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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zoeb Road Ann Artur, Michigan 40108 74-24,364 LUMPKIN, Angela, 1950- THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN TO THE HISTORY OF COMPETITIVE TENNIS IN THE UNITED STATES (1874-1974). The Ohio S tate U niversity, Ph.D., 1974 Education, physical Xerox University MicrofilmsAnn ,Arbor, Michigan 48106 © 1974 ANGELA LUMPKIN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE CONTRIBUTIONS OP WOMEN TO THE HISTORY OP COMPETITIVE TENNIS IN THE UNITED STATES (1874-1974) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio Stete University »y Angela Lumpkin, B.S.B., M.A. The Ohio State University 1974 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Bruce L. Bennett Dr. Mary M. Yoat Dr. John V. Hendrix Adviser Division of Physical Eduoation ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Bruce L. Bennett, for his constant inspiration and guidance throughout the research for and the writing of this work. His patient assistance helped make this endeavor a reality. I also would like to thank Dr. Mary M. Yost and Dr. John W. Hendrix for their assistance in serving on my reading committee. I would especially lik e to express my sincere g ratitu d e to Hazel Wightman, Edwin Baker, Robert Day, Luell Guthrie, Peggy Mann, and the staff of the United States Lawn Tennis Association for their assistance in securing information for this study. Others who so freely answered questions were also of great help to this study. 1 want to thank my parents for everything they did in making this all possible. i i VITA May 17, 1950 .........................Born—Helena, Arkansan 1971 .•••••••••• B.S.B., University oC Arkansas Fayattsvilla, Arkansas 1972 ......................................... M.A., The Ohio S ta te U niversity Colunbus, Ohio 1972-1973 • • • ................. Teaching Associate The Ohio State University FIBIOS OF STUDY Major Field: Physical Education Studies in History of Physical Education. Professor Bruce L. Bennett Studies in Twentieth Century American History. Professors Hopkins, Kerr, Kelchard. TABU OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................... 11 VITA .............................................................................................................. I l l CHAPTER 1. WOMEN IN TENNIS: AN INTRODUCTION........................... 1 2* EASTERN WOMEN ACCEPT TENNIS (1 8 7 4 -1 9 0 3 ) .............. 10 Tennla In England ........................................... ••••••• 11 Tannin Brought to the United Staten ••••••••• 14 T ennla, A Gama Cor the E lite and W omen ........................ 17 O riginal Tennla C l o th i n g ...................................................... 22 A N ational Organisation and Woman's Competition • • • 24 3* TENNIS SREADS NATIONALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY (1904- 1 9 2 3 ).................................................................................................. 27 Calif ornlana Introduce New Sty lea af Play and Win • • 28 Greateat Woman Player of All Tim a ..................................... 39 Tennla Attire Allowa Greater Freedom of Movement • . 41 New Competitive Opportunltlea and the Demine of Pure Amateurism .................................................................. 44 Initiating International Tennla ......................................... 47 4« CALIFORNIANS DOMINATE W0R1D TENNIS (1924-1940)................. 53 Another Trio of California Champions ............................. 54 More Dreas Em ancipation.......................................................... 65 Competition and Opportunities for It ................. 67 U3LTA Struggles with Amateur Rulings •••••••. 71 Expanded International Com petition ................................. 74 5. AMERICANS SWEEP WIMBLEDON AMD FOREST HIUS (1941-1958) . 81 Seven American Champions of the 1940*a and 1950's • • 82 The Color Barrier in Tennla la Broken •••••••• 90 The Lace Pantiea and Fmiinlne-Looking Clothing • • • 97 Intercollegiate Tennis Spreads Nationally •••••• 99 The USLTA's Double Standard .......................................... 102 American Women Victorious Worldwide »•••••••■ 109 A Hall of Fame and Museum for T e n n is ............................. 110 6 . TUB INTERNATIONAL FARCE OF AMATEURISM (1959-1967) . 112 Leading Players from the W orld ......................................... 113 Hmr and Old Traditions in Tannla A ttire ......................... 120 More Tennis Competition fo r th e G i r l s ............................. 121 The Myth of Amateurism ..................... 124 Women's International Team Matches—Federation Cup • 129 Page 7. STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY IN OPEN TENNIS (1968-1974) .... 132 E stablished Champions and New S tars • • • ..................... 133 The Second Greening of Tennis .................... 141 Tennis Becomes Open .......................................................... 142 The Virginia Slims C irc u it ..............................................150 The Team Concept in T en n is ..............................................157 Three International Team Matches for Women ............. 159 The King-Riggs Extravaganza..............................................161 8. A LONG WAY, BABYJ .........................................................................162 APPENDIXES ...........................................................................................171 A. The M ajor's Game of Lawn Tennis .............................. 172 B. Laws of Lawn Tennis—1884 174 C* USLTA Champions—Women's S in g le s .........................................178 D. USLTA Champions—Women's Doubles .........................................180 E. USLTA Champions—Mixed Doubles .........................182 F. All-England Champions—Women's Singles ............................... 184 G. All-England Champions—Women's Doubles ................... 186 H. All-England Champions—Mixed Doubles .................. 188 I. French Singles Champions—United States Winners .... 190 J. Australian Singles Champions—United States Winners . 191 K. USLTA Champions—G irls' 18 S in g le s .................................. 192 L. USLTA Champions—Girls* 18 Doubles • 194 M. USLEA Champions—G irls' 16 Singles & Doubles .... 196 N, USLTA Champions—Girls' 14 Singles & Doubles . • • • 197 0. USLTA Champions—G irls' 12 Singles & Doubles .... • 198 P. USLTA Women*8 Collegiate Champions—Singles & Doubles • 199 Q, American Tennis Association Champions—Women's Singles . 200 R. American Tennis Association Champions—Women's Doubles . 202 S. In tern atio n al Women's Team Competition—Wightman Cup . • 203 Page T. Worldwide Tea* Competition*—Federation C u p .................... • 210 U. Bonne Bell Cup • ••••••••••••»........................ 211 V* Meabera of the National Lawn Tennla Hall of Fame , . • • 212 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................... 213 Chapter 1 WOMEN IN TENNIS: AN INTRODUCTION During the one hundred years women in the United States have played tennis, the sport has changed dramatically. Prom the court-length dresses with their nunerous petticoats of the 1870*s to the short, pastel-colored tennis dresses of the 1970's, from patting a ball gently over a high sloping net to attacking baseline or net games, and from the pastime of the leisurely country-club set to a popular professional sport, women's tennis has come a long way. It has been the purpose of this researcher to identify and record the contri butions that women players have made to