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Insect Hemolymph, with Special Reference to Some Factors Influencing Mitotically Dividing Cells Oscar Ernest Tauber Iowa State College

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Insect Hemolymph, with Special Reference to Some Factors Influencing Mitotically Dividing Cells Oscar Ernest Tauber Iowa State College Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1935 Studies on insect hemolymph, with special reference to some factors influencing mitotically dividing cells Oscar Ernest Tauber Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Entomology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Tauber, Oscar Ernest, "Studies on insect hemolymph, with special reference to some factors influencing mitotically dividing cells" (1935). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 15215. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15215 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI' STUDIES OK INSECT HEI»I0LYTJPH. V/ITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING ICCTOTICALLY DIVIDING CELLS BY Oscar Ernest Tauber A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty for the Degree of DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY Major Subject - Zoology Approved Signature was redacted for privacy. In .fcharge'^f Maj^ work Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Majw 4)epartiaont Signature was redacted for privacy. ±>e^ of Gx^diia^ College Iowa State College 1935 UMI Number: DP13000 UMI^ UMI Microform DP13000 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 T\^\ •• 2 •• TABLE OP CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 6 II. LITERATURE SURVEY A. The Cell Theory 10 B. The Protoplasxna Doctrine 29 C. The Organismal Theoiry S3 D. Cell Division S7 E. Insect Hemolymph Cells 1. General Literature 44 2, Classification of Cells 49 a. Table I. Comparison of Nomenclature of Insect Hemolymph Cell Types ... 58 S. Division and Origin of Cells 59 P. Bacteria in Insect Hemolymph 62 1, Table II. Some Papers Listing Bacteria Found in Insect Hemolyn^h 65 G. Factors Influencing Mitosis 74 1, Table III, Some Papers Referring to Con­ ditions or Substances Affecting Mitosis . 77 H, Stimulation of Mitosis of Insect Hemolymph Cells 105 III. MATERIALS 109 IV. METHODS 112 V, EXPIIRIMENTS 116 VI. RESULTS A. Prom Determining Y/hat Nvaaber of Cells Consti­ tute a Pair Sample For Making Bf.D.C. Counts . 120 1, Table IV. Comparison of M.D.C. Counts (^) Based on Different Ntontoers of Cells Counted 122 T5'Z3I 3 - Page B. From Tests to Duplicate Counts £rom Same Sample 123 1. Table V. Duplicate Counts on Same Hemo- iTmph San^le 125 C. Prom Control Animals 124 1, Table VI, Average Mitotic Control Counts . 126 2, Figure I. M.D.C. Counts f3?om Control Animal No,619 129 D. Prom Animals Segregated foi' Sex and Age .... 130 E. Prom Animals Checked for Possible Effects from Changes in Laboratory Temperature 130 1. Figure II, Comparison of M.D.C. Ciirves and Laboratory Temperature Cujrves .... 133 P. Prom Ovipositing Pamales 134 1. Figure III, Composite and Typical Curve from Females During Egg Formation and Deposition 136 2. Table VII. Summary of Data from Oviposit­ ing Females 137 ff. Prom Molting Animals 138 1, Pigvire IV. Composite and Typical Curve from Molting Specimens 140 2, Table VIII, Summary of Data from Molting Animals 141 H, Prom Animals Subjected to Successive Counts Within Short Intervals 142 1. Figure V. Curve of Successive Counts from Animal No.625a 144 I. Prom Animals Subjected to Hi^ or Low Tempera­ ture 145 1, Figure VI. Curve of M.D.C. Counts of Animals Subjected to 37®C 147 2, Figure VII. Curves from Animals Subjected to 5°0. and Room Temperature 149 3, Table IX. Sxjmmary of Data from Animals Subjected to Hi^a and Lov; Temperature . , 150 4 - Page J. Prom Various Experiments Using Different Bac­ teria 151 1. Table X, SmnDiarjr of Data from Experiments "With Bacteria 154 2. Figure VIII. Curves from Animals Inocu­ lated v/lth. Staphylococcus aureus ..... 158 3. Figure IX. Curve from Animals Infected YTlth Coccus Bacteria 160 4. Figure X. Curve from Ani.mals Infected with Rod Bacteria 162 K. From Animals in Certain Pathological Conditions. 1. Table XI. Summary of Data from Animals in Certain Pathological Conditions ..... 163 2, Figure XI. Counts from Anii.mals Afflicted with Paralysis and vAth Abiiorma3.1y Vacuo­ lated Cells 157 L. Prom Injections of Sterile Nutrient Broth, Pep­ tone, and Beef Exti^act 168 1. Table XII. Summary of Data from Injections of Broth, Peptone, and Beef Extract . 170 2. Figure XII. Curve from Animal Injected \'Tith nutrient Broth 173 5. Figure XIII. CuxTre from Animal Injected with lOjj Peptone 175 M. From Animals Injected with Chick Embryo Extract, Rat Blood, Hemoglobin, or Egg Albumin . .176 1. Table XIII. Summary of Data from Animals Injected v/ith Embryo Extract, Blood, Hemoglobin, or Albumin 178 K. From the Use of Some Amino Acids, Particularly Cysteine, of Glutathione, and of Insulin . 179 1. Table XIV. Summary of Data from Injection of Various Amino Acids, of Glutathione, aiai of Insulin 181 2. Figure XIV. Curves from Animals Injected with Cysteine 184 3. Figure X^r. Ctu?ve from Animal Injected with Glutathione 185 4. Figure XVI. Curve from Animal Injected v/ith Undiluted Insulin 188 - 5 - Page 0. From Injection of Dinitroplienol, Thyroxin, G-lucoso, Load Chloride, or Rotenone 189 1. Table XV. Sutnmary of Data from Animals In­ jected v/lth Dinitx»ophenol, Thyroxin, Glu­ cose, Lead Chloride, or Rotenone 191 P. Total Umber aiid Per Cents of Dividing Cells and Multinucleate Cells Observed 192 1. Table XVI, Total Number and Per Cents of Dividing and Multinucleate Cells Observed. 194 VII, DISCUSSION 195 VIII. CONCLUSIONS 218 IX. SUIffilARY . , 224 X. LITERATURE CITED 230 XI. AClCNiOlVLEDGiasl'ITS . 281 XII. VITA 282 XIII. ILLUSTRATIONS A. Plate I. Sketches of Normal, Dividing, and Other Hemolyraph Cells from Blatta orientalis . 285 B, Plate II. Sketches of Multinucleate Iiemol:ymph Cells from Blatta orientalis 287 - 6 - I. INTRODUCTION Although living organisms differ widely in distinguislaing characteristics, all are fiandamentally alike in their \mits of anatomical structure. Plants and animals are built of similar elementary units called cells; and the view that all living things are made of these minute particles is called the cell theory. This belief is considered one of the most important and basic theories of biology. The botanist, the zoologist, the physiologist, and the pathologist study the cell in search of the vital phenomena which occur during health and disease. From this viewpoint, all vital processes of a complex organism appear as the result of the irsiividual vital processes of its functioning cells. Thus, in many respects, the cell is the center arotind which the biological research of the present re­ volves. Experiments included in this dissertation are essential­ ly studies of individual cells in a modified form of a tissue culture; the hemolyraph of a particularly suited living insect (Blatta orientalis) serves as the medium in v/hlch the cells are suspended. Changes in the composition or the reaction of the hemolyraph brought about by pathological or physiological con­ ditions, or by direct injection into the experimental animal are essentially similar to changes v/hich might be obtained in the usual fom of tissue culture by the direct addition to the - 7 - tissue meditxm of toxins, chemicals, or otlaer agents. Use of this living insect in the manner to be described has some advantages over the use of a tissue culture. Keeping and feeding the insect are much more convenient than the daily manipulations demanded by a tis8^XB cultxire. Use of the insect eliminates the daily dlsttirbances to viixich culture cells are subjected when changed from one medium to another. Many more cells are available for study in a sample of hemolymph than can be studied in a piece of growing tissue. Cells in the hemolymph of the living insect probably can be subjected to more vajpied and drastic experiiiiental conditions than can cells in a delicately balanced tissue culture medium. Certain cell changes - such as those occurring in karyoklnesls ~ can be con­ veniently followed in the isolated hemolymph cells of the in­ sect by means of temporary stained mounts, while cells from a tissue culture usually must be prepared by a more complicated histological technique before they can be examined. Changes occurring In experimentally treated cells can be studied in a long series of hemolymph cell seimplea taken from the same source with very short Intervals between samples - a piocedure not possible from the same tissue culture preparation.
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