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Degree of Threat to the Biological Diversity in the Ilha Grande State Park (Rj) and Guidelines for Conservation

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Degree of Threat to the Biological Diversity in the Ilha Grande State Park (Rj) and Guidelines for Conservation ILHA GRANDE STATE PARK – THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY AND GUIDELINES FOR CONSERVATION 375 DEGREE OF THREAT TO THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN THE ILHA GRANDE STATE PARK (RJ) AND GUIDELINES FOR CONSERVATION ALHO, C. J. R.,1 SCHNEIDER, M.2 and VASCONCELLOS, L. A.3 1Universidade de Brasília, SHIS QL 6, conj. 3, casa 13, CEP 71620-035, Brasília, DF, Brazil 2Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, e-mail: [email protected] 3e-mail: [email protected] Correspondence to: Cleber J. R. Alho, SHIS QL 6, conj. 3, casa 13, CEP 71620-035, Brasília, DF, Brazil, e-mail: [email protected] Received August 2, 2001 – Accepted August 17, 2001 – Distributed August 31, 2002 (With 6 figures) ABSTRACT The State Park of Ilha Grande is only a part (5,594 hectares) of the entire island (19,300 hectares) which is located off the south coast of Rio de Janeiro state, between the cities of Mangaratiba and Angra dos Reis. Approximately half of the Park area (47%) is covered by dense Atlantic forest. The secondary forest growth is in a process of ecological succession close to attaining maturity (43%) and the remaining part (10%) is composed of human-altered areas (1%), rocky outcrops with herbaceous vegetation (7%), mangroves and beaches (2%). The fauna is well represented but already shows signs of degradation with introduced species. The analysis of the degree of threat has shown that the dense forest habitat has a relatively stable status of conservation while the secondary forest, the mangrove and the herbaceous vegetation on rocky outcrops (and their fauna) are categorized as vulnerable. The area altered by human occupation is considered threatened. Since the coastal area where Ilha Grande is located is well known for its beautiful scenery (known as the green coast, because of the contrast between the ocean and the Atlantic forest covering the Serra do Mar mountain chain). There is a strong possibility for tourism to become the means in which to achieve economic sustainability for conservation. Contradictorily, tourism is also the major threat to local biodiversity and its landscape units. Because tourism is not organized and controlled, during high season the numbers grow above local capacity, giving rise to a proliferation of hotels, guesthouses and camping grounds. The resulting untreated open sewage, random garbage disposal and other harmful activities form the major threats to biodiversity. Key words: biodiversity, conservation, degree of threat, habitats, Ilha Grande, pollution, tourism. RESUMO Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande – ameaças ambientais e diretrizes para conservação O Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande é somente uma parte (5.594 hectares) de toda a ilha (19.300 hectares) localizada na costa sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, entre as cidades de Mangaratiba e Angra dos Reis. Aproximadamente a metade da área do Parque (47%) é coberta por floresta densa, ombrófila, de Mata Atlântica. A mata secundária, em processo de regeneração por sucessão ecológica, está perto da maturidade (43%) e o restante (10%) é composto por áreas antropizadas (1%), afloramentos rochosos com vegetação herbácea (7%), restingas, manguezais e praias (2%). A fauna está bem representada, mas já mostra sinais de degradação com a presença de espécies introduzidas. A análise conduzida sobre o grau de ameaças mostrou que a floresta ombrófila densa está relativamente bem conservada, enquanto a mata secundária, as restingas e mangues e a vegetação herbácea dos terrenos rochosos (e suas respectivas faunas) estão categorizadas como vulneráveis. A área onde há ocupação humana é categorizada como ameaçada. Contraditoriamente, a maior ameaça à biodiversidade local em suas Braz. J. Biol., 62(3): 375-385, 2002 376 ALHO, C. J. R., SCHNEIDER, M. and VASCONCELLOS, L. A. unidades de paisagens é o turismo. Uma vez que a costa onde se localiza a Ilha Grande tem alto valor cênico (conhecida como costa verde pelo constraste entre o mar e o verde da Mata Atlântica que cobre a Serra do Mar), o turismo tem alto potencial para se tornar o meio de atingir a sustentabilidade econômica para conservação. No entanto, por causa do turismo desorganizado e sem controle hoje em prática, com visitantes em número superior à capacidade de suporte na alta estação, a proliferação de hotéis, pousadas e acampamentos e o conseqüente esgoto a céu aberto, depósito de lixo e outras atividades prejudiciais à biodiversidade são as principais ameaças. Palavras-chave: biodiversidade, conservação, grau de ameaça, habitats, Ilha Grande, poluição, turismo. INTRODUCTION mulate tourist activities. The Park of 5,594 hecta- res is located in the area facing the open ocean The State Park of Ilha Grande was created of the island, where a former penitentiary used by decree of the Governor of Rio de Janeiro to be active and where the State University of (Decreto 15273 of 28 June, 1971), aiming to Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) currently has some field protect the local biodiversity as well as to sti- facilities for research (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 — The location of the study area on Ilha Grande and in its state park. Braz. J. Biol., 62(3): 375-385, 2002 ILHA GRANDE STATE PARK – THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY AND GUIDELINES FOR CONSERVATION 377 The whole island of Ilha Grande is an supported by the federal Ministry of the Environment officially declared protected area, according to the for the municipality of Angra dos Reis, to be carried state constitution of Rio de Janeiro (Article 266). out in Ilha Grande, a project known as PED, Projeto The island measures 28 km east-west and 12 km de Execução Descentralizado (PED, 1998). We also north south with an area of 19,300 hectares. The examined the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of relief is hilly; with its peak on the top of Serra do Geography and Statistics) maps SF.23-Z-C for the Retiro (1,030 meters) and Bico do Papagaio (959 municipalities of Angra dos Reis (including Ilha meters). Rivers and creeks come down the Grande), Parati and Cunha, interpreting them with mountains and form small falls. The vegetation the help of the satellite images of the NGO SOS is part of the Atlantic forest covering the Serra do Mata Atlântica, for the evolution of deforestation Mar from which the island separated in the past. in the period 1990-1995 (SOS Mata Atlântica, INPE Human occupation of the island is deep-rooted, and ISA, 1998; Garrod & Willis, 1994). as in the past the Ilha Grande bay was used for intense To evaluate the habitat quality of the Park trade and the port on the island, named “Freguezia we applied a methodology used by Hannah et al. de Santana da Ilha de Fora”, was intensively used (1995) who proposed the following equation: until the year 1850 (UFRRJ/IEF/PRO-NATURA, 1992). According to this report, the island was also Non disturbed area + 0.25 used as an initial port for the slave trade. (Partially disturbed area) x 100 Habitat index = —————————————— The major objective of this study is to identify Total area the dominant landscape units (natural habitats) of the State Park of Ilha Grande and to apply a threat We considered all the pristine dense Atlantic analysis in order to interpret and propose guidelines forest as undisturbed area. The other categories were to conserve the local biodiversity through sustai- summed up and considered as partially disturbed. nable use of high potential tourism. To analyze the degree of threat to the natural environment we considered the seven types of METHODS landscape unit as described by the Park’s management plan (UFRRJ/IEF/PRO-NATURA, 1992) and the field Research was conducted in the Ilha Grande observations adapting the methods used by WWF, State Park (5,594 hectares), extending the according to Olson & Dinerstein (1994). For each observation throughout the whole island (19,300 habitat type four kinds of threats are evaluated, relying hectares) located off the south coast of Rio de Janeiro on the present scientific knowledge: overexploitation, state, Brazil. Four 10-day field trips were carried pollution, disturbed habitat and altered substrate. A out (January, June and September of 1998 and value is attributed to the importance that each specific January of 1999). Random transects were esta- threat has for the given habitat. The total value is blished, using mostly existing trails spread over the converted into conservation status (critical, threatened, Park, with at least two researchers going on foot vulnerable, relatively stable and relatively intact). to survey the landscape units and animals, covering Biodiversity was studied as indicator species, relying the focal study area including all types of habitats. mainly on birds and mammals. The concept of indicator In each habitat the characteristics of the vegetation species is based on occurring species in the study area cover as well as the animal survey were recorded and subject to some environmental impact in the past on specific field sheets. Transecting all the habitats or in the present, resulting in intolerant species or by hiking at a good pace along the trails, when communities to the impact or some tolerant species, possible, and where none existed we aimed for a which take advantage of the given altered envi- specific point, crossing the forest. During a six-hour ronmental condition. journey we could cover about 4-7 kilometers. The number of visitors in Ilha Grande, during In addition, other sources of information were the peak season (December, January and February) used to assess the identification of the habitats and was estimated by checking the number of tickets sold their associated fauna, relying particularly on the by the collective transportation by boat (CONERJ) Park’s Management Plan report. We also searched from the cities of Mangaratiba and Angra dos Reis for local reports believed likely to contain relevant to the village Abraão on the island.
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