Functional Groups

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Functional Groups functional group: an atom, or group of atoms (with specific connectivity), exhibiting identical chemical reactivity regardless of the molecule containing it; the reactivity of individual functional groups dictates the reactivity of the molecule of which they are a part • divide organic compounds into classes • sites of characteristic chemical reactions • serve as basis for naming organic compounds A. Alkanes • contain only carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds B. Alkenes • contain a carbon-carbon double bond C. Alkynes • contain a carbon-carbon triple bond D. Arenes • contain a benzene group E. Alcohols • contain an –OH (“hydroxyl”) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom F. Ethers • contain an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atom groups by single bonds 2 G. Amines • contain an “amino” group – a N atom bonded to 1, 2, or 3 carbon atom groups by single bonds H. Aldehydes and Ketones • contain a C=O (“carbonyl”) group • note that in condensed structural formulas, the aldehyde group may be written as –CH=O or as –CHO I. Carboxylic Acids • contain a “carboxylic acid” group – a carbonyl (C=O) group bonded to a hydroxyl group at the carbonyl carbon atom • note that in condensed structural formulas, the carboxylic acid group may be written as –COOH 3 J. Carboxylic Amides (Amides) • contain an “amide” group – a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group where the -OH group is replaced with an amine K. Carboxylic Esters (Esters) • contain an “ester” group – a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group where the H atom is replaced with a carbon containing group L. Carboxylic Anhydrides (Anhydrides) • contain an “anhydride” group – an oxygen atom bonded to two C=O (“carbonyl”) groups M. Nitriles • contain a “cyano” group (C≡N) bonded to a carbon atom group (i.e., at the carbon atom of the cyano group) 4.

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Aldehydes and Ketones
12 Aldehydes and Ketones Ethanol from alcoholic beverages is first metabolized to acetaldehyde before being broken down further in the body. The reactivity of the carbonyl group of acetaldehyde allows it to bind to proteins in the body, the products of which lead to tissue damage and organ disease. Inset: A model of acetaldehyde. (Novastock/ Stock Connection/Glow Images) KEY QUESTIONS 12.1 What Are Aldehydes and Ketones? 12.8 What Is Keto–Enol Tautomerism? 12.2 How Are Aldehydes and Ketones Named? 12.9 How Are Aldehydes and Ketones Oxidized? 12.3 What Are the Physical Properties of Aldehydes 12.10 How Are Aldehydes and Ketones Reduced? and Ketones? 12.4 What Is the Most Common Reaction Theme of HOW TO Aldehydes and Ketones? 12.1 How to Predict the Product of a Grignard Reaction 12.5 What Are Grignard Reagents, and How Do They 12.2 How to Determine the Reactants Used to React with Aldehydes and Ketones? Synthesize a Hemiacetal or Acetal 12.6 What Are Hemiacetals and Acetals? 12.7 How Do Aldehydes and Ketones React with CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Ammonia and Amines? 12A A Green Synthesis of Adipic Acid IN THIS AND several of the following chapters, we study the physical and chemical properties of compounds containing the carbonyl group, C O. Because this group is the functional group of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids and their derivatives, it is one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry and in the chemistry of biological systems. The chemical properties of the carbonyl group are straightforward, and an understanding of its characteristic reaction themes leads very quickly to an understanding of a wide variety of organic reactions.
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Aldehydes and Ketones Are Simple Organic Compounds Containing a Carbonyl Group
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Esters Introduction Structurally, an Ester Is a Compound That Has an Alkoxy (OR) Group Attached to the Carbonyl Group
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Properties of Carbon the Atomic Element Carbon Has Very Diverse
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Fundamental Studies of Early Transition Metal-Ligand Multiple Bonds: Structure, Electronics, and Catalysis
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Fermentation and Ester Taints
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Chapter 14 – Aldehydes and Ketones
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Reduction of Organic Functional Groups Using Hypophosphites Rim Mouselmani
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Sp Carbon Chain Interaction with Silver Nanoparticles Probed by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering
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Amide, and Paratoluenesulfonamide on the Amide of Silver,On the Imides
68 CHEMISTRY: E. C. FRANKLIN METALLIC SALTS OF AMMONO ACIDS By Edward C. Franklin DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, STANFORD UNIVERSITY Presented to the Academy, January 9. 1915 The Action of Liquid-Ammonia Solutions of Ammono Acids on Metallic Amides, Imides, and Nitrides. The acid amides and imides, and the metallic derivatives of the acid amides and imides are the acds, bases, and salts respectively of an ammonia system of acids, bases, and salts.1 Guided by the relationships implied in the above statement Franklin and Stafford were able to prepare potassium derivatives of a considerable number of acid amides by the action of potassium amide on certain acid amides in solution in liquid ammonia. That is to say, an ammono base, potassium amide, was found to react with ammono acids in liquid ammonia to form ammono salts just as the aquo base, potassium hydrox- ide, acts upon aquo acids in water solution to form aquo salts. Choos- ing, for example, benzamide and benzoic acid as representative acids of the two systems, the analogous reactions taking place respectively in liquid ammonia and water are represented by the equations: CH6CONH2+KNH2 = C6H5CONHK + NHs. CseHCONH2 + 2KNH2 = CIHsCONK2 + 2NH3. CH6tCOOH + KOH = CIH6COOK + H2O. The ammono acid, since it is dibasic, reacts with either one or two molecules of potassium amide to form an acid and a neutral salt. Having thus demonstrated the possibility of preparing ammono salts of potassium by the interaction of potassium amide and acid amides in liquid ammonia solution, it was further found that ammono salts of the heavy metals may be prepared by the action of liquid ammonia solutions of ammono acids on insoluble metallic amides, imides, and nitrides-that is, by reactions which are analogous to the formation of aquo salts in water by the action of potassium hydroxide on insoluble metallic hydroxides and oxides.
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The Chemistry of Alkynes
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