DOCSLIB.ORG

Lancaster Local Plan SA Scoping Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lancaster Local Plan SA Scoping Report Sustainability Appraisal (SA) Lancaster District Local Plan Scoping Report October 2020 SA for the Lancaster Local Plan Scoping Report Quality information Prepared by Checked by Verified by Approved by Lauren Egan, Graduate Chris McNulty, Ian McCluskey, Ian McCluskey, Environmental Planner, Senior Consultant Principal Consultant Principal Consultant Chris McNulty, Senior Consultant Ishaq Khan, Graduate Consultant Revision History Revision Revision date Details Authorized Name Position V1 01/10/2020 First draft for CM Chris McNulty Senior internal review Consultant V2 12/10/2020 Amended draft IM Ian McCluskey Principal for review by Consultant Lancaster planning policy officers V3 19/10/2020 Further amended IM Ian McCluskey Principal draft Consultant incorporating comments from officers Prepared for: Lancaster City Council Prepared by: AECOM Limited 3rd Floor, Portwall Place Portwall Lane Bristol BS1 6NA United Kingdom T: +44 117 901 7000 aecom.com © 2020 AECOM Limited. All Rights Reserved. This document has been prepared by AECOM Infrastructure & Environment UK Limited (“AECOM”) for sole use of our client (the “Client”) in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and the terms of reference agreed between AECOM and the Client. Any information provided by third parties and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM, unless otherwise expressly stated in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM. AECOM SA for the Lancaster Local Plan Scoping Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 2. Air quality ................................................................................................. 4 3. Biodiversity ............................................................................................ 10 4. Climate change (adaptation) ................................................................. 17 5. Climate change (mitigation) ................................................................... 29 6. Economy and employment .................................................................... 42 7. Health and wellbeing ............................................................................. 53 8. Historic Environment ............................................................................. 62 9. Housing ................................................................................................. 69 10. Natural resources .................................................................................. 75 11. Landscape ............................................................................................. 84 12. Population and communities ................................................................. 91 13. Transportation ..................................................................................... 100 14. Development in neighbouring authorities ............................................ 107 15. Next Steps ........................................................................................... 108 Appendix A - the SA Framework .................................................................... 109 AECOM SA for the Lancaster Local Plan 1. Introduction Background Lancaster City Council have now completed work on the new Local Plan for Lancaster District which includes a Strategic Policies & Land Allocations Development Plan Document (DPD) and a reviewed Development Management DPD. The adoption of the Local Plan provides certainty over how the District will develop and grow over the coming years and identifies how development needs will be met. The Plan sets out how and where economic growth can be achieved and identifies where land and premises need to be protected, whether this is for its environment, economic or social value. On 29 July 2020, Lancaster City Council formally adopted its Local Plan: Strategic Policies and Land Allocations DPD and Review of the Development Management DPD. These documents shape the future of Lancaster up until 2031, and plan for more housing, new employment, open spaces, shops and community facilities, all of which are necessary to create places in which people want to live, work and do business. On 30 January 2019, the council declared a climate emergency. Whilst the newly adopted Local Plan does seek to address climate change, it was too far advanced in the plan preparation process to incorporate some of the actions and directions of the climate emergency declaration. The Council are therefore entering into an immediate Local Plan review to ensure that the aspects of this important agenda are adequately considered and include the necessary mitigation and adaption measures to address the climate emergency. In this regard, AECOM is commissioned by Lancaster City Council (‘the Council’) to lead on Sustainability Appraisal (SA) in support of the emerging Local Plan Review. SA explained SA is a mechanism for considering and communicating the likely effects of a draft plan, and alternatives, in terms of sustainability issues, with a view to avoiding and mitigating adverse effects and maximising the positives. The aim is to ensure that the plan contributes to the achievement of sustainable development. SA must be undertaken in accordance with specific procedural requirements, as established by the Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes (‘SEA’) Regulations 2004. Two key procedural requirements of the SEA Regulations are that: 1. When deciding on ‘the scope and level of detail of the information’ which must be included within the key output report - namely the report published for consultation alongside the draft plan - there is a consultation with certain nationally designated authorities, namely the Environment Agency, Historic England and Natural England; and 2. A report (the ‘SA Report’) is published for consultation alongside the draft plan (i.e. the draft Local Plan Review) that ‘identifies, describes and evaluates’ the likely significant effects of implementing ‘the plan [i.e. the Local Plan Review], and reasonable alternatives’. This scoping report is concerned with item 1 above. It presents a suggested scope for the SA so that the designated authorities can provide timely comment. This report is also published for consultation more widely. AECOM 1 SA for the Lancaster Local Plan Approach to scoping Scoping essentially involves identifying a ‘framework’ of sustainability issues and objectives that should be a focus of, and provide a methodological framework for, the appraisal of the emerging plan (and reasonable alternatives). In order to facilitate the identification of sustainability issues/objectives, scoping firstly involves a review of the ‘context’ and ‘baseline’. Scoping therefore involves the following steps - 1. Context review - a review of Figure 1.1: The scoping process existing policy and issues/objectives established by Government, the Council and other key organisations. 2. Baseline review - a review of the current situation locally and a consideration of how this might evolve in the absence of the plan. 3. Key issues summary - a summary of the key (in the sense that the plan may have an effect) problems and opportunities identified through steps (1) and (2). 4. SA Framework development - a refinement of the key issues to be used as a basis for assessment of the Plan. Relationship with the Sustainability Appraisal of the adopted Local Plan Part 1 and Part 2 The emerging Local Plan Review (LPR) will build on the adopted Local Plan Part 1 (LPP1) and Part 2 (LPP2) with a specific focus on further developing and enhancing the climate change policies within each. It is recognised that the emerging LPR is therefore not anticipated to propose new housing or employment allocations, nor is its scope likely to extend to reviewing policies beyond those with potential for effects in relation to climate change. Therefore, the emerging LPR will not be an entirely new plan in the sense that it will only supersede a limited and specific suite of policies. In this context, it is appropriate for the SA of the emerging LPR touseas a starting point the SA of the LPP1 and LPP2, both of which were prepared by Arcadis. It is considered that such an approach will ensure the SA of the emerging LPR will be as aligned as practicable in terms of the SA objectives. AECOM’s appraisal of the emerging LPR will therefore map well against the original SA framework of the adopted LPP1 and LPP2, ensuring continuity and consistency as far as can reasonably be expected. Despite these linkages, it is appropriate to undertake a new SA scoping exercise at this time to ensure that the context and baseline information is up to date and reflects evidence gathered during and subsequent to the preparation of the adopted LPP1 and LPP2. Additionally, it provides AECOM an opportunity to re-organise the framework of objectives to align with AECOM’s established report structure and appraisal process. In practice, this means that AECOM will incorporate the existing Arcadis SA objectives into a new thematic framework of objectives, weaving in new sub-objectives where necessary to reflect the focus on climate change of the emerging LPR. AECOM 2 SA for the Lancaster Local Plan Scoping out SA topics Despite the above, in light of the anticipated focus on climate change of the emerging LPR, it is likely that the baseline position in the District in relation to some
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Walk 6 - Wennington to Bentham Textphone: 0845 60 50 600 Website: Nationalrail.Co.Uk
    The Bentham Line Self-guided Walks Timetable Rail to Trail This leaflet describes one of a diverse collection of For train times on the Bentham Line pick up Northern twelve walks linking neighbouring stations along the Timetable 7 or the Airedale Metro Timetable, or use the Bentham Line between Heysham Port and Skipton. websites below. Walk Guide Fares and Service Information The Bentham Line National Rail enquiries: telephone: 08457 48 49 50 Walk 6 - Wennington to Bentham textphone: 0845 60 50 600 website: nationalrail.co.uk Customer Helpline Wennington Station Northern comments and enquiries: telephone: 0800 200 6060 Walk contact: [email protected] Route Miles No. 1 Heysham Port - Morecambe 5.3 Rail Websites 2 Lancaster - Morecambe 3.8 leedslancastermorecambecrp.co.uk 3 Morecambe – Bare Lane 2.5 4 Bare Lane - Carnforth 5.6 lasrug.btck.co.uk 5 Wennington - Carnforth 11. 3 6 Wennington - Bentham 3.9 northernrailway.co.uk 7 Clapham - Bentham 5.0 Tourist Information 8 Clapham - Giggleswick 9.4 Leeds: visitleeds.co.uk 9 Giggleswick – Long Preston 5.6 Skipton: skiptononline.co.uk 10 Long Preston - Hellifield 3.8 Bentham: aboutbentham.org.uk Yorkshire Dales: yorkshiredales.org.uk Leeds-Lancaster- LASRUG Lune Valley, Lancaster and Morecambe: Morecambe 11 Hellifield - Gargrave 7. 0 Community Rail Lancaster and Skipton Rail citycoastcountryside.co.uk The Wenning Oak and Waterfall Partnership User Group 12 Gargrave - Skipton 5.0 Text Stuart Ballard Photographs © Jon Brook and Gerald Townson 2016 Walk 6 - Wennington to Bentham Field and riverside OS Explorer Map, advised : OL2 Ancient Routes and Medieval Places Moderate 3.9 miles OS map: © Crown copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • The Collapse of Wenning Bridge (1964)
    50P / FREE TO BENTHAM RESIDENTS The Collapse of Wenning Bridge (1964) By Howard Matthew If you stand on Wenning Bridge today and look down the river, the view is very different from how it was before 1964. In those days the land now occupied by the Millholme Drive/Holme Park Estate was the site of the ‘Wenning Silks’ Mill. The Mill was originally powered by water diverted from the river by a millrace. This meant that the water flowing under the north side of the bridge was quite deep, deep enough to allow swimming in summer and ice skating in winter. The winters of 1963 and early 1964 were especially harsh and the ice particularly thick. When it broke up into large chunks it weakened the weir, which had not been repaired for some years. In 1964 we lived at 8 Hillcroft. At the time the back gardens at numbers 7 and 8 overlooked the millrace. At around 7am on 13th December I was eating breakfast and getting ready to go to school, when I heard a loud rumbling sound. The sound was very loud and deep, not like anything I had heard before. …….Continued overleaf Picture of the bridge as it is now, by Jon Brook of Bentham Imaging Find us on Facebook the bentham news find us on the web www.thebenthamnews.co.uk 2 Continued from page 1……... I ran out to the back garden and, looking over, saw that what had been a placid stretch of water was now a roaring river of stone and mud.
    [Show full text]
  • Borwick Fishing, Kellet Lane, Over
    Agenda Item Committee Date Application Number A5 15 September 2014 14/00282/FUL Application Site Proposal Borwick Fishing Erection of a 45 metre high wind turbine from ground to blade tip with ancillary infrastructure Kellet Lane Over Kellet Lancashire Name of Applicant Name of Agent Mr Russell Adams, on behalf of Borwick Fishing Mr Russell Adams Decision Target Date Reason For Delay 16 May 2014 To allow the applicant to provide additional information in response of the County Landscape Officer’s consultation comments Case Officer Mr Karl Glover Departure No Summary of Recommendation Approval 1.0 The Site and its Surroundings 1.1 The site that forms the subject of this application is known as Borwick Fishing Lakes and is located in an area of open countryside approximately 600m to the south west of the village settlement of Borwick and approximately 1.8m to the north east of Carnforth. The site is immediately adjacent to the M6 motorway towards the west, Borwick Lane to the north and Kellet Lane to the east with the River Keer running along the southern boundary of the site. The site is characterised by its extensive amount of open water consisting of 9 active fishing lakes spanning an overall site area of approximately 72 acres (29 hectares) with a dual pitched timber clad restaurant/café building (Catch 23) and car park located in close proximity to the entrance. The whole site is relatively flat with mainly grassed surfaces and sporadic groves of trees on small islands within the lakes. There is also a recently-engineered earth bund and a belt of mature trees positioned between the M6 Motorway along the western boundary of the site.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Fisheries Statistics 1984
    Summary of fishery statistics, 1984 Item Type monograph Publisher North West Water Authority Download date 24/09/2021 19:31:15 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/24904 Summary of Fisheries Statistics 1984 ISSN 0144-9141 SUMMARY OF FISHERIES STATISTICS, 1984 CONTESTS 1. Catch Statistics 1.1 Rod and line catches (from licence returns) 1.1.1 Salmon 1.1.2 Migratory Trout 1.2 . Commercial catches 1.2.1 Salmon 1.2.2 Migratory Trout 2. Fish Culture and Hatchery Operations 2.1 Brood fish collection 2.2 Hatchery operations and salmon and sea trout stocking 2.2.1 Holmwrangle Hatchery 2.2.1.1 Numbers of ova laid down 2.2.1.2 Salmon and sea trout planting 2.2.2 Middleton Hatchery 2.2.2.1 Numbers of ova laid down 2.2.2.2 Salmon and sea trout planting 2.2.3 Langcliffe Hatchery 2.2.3.1 Numbers of ova laid down 2.2.3.2 Salmon and sea trout planting - 1 - Restocking with Trout and Freshwater Fish 3.1 Non-migratory trout 3.1.1 Stocking by Angling Associations etc. and Fish Farms 3.1.2. Stocking by N.W.W.A. 3.1.2.1 North Cumbria 3.1.2.2 South Cumbria/North Lancashire 3.1.2.3 South Lancashire 3.1.2.4 Mersey and Weaver 3.2 Freshwater Fish 3.2.1 Stocking by Angling Associations, etc 3.2.2 Fish transfers carried out by N.W.W.A. 3.2.2.1 Northern Area 3.2.2.2 Southern Area - South Lancashire 3.2.2.3 Southern Area - Mersey and Weaver 3.2.3 Fish Grants from N.W.W.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Fisheries Statistics 1985
    DIRECTORATE OF PLANNING & ENGINEERING. SUMMARY OF FISHERIES STATISTICS 1985. ISSN 0144-9141 SUMMARY OF FISHERIES STATISTICS, 1985 CONTENTS 1. Catch Statistics 1.1 Rod and line catches (from licence returns) 1.1.1 Salmon 1.1.2 Migratory Trout 1.2 Commercial catches 1.2.1 Salmon 1.2.2 Migratory Trout 2. Fish Culture and Hatchery Operations 2.1 Brood fish collection 2.2 Hatchery operations and salmon and sea trout stocking 2.2.1 Holmwrangle Hatchery 2.2.1.1 Numbers of ova laid down 2.2.1.2 Salmon and sea trout planting 2.2.2 Middleton Hatchery 2.2.2.1 Numbers of ova laid down 2.2.2.2 Salmon, and sea trout planting 2.2.3 Langcliffe Hatchery 2.2.3.1 Numbers of ova laid down 2.2.3.2 Salmon and sea trout planting - 1 - 3. Restocking with Trout and Freshwater Fish 3.1 Non-migratory trout 3.1.1 Stocking by Angling Associations etc., and Fish Farms 3.1.2 Stocking by NWWA 3.1.2.1 North Cumbria 3.1.2.2 South Cumbria/North Lancashire 3.1.2.3 South Lancashire 3.1.2.4 Mersey and Weaver 3.2 Freshwater Fish 3.2.1 Stocking by Angling Associations, etc 3.2.2 Fish transfers carried out by N.W.W.A. 3.2.2.1 Northern Area 3.2.2.2 Southern Area - South Lancashire 3.2.2.3 Southern Area - Mersey and Weaver 4. Fish Movement Recorded at Authority Fish Counters 4.1 River Lune 4.2 River Kent 4.3 River Leven 4.4 River Duddon 4.5 River Ribble Catchment 4.6 River Wyre 4.7 River Derwent 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Government Boundary Commission for England Report
    Local Government fir1 Boundary Commission For England Report No. 52 LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOUNDARY COMMISSION FOR ENGLAND REPORT NO.SZ LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOUNDARY COMMISSION FOR ENGLAND CHAIRMAN Sir Edmund .Compton, GCB.KBE. DEPUTY CHAIRMAN Mr J M Rankin,QC. - MEMBERS The Countess Of Albemarle,'DBE. Mr T C Benfield. Professor Michael Chisholm. Sir Andrew Wheatley,CBE. Mr P B Young, CBE. To the Rt Hon Roy Jenkins, MP Secretary of State for the Home Department PROPOSAL FOR REVISED ELECTORAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CITY OF LANCASTER IN THE COUNTY OF LANCASHIRE 1. We, the Local Government Boundary Commission for England, having carried out our initial review of the electoral arrangements for the City of Lancaster in . accordance with the requirements of section 63 of, and of Schedule 9 to, the Local Government Act 1972, present our proposals for the future electoral arrangements for that City. 2. In accordance with the procedure laid down in section 60(1) and (2) of the 1972 Act, notice was given on 13 May 197^ that we were to undertake this review. This was incorporated in a consultation letter addressed to the Lancaster City Council, copies of which were circulated to the Lancashire County Council, Parish Councils and Parish Meetings in the district, the Members of Parliament for the constituencies concerned and the headquarters of the main political parties. Copies were also sent to the editors of local newspapers circulating in the area and of the local government press. Notices inserted in the local press announced the start of the review and invited comments from members of the public and from any interested bodies, 3- Lancaster City Council were invited to prepare a draft scheme of representa- tion for our consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • Lune Valley Yorkshire Dales National Park Landscape Character Assessment YORKSHIRE DALES NATIONAL PARK LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREAS 2
    1 Ruskin’s View, from the Riverside walkway in Kirkby Lonsdale the Riverside from View, Ruskin’s LCA 4 Lune Valley Yorkshire Dales National Park Landscape Character Assessment YORKSHIRE DALES NATIONAL PARK LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREAS 2 LCA 4 Lune Valley Key characteristics • Broad river valley with asymmetrical form, enclosed by the high, steep-sided open fells underlain by Silurian rocks to the east and lower, more rounded uplands of siltstones to the west. • Complex layered small-scale glacial drift topography within the valley, including mounds and undulating terraces of glacial drift. • Occasional drumlins create rounded skylines and slopes throughout the valley. • River Lune meanders across a flat or gently undulating floodplain of mixed farmland; fields are large, with more arable to the south, becoming more irregular in shape and dominated by pasture to the north of the valley. • Network of small improved pastures interspersed with broadleaf woodlands on the undulating eastern valley slopes; broader scale, more low lying mixed farmland to the west. • River Lune is frequently enclosed by strips of woodland. Woodland cover increases to the south, where the valley landscape is strongly influenced by parkland and estate landscapes. • Most fields are enclosed by hedgerows, but stone walls are also present, particularly on higher valley slopes and in the Casteron area, where there is a narrow outcrop of limestone. • A settled landscape of villages, small hamlets and farms linked by narrow lanes which are often tightly enclosed by hedgerows or woodland. • Sweeping views to the dramatic uplands of the Howgills to the north-east and the Middleton and Barbon Low Fells to the east.
    [Show full text]
  • Lune Local Er Annual Revie
    Lune Local Er Annual Revie ENVIRONMENT AGENCY has superb rivers of good quality clean This is due to a number of reasons water. The River Lune rises in the including lack of suitable places in the Cumbrian fells and flows out into the river for fish to spawn (lay their eggs) Irish Sea just down river o f Lancaster. and due to fluctuations in river flows. The Lune area is popular with visitors. In the east are the fells with picturesque The Lune area was once one of the most As fishing is an important recreational villages of Sedbergh, Kirkby Lonsdale important fisheries in England for salmon and commercial activity in the Lune area and Ingleton. Whilst the coast has the and trout. However, over the last ten years we are concentrating our efforts on holiday resort of Morecambe. The area the populations o f these fish have fallen. improving the size and health of fish ' ------------------------------------------------------------------ \ trees and fenced 10km of riverbank. Key successes This protects the riverbank from being • 10km of fencing and over 4,000 washed away and spoiling spawning trees planted with the Lune Habitat grounds whilst the trees encourage a Group at nine sites along the River variety of wildlife to flourish. Lune at Tebay, River Wenning and These improvements to rivers and River Rawthey. riverbanks have also led to otters • Major work with the Lune Habitat returning to the Lune area, as the result Group to protect the River Lune of our recent survey proved. from erosion at Bowderdale. We also like to feel that people benefit • Creation of a safe haven pond for from our work.
    [Show full text]
  • Ramblers Routes
    Ramblers Routes Ramblers Routes Britain’s best walks from the experts Britain’s best walks from the experts Northern England Northern England 03 Fridaythorpe, East Yorkshire 04 Galgate to Glasson Dock, Lancashire l Distance 16½km/10 miles l Time 5hrs l Type Country l Distance 27km/17 miles l Time 8hrs l Type Towpath and estuary NAVIGATION LEVEL FITNESS LEVEL NAVIGATION LEVEL FITNESS LEVEL walk magazine autumn 2015 autumn magazine walk walk magazine autumn 2015 autumn magazine walk Plan your walk Plan your walk FRIDAYTHORPE GALGATE l York l Blackpool l P Leeds Hull l LANCASHIRE YORKSHIRE Liverpool l AUL MILES P HY: FIONA BARLTRO HY: HY: HY: P P WHERE Circular walk from WHERE Circular walk from Fridaythorpe via Huggate and Galgate, near Lancaster, via PHOTOGRA Wayrham, where there is a Glasson Dock. PHOTOGRA picnic site. START/END Canalside Crafts Notable for being the highest annually in September (www. The Lancaster Canal was known as the marina opposite on your START/END Roadside parking Centre car park, Galgate village on the Yorkshire Wolds, visithullandeastyorkshire.com/ ‘the Black and White’, as the main L. Turn R at the pretty Junction near village green/pond, (SD483551). Fridaythorpe is also the halfway events/wolds-walking-festival. cargoes to travel between Kendal Bridge to follow the towpath Back Street, Fridaythorpe TERRAIN Level grassy and point of the 127km Yorkshire aspx). This very pleasant walk and Preston in the 19th century of the Glasson arm of the canal, (SE875591). tarmac tracks and a section Wolds Way National Trail, which follows stretches of the Yorkshire were coal and limestone.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Area Fisheries Annual Report 1996
    Central area fisheries annual report 1996 Item Type monograph Publisher Environment Agency North West Download date 30/09/2021 01:07:41 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/25204 CENTRAL AREA FISHERIES ANNUAL REPORT 1996 CENTRAL AREA FISHERIES PERSONNEL MANAGERS AND TECHNICAL STAFF Mr P Greifenberg Area General Manager Mr J Shatwell Area Fisheries, Recreation and Ecology Manager Mr M Atherton Area Fisheries and Recreation Manager Mr D Cliftan-Dey Fisheries Technical Officer Mr G Talbot Fisheries Technical Assistant Mrs E Cummings Technical Liaison Assistant FISH FARM STAFF Levland Fish Farm Mr R Taylor Fish Farm Manager Mr J Stone/Mr R Oldfleld (from 01/11/96) Technical Assistant Witcherwell Fish Farm Mr J Jacques Fish Farm Manager Mr G Talbot Technical Assistant BAILIFF TEAMS River Lune Bailiffs Mr P Horner Fisheries Inspector Mr J Staveley (to 28/02/96) Senior Bailiff Mr J Cizdyn (from 15/10/96) Bailiff Mr M Browne Bailiff Mr J Burton Bailiff Mr A Clarke Bailiff/Coxswain Mr M Moore (to 30/6/96) Bailiff Mr R Bevins (from 01/11/96) Bailiff River Rihhle Bailiffs Mr S Whittam Fisheries Inspector Mr S Leech Senior Bailiff Mr I Bentley Bailiff Mr A Blezard Bailiff Mr P Glover Bailiff Mr N Handy Bailiff Mr J Johnson Bailiff Mr G Wharton Bailiff USEFUL TELEPHONE NUMBERS 24 hour Freephone Emergency Line 0800 807060 24 hour River call Service 0891 500999 (Rivers Irwell, Goyt, Dane, Weaver, Ribble, Lune and Eden) Flood Warning Line 0645 881188 Lutra House, Preston 01772 339882 Fax 01772 627730 Richard Fairclough House, Warrington 01925 653999 Environment Agency Regional Office CONTENTS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Scotland Cumbria North Yorkshire Lancashire
    95 X95 to Galashiels Newcastleton to Glasgow to Moat Langholm 127 127 NE S3 River Nith o Kershopefoot LOCKERBIE SCOTLAND 127 River Esk 95 Liddel Water X95 Harelaw 382 S3 127 o NE 125 to Stranraer 79 385 NE X75 Rowanburn West Coast Canonbie Main Line NE X75 DUMFRIES 127 125 River Annan Ecclefechan Kirtlebridge Moat Mouswald NE Scotsdike Dumfries Carrutherstown S3 Carwinley Line 95 125 385 NE X75 382 127 X95 Kirkpatrick-Fleming 127 River Irthing 79 382 River Lyne Northumberland National Park 125 279 Longtown Clarenceeld NE S3 o 179 79 Rigg Pennine Way NE X75 79 95 Birdoswald Roman 79 ANNAN Hethersgill Army Ruthwell Gretna 382 NE 127 179 Roman Fort Gilsland 95 185 Museum S3 X75 279 X95 685 AD122 79 179 279 AD122 Cummertrees o 79 Eastriggs AD122 179 279 97 Greenhead to Hexham Smitheld 97 AD122 & Newcastle 185 i Hadrian’s Wall DA04 681 685 DA04 Westlinton 79 95 Walton 185 685 Haltwhistle 127 179 685 AD122 279 X95 94 95 DA04 685 97 Low o Bowness-on-Solway Scaleby 94 Newtown Row DA04 Port Carlisle 382 NE Lanercost Priory Tyne Valley Line Rockclie S3 X75 Blackford Laversdale 94 97 Hadrian’s Wall BRAMPTON Solway Coast 97 Irthington AD122 179 95 185 685 Area of Outstanding Hadrian’s Wall 94 94 681 Natural Beauty 279 Milton 93 Burgh-by- i o Glasson 185 680 680 Tindale Cardurnock Sands Beaumont 94 185 185 680 681 Drumburgh Cargo Houghton Crosby- 185 680 94 Brampton 94 Yont The Cleugh Caravan Park Anthorn 47 71 93 TB 179 Talkin Tarn 680 680 71 Dykeseld 93 TB on-Eden 685 Country Park Hallbankgate 681 Coanwood 93 101 Kingstown 97 185 Linstock 500 97
    [Show full text]
  • Descending Caves: Descent Narratives and the Subterranean Science and Literature of the Long Eighteenth Century 1680 - 1830
    Descending Caves: Descent Narratives and the Subterranean Science and Literature of the Long Eighteenth Century 1680 - 1830 Damian Frank Pearson Thesis submitted in fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Literature Department of English and Creative Writing Lancaster University June 2018 Frank Pearson Table of Contents Acknowledgements iii Abstract vi Introduction: The Underworld and the Underground 1 Structure 6 Cave Context 9 The Origin of Cave Science 13 Descent Narratives and the Hidden Recesses of Nature 21 Subterranean Aesthetics 35 The Space and Place of the Underground 40 Travel, Curiosity and the Descent Narrative 44 Cave Representations 49 Chapter One: Establishing Cave Science Introduction: Natural Philosophy and Literary Science 51 The Royal Society, Fieldwork and the Concept of Nature 58 Biblical Theories of Cave Geomorphology 66 Caves and the Origin of Subterraneous Water 69 Cave Geomorphology and Erosion 75 Caves and Deep Time 79 Joseph Black, Fixed Air, Carbon Dioxide and Limestone Solution 85 James Hutton and Limestone Solution 95 Adam Walker and the Exploration of caves 100 Charles Lyell and the Formation of Caves 108 Conclusion 112 Chapter Two: Cave Myth and Literature Introduction: The Descent Narrative, Underworld and Hell 114 Thomas Burnet and the Sublime Underworld 122 The Subterranean Sublime in Descent Poetry 125 The Descent Narrative as Parody 132 The Descent Narrative as a State of Mind 134 Caves and the Poetry of Place 140 Descent Narratives and the Novel 147 Conclusion 156 Chapter Three: Caves
    [Show full text]