. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILING V. RACIAL PROFILING In their book, Introduction to Forensic Psychology, Curt and Anne Bartol describe the differences between criminal profiling, psychological profiling, and racial profiling.3 CRIMINAL PROFILING Criminal profiling refers to identifying and describing essential information about a suspect. As previously indicated, criminal profilers use data about other offenders who have committed similar types of offenses in attempting to narrow the pool of possible suspects. The goal of criminal profiling is to arrive at a profile of the type of individual who may be responsible for committing the crime of interest. 4 PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILING Psychological profiling refers to a behavioral sketch of an individual who may or may not be a suspected offender. The process of psychological profiling involves integrating information and evidence from the crime scene with psychological theory to arrive at a sketch of the perpetrator’s behavior and personality. Bartol and Bartol write that the United States’ Office of Strategic Services used psychological profiling during World War II in an effort to understand the tendencies and thought processes of Adolf Hitler. 5 RACIAL PROFILING Racial profiling refers to police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin (rather than the behavior) of an individual or information that leads the police to a particular individual who has been identified as being, or having been, engaged in criminal activity.6 PURPOSE OF CRIMINAL PROFILING According to Holmes & Holmes (2002) profiling has four main goals. Firstly, to provide the criminal justice system with a social and psychological assessment of the offender. It should provide basic and sound information concerning the social and psychological core variables of the offender’s personality. The psychological team would focus on the investigation. Instead 3 Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M.. Introduction to forensic psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA, Mar 22,2011 http://www.clinicalforensicpsychology.org/what-is-criminal-profiling/ 4 Ibid 3 5 Ibid 4 6 Ibid 5 7 www.whiteblacklegal.co.in ISSN: 2581-8503 of dealing with a wide range of possible perpetrators, the profile will reduce the scope of investigation. This will reduce the number of days spent on the case by positioning the police towards a successful resolution. Secondly, to provide criminal justice system with a psychological evaluation of belongings found in the possession of the offender. In cases of serial pedophiles, child pornography can be found from the offender’s possession. By analyzing the possession, a profile can be developed. This can be used in other cases of rapists, arsonists and serial killers7. Another aim of criminal profiling is to provide interviewing techniques. Not all people can be questioned in the same way so interviewing techniques should be followed for different people according to their nature of crime. The profile framed should contain all the information regarding different kinds of people and personalities. For example, violent offenders should be dealt with different kind of interrogative techniques8 HISTORY OF PROFILING Walter Charles Langer was a psychoanalyst from Cambridge, Massachusetts who framed the first analysis of Adolf Hitler in 1943 for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) that predicted his suicide as the "most plausible outcome" among several possibilities identified. The possibility framed by Langer proved out to be correct when Hitler committed suicide when Berlin was taken over by his allies. The report is available online and, along with collateral material including a foreword, introduction and afterword, was published in 1972 by Basic Books as The Mind of Adolf Hitler. 9 In 1957, the case of ‘mad bomber’ was circling the streets of New York. He terrorized the city by being responsible for 30 bombings over a period of 15 years. In this case, James Brussels, a psychiatrist, profiled his case and helped the police in tracking down the bomber.10 Robert D. Keppel’s first case as a homicide detective was of Ted Bundy. His first assignment after joining the King County Sheriff’s Office in Seattle was when two women went missing from Lake Sammamish. They both were Bundy’s victims. They both shared a distinct 7 Ronald M. Holmes & Stephen T. Holmes, Profiling Violent Crimes:
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