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Copyright by Wai Fong Chiang 2009 Copyright by Wai Fong Chiang 2009 The Dissertation Committee for Wai Fong Chiang Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Heritage, History and Identity: Complexity in Language Maintenance within Multigenerational Families Committee: Elizabeth Keating, Supervisor Angela Nonaka Joel Sherzer Pauline Strong Qing Zhang Heritage, History and Identity: Complexity in Language Maintenance within Multigenerational Families by Wai Fong Chiang, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2009 Dedication for my husband and our fairy Acknowledgements I would not have travelled this far if not for the many wonderful people in my life. First of all, my heartfelt gratitude to the four families who so generously welcomed me into their homes and their lives. The tremendous warmth and consistent support and care that they showed me was something they would bestow on a family member. They did not hesitate to introduce me to their extended family members and to invite me to birthday parties and family gatherings. I feel so lucky and honored to have met these families that no words of gratitude can adequately express my thanks. All my consultants were also always accommodating to my many requests, and they willingly shared many of their personal views on issues that might be deemed sensitive to others. I am thankful for their kindness, trust, and friendship. I continue to benefit from the wisdom that they showed me. My research in Singapore was made possible by a Dissertation Improvement Grant (BCS-0518598) from the National Science Foundation and by the International Education Fund from the International Office of the University of Texas at Austin. I also thank the Department of Anthropology for the many assistantships throughout my stay that made my studies a lot more affordable. It is my utmost pleasure to come to this point at which I can thank the numerous individuals that have seen me through this long and sometimes seemingly arduous journey. First of all, I thank Joel Sherzer, who so kindly received me as a stranger who v knocked on his door and who introduced me to the most important person in my graduate life, my advisor—Elizabeth Keating. Dr. Sherzer’s classes were as fun to attend as they were filled with inspiring perspectives on language in society. I also thank him for looking at the many grant proposal drafts and giving me invaluable advice on improving them. Like many students who worked with Chinese culture and societies, I welcomed Qing Zhang’s arrival at UT. Her inspiring works, her friendly demeanor, and her thoughtful comments are what make her a great teacher and a friend. I also had the pleasure of having Angela Nonaka on my committee. She has always been encouraging and has showed great interest and faith in my work. As a promising young female researcher, she showed me a good role model, and I look forward to learning more from her. And I will always remember Pauline Strong’s smile. She has the kindest and most encouraging smile on her face even when she is conveying the most impenetrable social theories and concepts. Her passion for teaching and her patience with her students inspires me to want to be a teacher like her. She gives insightful comments that often open me up to new perspectives. I feel the deepest gratitude to Elizabeth Keating, who has been supportive and caring all these years, even when I was far away from Austin. I owe a great part of my intellectual maturity to her, as I have benefited from the many hours she spent with, and on me, tirelessly looking through draft after draft of my work. Her no-nonsense critiques challenged me to move beyond what I thought was my limit. She never fails to amaze me with her abundant youthfulness and positive energy that are reflected in her work. I hope one day to be as smart and as sharp as she is. Most of all, I vi thank her for believing in me and for being the beam of light that I sought during those times that I found myself in a tunnel of uncertainties. My work also reflected the wisdom and knowledge I gained from Keith Walters’ classes that I enjoyed so much. His generosity and patience, and the many insightful perspectives he gave, have helped me improve on the many projects that I undertook at UT, as well as in this dissertation. I would also like to thank my teachers, Jane Hindley, Hiroko Tanaka, and Tony Woodiwiss, at the University of Essex (UK), where I did my master’s degree. Their inspiring classes and intellectual guidance opened my eyes to social theories and critiques, and they motivated me to continue to pursue an academic career. My gratitude also goes to Professor Eddie Kuo, who graciously wrote my first letter of recommendation that initiated me into academia. I am grateful to my many former colleagues and teachers at Lianhe Zaobao, who taught me to be curious of social happenings around me, and who offered such great help in introducing potential consultants for my research project. I cannot name you because of ethical issues surrounding the protection of my consultants’ identities, but you know who you are! To my two dear sisters in the United States, Elaine Chun and Chiho Sunakawa, how fortunate I am to know both of you, to benefit from your kindness and encouragement, to dig into your intelligence, to have your unconditional friendship, and to know that you are always there for me. Inger Mey, Jacob Mey, and Elida Bonet, you made Austin feel like home to me. I will also never forget the many wonderful times I had with Alice Chu, Er-Xin Lee, Takao Inoue, Siri Mehus, Laura Mahagalingpa, and Halide Velioglu. I would also like to express my gratitude to Susan Kung, Sandra Keller, vii Siri Mehus, Elaine Chun, Alice Chu, Tomoko Sakuma, Lee Hoong, Chua Jun Ping, Jack Ang, and Season Chan for helping me with proofreading and with the transcripts. I also have my friends back home, Ang Siew Ing, Eileen Chua, Tham Wai Mun, Kris Chong, Ang Ming Hwa, Belinda Tan, Daniel Chng, and Serene Wong, to thank for cheering me on and giving me all the help that I needed. Last but not least, my deepest gratitude goes to my parents and my family for their extreme understanding, unfailing patience, and tremendous support throughout my studies. I thank my father, Chiang Chua Meng, and my mother, Chung Ee Tai, for believing in education when they had none almost. I also thank my in-laws, my sisters and brother for always being there when I needed help. I would like to express my whole- hearted appreciation for my husband, Wan Loong, for his unconditional support. The strength of his words of encouragement pulled me through my most desperate moments. And to my two-year old daughter, Cheuk Yu, for being such a good girl when mama went missing from home. viii Heritage, History and Identity: Complexity in Language Maintenance within Multigenerational Families Publication No._____________ Wai Fong Chiang, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2009 Supervisor: Elizabeth Keating My dissertation research employs theories that examine the relationship between language and social meaning to look at semiotic processes through which ideologies of differentiation are formed. This dissertation considers language use and heritage language maintenance in four multigenerational families whose ancestral language was a target of elimination by national language policies. Utilizing paradigms for examining the semiotic processes of ideologies of language differentiation, as well as identity formation, this dissertation attempts to untangle the various language ideologies surrounding the different language resources within the ethnic Chinese community in Singapore and examines their effects on identity formation and intergenerational interactions where different language competencies are featured. Linguistic resources in Singapore are legitimized with differentiating attribution of linguistic capital where four official languages are placed higher than the heritage languages, and within the official languages, English is legitimized as the language for business and science, and for use in interethnic communication. Differentiation is constructed among the languages, which then project indexical values to their speakers and ix their respective linguistic behaviors. Taking a discourse-centered approach and paying attention to historicity, this dissertation provides an in-depth analysis of language patterns in multigenerational families. The findings show varying degree of heritage language maintenance at home and language shift from the heritage language in the public sphere. The study also identifies a unique skipped-generational heritage language transmission phenomenon resulting from changes in woman’s roles, as well as from the complexity of identity configurations featuring ethnic, heritage, linguistic, and national affiliations. This dissertation also examines processes of intergenerational language negotiation foregrounding age and religion as two intersecting factors, discussing their implications on traditional family values, family structure, as well as heritage language maintenance. Utilizing multigenerational and multilingual families as a research site encompasses alternative linguistic markets and temporalities to examine the creative use of linguistic resources by speakers for identity formation and language maintenance efforts. x Table of Contents List
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