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1-6 Front Page-Contents, Layout 1 Agnelli vs. Elkann – Namenwechsel bei Fiat: Überlegungen zur diskursiven Repräsentation und zu sozioökonomischen Implikationen Julia KUHN 1. Einleitung Fiat war seit den Zeiten des Gründers Giovanni I Agnelli immer mit dem Familiennamen Agnelli verknüpft. Diesem Anthroponym kommt mittlerweile Markenstatus zu. Die Unternehmerfamilie hat einen capo, der seit Generationen den Namen Agnelli trug: Giovanni I Agnelli, Edoardo Agnelli, Gianni Agnelli, Umberto Agnelli. Durch den frühen Tod der Söhne der letzten beiden capi wird der Sohn einer Tochter von Gianni Agnelli, der nicht mehr den Namen Agnelli trägt, zum neuen Familienchef: John Elkann. Dieser Beitrag zeigt unter anderem, wie mittels anthroponymischer, ergonymischer und klassifizierender No- mination der Akteure im Mediendiskurs das Anthroponym Agnelli als Marke konstruiert wird, wie das Ergonym Fiat instrumentalisiert und der Führungsanspruch der jeweiligen capi legitimiert wird, wie sich der Namenwechsel vollzieht und was der Verlust des Namens Agnelli bedeutet und, schließlich, wie damit umgegangen wird. 2. Repräsentation von Akteuren im Wirtschaftsdiskurs Akteure werden im Wirtschaftsdiskurs nicht immer neutral repräsen- tiert, ihre Darstellung kann ganz gezielt instrumentalisiert werden, was mittels vielfältiger sprachlicher Mittel, wie beispielsweise der Nomi- nation (als Klassifikation oder mittels Anthroponymen) erfolgen kann. Analysiert wird hierbei nicht die reale Person, die hinter den Nomina- tionen (Fairclough 2003) steht, sondern rein die mittels Nominationen aufgebaute hyperreal figure im Sinne Fiskes (1996), die ein rein dis- kursives Produkt darstellt, das abgehoben von der realen Figur ist. Die reale Entität wird gänzlich ausgeblendet. Die vorliegende Untersu- chung illustriert dies am Beispiel der italienischen Unternehmerfami- 312 JULIA K UHN lie Agnelli und des Unternehmens Fiat im printmedialen Diskurs in Österreich.1 Der Fokus liegt dabei auf dem Namenwechsel des Famili- enoberhauptes, das mit John Elkann nicht mehr den Namen Agnelli trägt. In der Studie wird dabei zunächst der theoretische Rahmen vorge- stellt. Im anschließenden, empirischen Teil wird die diskursive Instru- mentalisierung von Nominationen der Hauptakteure der Familie Ag- nelli im österreichischen Mediendiskurs analysiert. 3. Medien und Politik: Grundsätzliche Überlegungen zu deren Zu- sammenwirken Wie Plasser (2004), Alemann (2002) und Kamps/Nieland (2006) zei- gen, spielen Medien für die moderne Kommunikation eine immer be- deutendere Rolle – Kommunikation und Wettbewerb finden in ent- scheidender Weise in und durch Massenmedien statt. Wirtschaftskom- munikation und Werbediskurs brauchen für ihre Ausübung öffentliche Räume, in denen soziale Akteure Stellung beziehen können (Haber- mas 1992: 435; Kamps/Nieland 2006: 8ff.). Einen derartigen Raum stellen in unseren spätmodernen Gesellschaften die Medien dar (Ha- bermas 1990, 1992), in denen Prozesse der Sozialisation und Identifi- kation stattfinden können. Über die Medien erfolgt auch die Verständi- gung sozialer Gruppen untereinander. 4. Theoretische Verortung Theoretisch ist die vorliegende Untersuchung in der Diskursanalyse verortet. Für die Analyse medialer Identitätskonstruktion bilden Arbei- ten aus der kritischen Diskursanalyse (KDA) (Van Leeuwen 2005, Fairclough 2003) und den Cultural Studies (CS) (Dyer 1998, Fiske 1996) die Grundlage. Diskurs und diskursive Praxis werden dabei so- wohl als sozial konstitutiv als auch als sozial konstituiert verstanden (vgl. Fairclough/Wodak 1997: 264f.; Fairclough 1995a; Fairclough 1995b: 18; Chouliaraki/Fairclough 1999) und als multimodale Phäno- mene gesehen, bei denen sich verbale und semiotische Realisations- modi gleichberechtigt ergänzen. 1 Das dieser Untersuchung zu Grunde liegende Corpus entstammt den österreichi- schen Tageszeitungen Der Standard, Die Presse und Salzburger Nachrichten aus den Jahren 2003-2009. Die Auswahl der Belege ist lexemorientiert. AGNELLI VS. ELKANN – N AMENWECHSEL BEI FIAT 313 Identitäten werden medial durch Texte konstruiert. Gleichzeitig existieren in der außersprachlichen Wirklichkeit Bezugspunkte, wo- durch den textuell konstruierten Identitäten hyperrealer Status zu- kommt. Fiske (1996: 68) spricht im Falle von repräsentierten Teilneh- mern, die Elemente der außermedialen Akteure umfassen, jedoch ei- genständig sind, von hyperreal figures. Die Eigenständigkeit derselben wird stärker, sodass Fairclough (1995a: 139) eine Verschiebung zu Signifikationen ohne Referenz feststellt: „there is no real object only the constitution of an object in discourse“. Das Phänomen Identität wird unterschiedlich verstanden; so wird Identität als statisches (vgl. u.a. Reisigl 2003: 31-48) oder als prozedurales, veränderliches Phäno- men, das diskursiv konstruiert wird, gesehen (vgl. Chouliaraki/Fair- clough 1999: 96ff.; Schmidt 2000: 113ff.). Rezente Mediengesell- schaften produzieren semiotisch-diskursiv ‘Images’ und verfolgen da- mit kalkuliert die Strategie, ‘folgenreiche Aufmerksamkeit’ (Schmidt 2000: 235) für Personen wie die Mitglieder und capi der Familie Ag- nelli und Funktionäre des Unternehmens Fiat zu erregen (vgl. u.a. Hellmann/Pichler 2005; Fairclough 2002: 163; Chouliaraki/Fairclough 1999: 96; Schmidt 2000: 235). 5. Mittel zur diskursiven Repräsentation von Identität – die Nomi- nation Die Mittel, die zur diskursiven Repräsentation medialer Identitätskon- strukte in Hinblick auf Figuren herangezogen werden können, sind vielfältig. Sie können sich auf die Bezugseinheit – wie hier die media- le Figur – aber auch darüber hinaus auf persönliche Beziehungen der Person sowie deren Handlungen beziehen. Ein Mittel zur diskursiven Konstruktion der Bezugseinheit ist die Nomination. Kritisch-dis- kursanalytische Zugänge zur Nomination sozialer Akteure (vgl. Van Leeuwen 1996, Reisigl 2003, Reisigl/Wodak 2001) unterscheiden No- mination in Form von Eigennamen (Gianni Agnelli, John Elkann) vs. Nomination als Klassifikation2 (der Fiat Patriarch, der Kronprinz), worunter die Bezeichnung der Entität über ein als essentiell geltendes Merkmal zu verstehen ist, das etwa das Äußere eines Menschen, seine inneren Überzeugungen, seine gesellschaftliche Stellung, seine Funk- 2 Vgl. Reisigl (2003); Van Leeuwen (1996). 314 JULIA KUHN tion o.ä. betreffen kann.3 Ein anderer Bereich, aus dem Nominationen entstammen können, ist der Bereich der diskursiven Darstellung oder Konstruktion zwischenmenschlicher Beziehungen, etwa im familiären Rahmen (z.B. die unterschiedlichen Brüder (Gianni und Umberto)) so- wie die Isotopie der Gleichheit oder Differenz. Reisigl (2003) versteht Nomination als spezielle Form von Referenz, bei der über Art und Weise der sprachlichen Bezugnahme auf Außersprachliches eine be- stimmte Einstellung, Haltung bzw. bewertende Perspektive der Sprachverwender gegenüber der Person, auf die sie referieren, kund- gegeben wird. Nominationen umfassen bestimmte Einstellungen, die der jeweils verwendete Nominationsausdruck denotativ oder konnota- tiv4 umfasst (vgl. Reisigl 2003; Girnth 1993)5. Bei der diskursiven Repräsentation des Handelns spielen die ‘Ac- tivation’ vs. ‘Passivation’ sozialer Akteure (vgl. Van Leeuwen 1996) eine Rolle sowie die indirekte Repräsentation von diskursivem Han- deln in Zitatform, wobei die Frage nach dem, wer spricht, nicht außer Acht gelassen werden darf, da dies Aufschluss über die Perspektivie- rung gibt (vgl. Fairclough 2003; Van Leeuwen 2005). 6. Empirischer Teil Die Namen Agnelli und Fiat sind eng miteinander verbunden. Seit der Firmengründung durch Giovanni I Agnelli stand immer ein männli- ches Familienmitglied und männlicherTräger des Namens Agnelli dem Familienclan vor. Mit Umberto Agnelli, dem ‘letzten Agnelli’ endet diese Tradition. Sein Nachfolger und Großneffe John Elkann trägt nicht mehr den Familiennamen Agnelli. Ein Namenwechsel, der nicht bedeutungslos ist. FIAT, die Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, pro- 3 Auf die starke Verwobenheit von Nomination und Prädikation weisen bereits Reisigl (2003), Van Leeuwen (1996), Halliday (1978) hin. 4 Grundlegendes Konzept der (Bedeutungs-)Konstitution ist die Konnotation (Van Leeuwen 2005: 29-43), die mit Roland Barthes als mit Werten aufgeladene, sozial und kulturell bedingte Bedeutung verstanden wird: “Given the first layer of mea- ning, a second layer of meaning can, as it were, be superimposed, the connotation. It comes about either through the culturally shared associations, which cling to the re- presented people, places and things, or through specific ‘connota-tors’, specific aspects of the way in which they are represented, for example, specific photographic techniques.” (Van Leeuwen 2005: 38). 5 Zu kritisch-diskursanalytischen Zugängen zur Nomination sozialer AkteurInnen (vgl. Van Leeuwen 1996; Reisigl 2003; Reisigl/Wodak 2001). AGNELLI VS. ELKANN – NAMENWECHSEL BEI FIAT 315 fitierte immer vom Glanz der Agnellis, die Agnellis ihrerseits wurden und werden über FIAT konstruiert: So wird die Familie Agnelli im Mediendiskurs nicht nur einfach als die Familie Agnelli oder die Ag- nellis konstruiert, sondern auch in Nominationen mittels Verwendung des Ergonyms Fiat: die Fiat-Familie, Fiat-Dynastie Agnelli, die Fiat- Unternehmerfamilie Agnelli. Nominationen für die Familie, die das Ergonym nicht enthalten, stellen Bezüge zur Auto-Industrie her: Itali- ens mächtigste Industriellenfamilie, die bedeutendste italienische Großindustriellendynastie, die italienische Unternehmerdynastie Ag- nelli, die Unternehmerdynastie Agnelli, die italienische Autodynastie Agnelli, die Unternehmerfamilie
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