Rodents Rely on Merkel Cells for Texture Discrimination Tasks
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Chemoreception
Senses 5 SENSES live version • discussion • edit lesson • comment • report an error enses are the physiological methods of perception. The senses and their operation, classification, Sand theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields. Sense is a faculty by which outside stimuli are perceived. We experience reality through our senses. A sense is a faculty by which outside stimuli are perceived. Many neurologists disagree about how many senses there actually are due to a broad interpretation of the definition of a sense. Our senses are split into two different groups. Our Exteroceptors detect stimulation from the outsides of our body. For example smell,taste,and equilibrium. The Interoceptors receive stimulation from the inside of our bodies. For instance, blood pressure dropping, changes in the gluclose and Ph levels. Children are generally taught that there are five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste). However, it is generally agreed that there are at least seven different senses in humans, and a minimum of two more observed in other organisms. Sense can also differ from one person to the next. Take taste for an example, what may taste great to me will taste awful to someone else. This all has to do with how our brains interpret the stimuli that is given. Chemoreception The senses of Gustation (taste) and Olfaction (smell) fall under the category of Chemoreception. Specialized cells act as receptors for certain chemical compounds. As these compounds react with the receptors, an impulse is sent to the brain and is registered as a certain taste or smell. Gustation and Olfaction are chemical senses because the receptors they contain are sensitive to the molecules in the food we eat, along with the air we breath. -
The Roles and Functions of Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors Kenneth O Johnson
455 The roles and functions of cutaneous mechanoreceptors Kenneth O Johnson Combined psychophysical and neurophysiological research has nerve ending that is sensitive to deformation in the resulted in a relatively complete picture of the neural mechanisms nanometer range. The layers function as a series of of tactile perception. The results support the idea that each of the mechanical filters to protect the extremely sensitive recep- four mechanoreceptive afferent systems innervating the hand tor from the very large, low-frequency stresses and strains serves a distinctly different perceptual function, and that tactile of ordinary manual labor. The Ruffini corpuscle, which is perception can be understood as the sum of these functions. located in the connective tissue of the dermis, is a rela- Furthermore, the receptors in each of those systems seem to be tively large spindle shaped structure tied into the local specialized for their assigned perceptual function. collagen matrix. It is, in this way, similar to the Golgi ten- don organ in muscle. Its association with connective tissue Addresses makes it selectively sensitive to skin stretch. Each of these Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, 338 Krieger Hall, receptor types and its role in perception is discussed below. The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2689, USA; e-mail: [email protected] During three decades of neurophysiological and combined Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2001, 11:455–461 psychophysical and neurophysiological studies, evidence has accumulated that links each of these afferent types to 0959-4388/01/$ — see front matter © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. a distinctly different perceptual function and, furthermore, that shows that the receptors innervated by these afferents Abbreviations are specialized for their assigned functions. -
Branched Cells in the Epidermis: an Overview
0022-202X/ 80/ 7501-0006$02.00/0 THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE D ERMATOLOGY, 75:6-11, 1980 Vol. 75, No.1 Copyrighl © 1980 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Printed in U.S.A. Branched Cells in the Epidermis: An Overview A. S. BREATHNACH, M.Sc., M.D. Department of Anatomy, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School (University of London), London, W.2, UK Current knowledge concerning the nature, lineage, due, no doubt, to overconcentration upon their own pet clear and function of the Langerhans cell, Merkel cell, and, to cells, to the fact that no specific stains for lymphocytes had a lesser extent, the melanocyte, are reviewed under been evolved, to the unacceptability of Andrew's conclusions headings that emphasize the confederate constitution of [ 4] that lymphocytes were capable of differentiating into prac the epidermis as a compound tissue composed of a vari tically every other variety of epidermal cell, and finally to the ety of cellular elements; the role of the lymphocyte as a lack of an obvious reason for their presence there at all under component of normal epidermis is also considered. It normal circumstances. appears that the function of the Langerhans cell has Today; a further 20 yr along the way, this question of intrae finally been established, i.e., it serves as a front-line pidermallymphocytes has become an issue of vital importance, element in immune reactions of the skin. Develop not only in relation to individual immunopathologic situations, mentally, it is of mesenchymal origin. The Merkel cell but also from the wider points of view put forward by Fichthel still presents a number of problems centering around ius, Groth, and Liden [5] and Streilein [6] in connection with questions of its lineage, the nature of its characteristic the skin as an immunologic inductive microenvironment, and granules, and the "synaptic" relationship between it and the possible existence of a subpopulation of lymphocytes sub the associated neurite. -
Somatosensory Function in Speech Perception
Somatosensory function in speech perception Takayuki Itoa, Mark Tiedea,b, and David J. Ostrya,c,1 aHaskins Laboratories, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511; bResearch Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139; and cDepartment of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1 Edited by Fernando Nottebohm, The Rockefeller University, Millbrook, NY, and approved December 4, 2008 (received for review October 7, 2008) Somatosensory signals from the facial skin and muscles of the vocal taken from a computer-generated continuum between the words tract provide a rich source of sensory input in speech production. head and had. We found that perception of these speech sounds We show here that the somatosensory system is also involved in varied in a systematic manner depending on the direction of skin the perception of speech. We use a robotic device to create stretch. The presence of any perceptual change at all depended patterns of facial skin deformation that would normally accom- on the temporal pattern of the stretch, such that perceptual pany speech production. We find that when we stretch the facial change was present only when the timing of skin stretch was skin while people listen to words, it alters the sounds they hear. comparable to that which occurs during speech production. The The systematic perceptual variation we observe in conjunction findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the somatosen- with speech-like patterns of skin stretch indicates that somatosen- sory system is involved in the perceptual processing of speech. sory inputs affect the neural processing of speech sounds and The findings underscore the idea that there is a broad nonau- shows the involvement of the somatosensory system in the per- ditory basis to speech perception (17–21). -
Diversification and Specialization of Touch Receptors in Skin
Downloaded from http://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/ on October 4, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Diversification and Specialization of Touch Receptors in Skin David M. Owens1,2 and Ellen A. Lumpkin1,3 1Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 2Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 3Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 Correspondence: [email protected] Our skin is the furthest outpost of the nervous system and a primary sensor for harmful and innocuous external stimuli. As a multifunctional sensory organ, the skin manifests a diverse and highly specialized array of mechanosensitive neurons with complex terminals, or end organs, which are able to discriminate different sensory stimuli and encode this information for appropriate central processing. Historically, the basis for this diversity of sensory special- izations has been poorly understood. In addition, the relationship between cutaneous me- chanosensory afferents and resident skin cells, including keratinocytes, Merkel cells, and Schwann cells, during the development and function of tactile receptors has been poorly defined. In this article, we will discuss conserved tactile end organs in the epidermis and hair follicles, with a focus on recent advances in our understanding that have emerged from studies of mouse hairy skin. kin is our body’s protective covering and skills, including typing, feeding, and dressing Sour largest sensory organ. Unique among ourselves. Touch is also important for social ex- our sensory systems, the skin’s nervous system change, including pair bonding and child rear- www.perspectivesinmedicine.org gives rise to distinct sensations, including gentle ing (Tessier et al. -
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Case Report Merkel cell carcinoma Eiman Nasseri MD FRCPC erkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare yet highly aggressive tumour of the skin. While the dangers of other skin Mcancers like malignant melanoma are ingrained in most physicians’ minds—with the changing or atypical nevus often inciting an urgent biopsy—MCC remains an unfamiliar and neglected disease. Yet, the annual incidence of MCC is rising more quickly than that of melanoma, at 8% annually, and one-third of patients die within 3 years of diagno- sis.1,2 Despite these sobering figures, a timely diagnosis followed by exci- sion and radiotherapy can be curative in early disease. This article seeks EDITor’s KEY POINTS to familiarize family physicians with both the characteristics and the man- • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but agement of MCC, so that they can quickly identify MCC patients and direct highly aggressive cutaneous neoplasm with a them to the appropriate specialists for care. rising incidence among elderly patients. The 3-year mortality rate is greater than 30%, Case description surpassing that of malignant melanoma. A 93-year-old white woman presented to the emergency department with an asymptomatic tumour on her left ear (Figure 1). She claimed that the lesion • The most common clinical features had appeared 2 months earlier and had been growing rapidly. The patient of MCC have been summarized by the was otherwise healthy and not taking any medications. On physical exami- acronym AEIOU: asymptomatic, expanding nation, her skin showed moderate photodamage. A 5- by 4-cm erythema- rapidly, immunosuppression, older than 50 tous, dome-shaped nodule was noted in her left conchal bowl. -
Diagnostic Accuracy of a Panel of Immunohistochemical and Molecular Markers to Distinguish Merkel Cell Carcinoma from Other Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
Modern Pathology (2019) 32:499–510 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41379-018-0155-y ARTICLE Diagnostic accuracy of a panel of immunohistochemical and molecular markers to distinguish Merkel cell carcinoma from other neuroendocrine carcinomas 1,2,3 4 1 3 3 Thibault Kervarrec ● Anne Tallet ● Elodie Miquelestorena-Standley ● Roland Houben ● David Schrama ● 5 2 6 7 8 Thilo Gambichler ● Patricia Berthon ● Yannick Le Corre ● Ewa Hainaut-Wierzbicka ● Francois Aubin ● 9 10 11 12 12 Guido Bens ● Flore Tabareau-Delalande ● Nathalie Beneton ● Gaëlle Fromont ● Flavie Arbion ● 13 2 2,14 1,2 Emmanuelle Leteurtre ● Antoine Touzé ● Mahtab Samimi ● Serge Guyétant Received: 14 July 2018 / Revised: 2 September 2018 / Accepted: 3 September 2018 / Published online: 22 October 2018 © United States & Canadian Academy of Pathology 2018 Abstract Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin mostly induced by Merkel cell polyomavirus integration. Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) positivity is currently used to distinguish Merkel cell carcinomas from other neuroendocrine carcinomas. However, this distinction may be challenging in CK20-negative cases and in cases without a 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: primary skin tumor. The objectives of this study were first to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of previously described markers for the diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma and second to validate these markers in the setting of difficult-to- diagnose Merkel cell carcinoma variants. In a preliminary set (n = 30), we assessed optimal immunohistochemical patterns (CK20, thyroid transcription factor 1 [TTF-1], atonal homolog 1 [ATOH1], neurofilament [NF], special AT-rich sequence- binding protein 2 [SATB2], paired box protein 5, terminal desoxynucleotidyl transferase, CD99, mucin 1, and Merkel cell polyomavirus-large T antigen) and Merkel cell polyomavirus load thresholds (real-time PCR). -
Sensory Receptors A17 (1)
SENSORY RECEPTORS A17 (1) Sensory Receptors Last updated: April 20, 2019 Sensory receptors - transducers that convert various forms of energy in environment into action potentials in neurons. sensory receptors may be: a) neurons (distal tip of peripheral axon of sensory neuron) – e.g. in skin receptors. b) specialized cells (that release neurotransmitter and generate action potentials in neurons) – e.g. in complex sense organs (vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste). sensory receptor is often associated with nonneural cells that surround it, forming SENSE ORGAN. to stimulate receptor, stimulus must first pass through intervening tissues (stimulus accession). each receptor is adapted to respond to one particular form of energy at much lower threshold than other receptors respond to this form of energy. adequate (s. appropriate) stimulus - form of energy to which receptor is most sensitive; receptors also can respond to other energy forms, but at much higher thresholds (e.g. adequate stimulus for eye is light; eyeball rubbing will stimulate rods and cones to produce light sensation, but threshold is much higher than in skin pressure receptors). when information about stimulus reaches CNS, it produces: a) reflex response b) conscious sensation c) behavior alteration SENSORY MODALITIES Sensory Modality Receptor Sense Organ CONSCIOUS SENSATIONS Vision Rods & cones Eye Hearing Hair cells Ear (organ of Corti) Smell Olfactory neurons Olfactory mucous membrane Taste Taste receptor cells Taste bud Rotational acceleration Hair cells Ear (semicircular -
Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Update and Review Timothy S
Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Update and Review Timothy S. Wang, MD,* Patrick J. Byrne, MD, FACS,† Lisa K. Jacobs, MD,‡ and Janis M. Taube, MD§ Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive, and often fatal cutaneous malignancy that is not usually suspected at the time of biopsy. Because of its increasing incidence and the discovery of a possible viral association, interest in MCC has escalated. Recent effort has broadened our breadth of knowledge regarding MCC and developed instruments to improve data collection and future study. This article provides an update on current thinking about the Merkel cell and MCC. Semin Cutan Med Surg 30:48-56 © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. erkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive, and current thinking, including novel insights into the Merkel Moften fatal cutaneous malignancy. It usually presents as cell; a review of the 2010 National Comprehensive Cancer a banal-appearing lesion and the diagnosis is rarely suspected Network (NCCN) therapeutic guidelines and new American at the time of biopsy. Because of increasing incidence and the Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system; recom- discovery of a possible viral association, interest in MCC has mendations for pathologic reporting and new diagnostic escalated rapidly. codes; and the recently described Merkel cell polyoma virus From 1986 to 2001, the incidence of MCC in the United (MCPyV). States has tripled, and approximately 1500 new cases are diagnosed each year.1,2 MCC occurs most frequently among elderly white patients and perhaps slightly more commonly History in men. MCCs tend to occur on sun-exposed areas, with Merkel cells (MCs) were first described by Friedrich Merkel 3 nearly 80% presenting on the head, neck, and extremities. -
Hemodynamic Changes in Cortical Sensorimotor Systems Following
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Public Access Theses and Dissertations from the Education and Human Sciences, College of (CEHS) College of Education and Human Sciences Spring 2016 Hemodynamic Changes in Cortical Sensorimotor Systems Following Hand and Orofacial Motor Tasks and Pulsed Cutaneous Stimulation Austin Oder Rosner University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss Part of the Communication Sciences and Disorders Commons Rosner, Austin Oder, "Hemodynamic Changes in Cortical Sensorimotor Systems Following Hand and Orofacial Motor Tasks and Pulsed Cutaneous Stimulation" (2016). Public Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences. 256. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss/256 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Education and Human Sciences, College of (CEHS) at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES IN CORTICAL SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEMS FOLLOWING HAND AND OROFACIAL MOTOR TASKS AND PULSED CUTANEOUS STIMULATION by Austin Oder Rosner A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Interdepartmental Area of Human Sciences (Communication Disorders) Under the Supervision of Professor Steven M. Barlow Lincoln, Nebraska January, 2016 HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES IN CORTICAL SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEMS FOLLOWING HAND AND OROFACIAL MOTOR TASKS AND PULSED CUTANEOUS STIMULATION Austin Oder Rosner, Ph.D. -
Insights and Perspectives on Sensory-Motor Integration and Rehabilitation Rochelle Ackerley, Michael Borich, Calogero Maria Oddo, Silvio Ionta
Insights and Perspectives on Sensory-Motor Integration and Rehabilitation Rochelle Ackerley, Michael Borich, Calogero Maria Oddo, Silvio Ionta To cite this version: Rochelle Ackerley, Michael Borich, Calogero Maria Oddo, Silvio Ionta. Insights and Perspectives on Sensory-Motor Integration and Rehabilitation. Multisensory Research, Brill, 2016, 29 (6-7), pp.607- 633. 10.1163/22134808-00002530. hal-01599609 HAL Id: hal-01599609 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01599609 Submitted on 2 Oct 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Multisensory Research 29 (2016) 607–633 brill.com/msr Insights and Perspectives on Sensory-Motor Integration and Rehabilitation Rochelle Ackerley 1,2, Michael Borich 3, Calogero Maria Oddo 4 and Silvio Ionta 5,6,∗ 1 Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden 2 Laboratoire Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives (UMR 7260), CNRS — Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France 3 Neural Plasticity Research Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy, Dept of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory -
Miracle Berry’ Demo ‘Miracle Berry’ Demo What Are Miracle Berries?
Applied Neuroscience Columbia Science Honors Program Fall 2016 Sensory Systems and Neural Circuits, Part Two Last week’s class Sensory systems and neural circuits 1. Introduction to sensory systems 2. Visual system 3. Auditory system 4. Introduction to neural circuits How do we take cues from our environment and make sense of the world around us? Sensory systems How do sensory systems work? Neurons in sensory regions of the brain respond to stimuli by firing action potentials after receiving a stimulus. Each sensory system follows a specific plan: 1. Reception 2. Transduction 3. Coding Today’s class Objective: Sensory Systems and Neural Circuits, Part Two Agenda: Sensory Systems Gustatory system (taste) Olfactory system (odor) Demo 1: Jellybean test Somatosensory system (touch and pain) Demo 2: Flavor tripping with ‘Miracle Berries’ Sensory systems What are different types of senses? Hearing Vision Smell Touch (olfaction) Pain Humans Taste Temperature (gustation) Vestibular Autonomic Senses Senses Proprioception Chemical senses Sensory systems associated with the nose and mouth (olfaction and taste) detect chemicals in the environment. Gustatory system: detects ingested, primarily water-soluble, molecules called tastants Olfactory system: detects airborne molecules called odors These systems rely on receptors in the nasal cavity, mouth or face that interact with the relevant molecules and generate action potentials. Gustatory System Objective: Understand how the gustatory system works Agenda: 1. Morphology of cells 2. Gustatory pathway v Flavor tripping with ‘Miracle Berries’ (later in the class) Gustatory System Morphology of taste buds and cell types: • Taste buds are located on papillae and are distributed across the tongue • They are also found on the oral mucosa of the palate and epiglottis • Taste buds contain 80 cells arranged around a central taste pore.