Revue Du Ciné-Club Universitaire, 2019, Hors-Série Histoires D’Eaux [Cinéma]

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Revue Du Ciné-Club Universitaire, 2019, Hors-Série Histoires D’Eaux [Cinéma] La Revue du Ciné-club universitaire, 2019, hors-série Histoires d’eaux [cinéma] Ciné-club Universitaire Sommaire Édito ...........................................................................................1 Symbolisme des eaux ................................................................. 2 Un homme bon ........................................................................... 9 Mythologies sans dieux .............................................................14 Détournements .........................................................................19 Au fil de la psychè..................................................................... 23 Démesure chinoise ....................................................................27 L’enquête historienne au cinéma. ...............................................33 Petit bestiaire aquatique au cinéma .......................................... 39 Deep Black Lagoon ....................................................................51 L’imaginaire romantique de la piraterie ..................................... 58 Plongée dans un film-monstre ................................................... 63 Une épitaphe visuelle ............................................................... 69 La mer de l’enfance – l’œil aveuglé ............................................75 Films au programme ..................................................................81 Le feu à la mer Édito Ambroise Barras (Université de Genève) L’exclamation sicilienne qui titre le film de Francesco Rosi a retenu les réalisations où l’eau dissout mieux qu’absout, sonne comme une contradiction: Fuocoammare! Le feu à porte mort mieux que donne vie, engloutit mieux que la mer! L’expression, qui appond le feu à l’eau, donne ce- rapproche. pendant bien sa figure aux destins erratiques et drama- Choix emblématique, cependant, de la situation plus tiques, aux histoires amères et cruelles, aux remémora- chaotique qu’harmonieuse dans laquelle nous, les hu- tions morbides ou sordides dont rendent «conte» les films mains, sommes désormais engagés. Et là encore, cette qui constituent la programmation du volet [cinéma] du 4e programmation nous y rend, incidemment, attentives et Festival Histoire & Cité. attentifs. L’eau est une ressource majeure, dont la maî- Par son traitement filmique, l’eau, dont le festival fait son trise géopolitique est certes gage de sécurité, mais pour thème en 2019, se révèle plus noire et profonde, plus dan- quelles dérives? Dont l’exploitation économique est gereuse et turbide. Le cinéma paraît ainsi actualiser à la certes productrice de richesses, mais à quels coûts? surface de l’écran ce dont les mythes et récits fondateurs Ne nous en laissons plus conter! Il y a bel et bien le feu à de nos cultures humaines ont chargé nos destins indivi- la mer. duels et collectifs. Choix programmatique, sans doute, qui Golfe du Mexique, 2010. Marée noire 1 Symbolisme des eaux Pour une approche contemporaine Youri Volokhine (Université de Genève) Jadis, à la fin des années quarante, Mircea Eliade, l’un les «épiphanies aquatiques»; les divinités des Eaux, les des fameux historiens des religions du 20e siècle, inti- Nymphes; les animaux aquatiques, le symbolisme du tulait un vaste chapitre de son Traité d’histoire des reli- Déluge: en bref une énorme matière universelle, jugée gions «Les eaux et le symbolisme aquatique» (Eliade par Eliade «d’une cohérence parfaite». Cette cohérence 1964). «Dans une formule sommaire, écrivait-il, on pour- repose toutefois aussi sur l’assemblage ici constitué. Le rait dire que les eaux symbolisent la totalité des virtuali- livre d’Eliade, dont les annexes bibliographiques sont au- tés; elles sont fons et origo, la matrice de toutes les pos- jourd’hui datées, est toujours disponible en librairie. Cela sibilités d’existence (…) Elles ont été au commencement, dit, un historien des religions contemporain ne peut plus elles reviennent à la fin de tout cycle historique ou cos- se satisfaire vraiment ni de cette approche, ni de ce pro- mique; elles existeront toujours – bien que jamais seules, gramme. Ceci n’est pas seulement dû au fait qu’un certain parce que les eaux sont toujours germinatives, renfermant discrédit a été jeté sur la personne d’Eliade, si ce n’est sur dans leur unité non fragmentée les virtualités de toutes plusieurs aspects théoriques de son œuvre, en raison de les formes.» Fidèle à sa méthode (comparatiste) et à son son rôle intellectuel et politique avant-guerre dans la Rou- programme – dresser la cartographie de ce qu’il nommait manie fasciste – un vieux secret de polichinelle désormais les manifestations du «sacré» ou «hiérophanies», Eliade clairement exposé par l’historiographie. Il s’agit plutôt du proposait dans ce chapitre une vision globale et tous azi- fait que la vision globale et englobante d’Eliade touche muts de ce que les religions offraient en matière aqua- à un essentialisme phénoménologique dont on se méfie tique. Il en résulte un riche inventaire: les cosmogonies souvent aujourd’hui dans les approches plus critiques. aquatiques (dans la mythologie védique, dans les textes Pour autant, comment aborder le problème du «symbo- assyriens, etc.); les hylogénies (naissance aquatique, du lisme des eaux»? L’éluder, ou affirmer que cette question Brésil aux anciens Germains, etc.); l’eau «de vie» (dans ne se pose pas, serait sûrement une pirouette. Peut-on les Upanishads, dans le folklore français, etc.); le symbo- donc poser l’existence universelle d’un «symbolisme des lisme de l’immersion, du baptême (de l’Inde à la Bible); la eaux»? Et si oui, comment en rendre compte sans étaler «soif du mort»; les sources miraculeuses ou oraculaires; des clichés? Nous allons tenter, cavalièrement, d’y ré- 2 pondre, en cherchant quelles cohérences peuvent se dé- gager de ce questionnement. Horizons historiques et mythologiques Les plus anciens systèmes de représentations du monde qui nous soient connus par des textes ont été conçus au Proche-Orient à l’orée du 3e millénaire et proviennent d’ailleurs de cultures dont l’ancrage géographique s’ar- rime à des systèmes fluviaux: la vallée du Nil et le bas- sin du Tigre et de l’Euphrate. Cette donnée hydrologique ne suffit pas, évidemment, à expliquer la nature des ré- cits cosmiques dans lesquels se constituent la figure des Au commencement, tout se passe comme une émergence hors du liquide. eaux primordiales, conçues comme des entités divines. En Égypte, les plus anciens textes religieux, les Textes des Pyramides (dès le 24e siècle av. notre ère) (voir dernière- ment Mathieu 2018), affirment un modèle cosmogonique qui va accompagner toute la longue histoire de la civilisa- tion pharaonique: le monde est issu d’un espace-temps liquide et amorphe, duquel est sorti par sa propre volonté le créateur du monde, Atoum. Au commencement, tout se passe comme une émergence hors du liquide. L’eau va demeurer l’élément fondamental de la vie, ce qui se comprend facilement dans cette riche vallée traversant le désert qu’est l’Égypte (Amenta et alii 2005). Le Nil, per- sonnifié par une entité nommée Hâpy, apparaît comme le principe même de fécondité; l’ablution est le geste obli- gatoire pour l’accès à la pureté, condition requise pour pénétrer dans le temple, ou pour se livrer à toute activité religieuse. En Mésopotamie, la littérature akkadienne transmet aussi de vastes compositions mythologiques, déjà élaborées en sumérien, et recopiées au début du 2e Applique de meuble figurant un «Nil», apparence sous laquelle se présente le dieu égyptien Hâpy, tout à la fois dieu de la crue, du Nil, de la fécondité et de la prospérité. Walters Art Museum (Wikimedia commons) 3 millénaire avant notre ère. Le poème dit du «Supersage» cussion du dossier indien et de ce problème dans Ducœur (Atrahasîs) met en scène le fracas d’un Déluge, un fléau 2016). Il s’agit là de conjectures. Sans tenter d’éclairer voulu par les dieux, frappant l’humanité pour en réduire les brumes de la préhistoire, on peut reconnaître à tout la population (Bottéro et Kramer 1989). Le thème de la le moins que les thématiques qui s’énoncent par écrit de- maîtrise de l’eau et de la terre est clairement déjà concep- puis des millénaires font partie d’une réflexion humaine tualisé par les Sumériens, autour des entités divines Enki portant spontanément sur l’élément liquide; en ce sens, (en akkadien, Ea) et sa parèdre Ninhursag, liées respecti- l’approche phénoménologique – le projet d’enquêter vement aux eaux et à la terre. Ces anciennes cogitations partout sur les «mythes des eaux» – est certes partielle- mésopotamiennes précèdent et déterminent la présence ment nécessaire pour en rendre compte. Mais insuffisante dans les textes bibliques, rédigés au cours du premier aussi, car deux aspects importants sont quelque peu né- millénaire avant notre ère, de l’histoire de Noé et du Dé- gligés par une enquête uniquement axée sur les mythes luge, qui découle donc très certainement de ces vieux mo- aquatiques: les usages rituels et les implications sociales dèles. En Grèce ancienne aussi, le thème des eaux pri- ou personnelles. Ce sont ces derniers aspects qui ont plus mordiales est riche en développements mythologiques: de nos jours la faveur des chercheurs. En outre, il faut tenir dans les cosmogonies, Océanos et Téthys (le couple pri- compte du fait que bien souvent les récits de «Déluge» mordial), Pontos (le dieu-Mer), sont les grandes divini- collectés chez les peuples «sans écritures» sont passés tés qui expriment les divers caractères des eaux: l’eau aussi par le filtre des missionnaires,
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