Reforming Land Tenure for the Reduction of Vulnerability against Global Change: A Case Study in the Omusati Region, Namibia MASTER THESIS TO GAIN THE MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE (M.SC.) IN GLOBAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES EBERSWALDE , GERMANY PRESENTED BY ANNEMONE HMIELORZ SUPERVISOR : PROF . DR. PIERRE IBISCH 1ST EVALUATOR : PROF . DR. PIERRE IBISCH 2ND EVALUATOR : DIPL . BIOL . CHRISTOPH NOWICKI BERLIN , 4TH FEBRUARY 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Acknowledgement This thesis would not have been accomplished without the help, assistance and encouragement of various people and institutions. First of all I would like to thank GTZ Namibia for the comprehensive logistical and technical support during the preparation and conduction of the case study. Particularly, I would like to thank Christian Graefen, Sonja Berdau, Martin Neumann and Tanja Pickardt for their great support. A very special thanks also goes to my supervisors, Professor Pierre Ibisch and Christoph Nowicki, whose expertise and understanding added considerably higher professional value to this thesis. Thank you for the inspiring and interesting discussions on the topic and for motivating and encouraging me in not losing my focus. This thesis also benefited from a wide range of information by small-scale farmers in the Omusati Region as well as the insights and helpful comments of experts such as Maria Kasita (MLR), Gabriel Indombo (MLR), Marcel Meijs (CIM) and Frank Gschwender (GTZ). I also extend my gratefulness to them for giving me their valuable time and views during individual interviews. For all the logistical support during the field study in the Northern Central Region in Namibia I would like to thank Beata Xulu (GTZ Oshakati), Werner Mbongo (GTZ Oshakati), Ernst Mbangula (GTZ Oshakati), Silvanus K. Uunona (IBMC), Peter Endjambi (Regional Councillor of Oshikuku Constituency), Elifas Ampueja (Small-scale farmer in Onashitendo), Mother General Magdalena and Sister Cecilia from Benedictine Guest House in Oshikuku and Veremunda Johannes (Secretary of Headman in Omagalanga). I also would like to thank Ndapanda Ampueja and Kirsti Hamunime; without their support as interpreters it would not have been possible to interview small-scale farmers in Onashitendo and Omagalanga. Furthermore, I want to thank my friends Patricia Brtnik, Peter Breaux, Franziska Meissner and Sabine Winkler who supported me by introducing new perspectives and ideas, providing constrictive criticism as well as dedicating time for reading and correcting. Finally, I would especially like to express my gratitude to my parents who supported and motivated me in all ways to finalize this thesis. I TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................ IV List of Tables .................................................................................................................. V List of Maps .................................................................................................................... VI List of Pictures ............................................................................................................... VI List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................... VII Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................................... VIII Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... X 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Study Area .............................................................................................................. 2 1.1.1 Namibia.......................................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 Omusati Region.............................................................................................. 6 1.1.3 Communities .................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Land Allocation in Namibia .....................................................................................10 1.2.1 Ante-Independence Development .................................................................10 1.2.2 Post-Independence Development until 2002/2003 ........................................13 1.3 Objective ................................................................................................................16 2 Approach & Methods .................................................................................................18 2.1 Sustainable Livelihood Approach ...........................................................................18 2.1.1 Background...................................................................................................18 2.1.2 The Sustainable Livelihood Framework - Theory...........................................18 2.2 Methods - Application of the Sustainable Livelihood Approach...............................24 2.2.1 Embedding of the Project ..............................................................................24 2.2.2 Design of the Case Study..............................................................................25 2.2.3 Research Questions......................................................................................26 2.2.4 Selection of the Case Study Area..................................................................27 2.2.5 Stakeholder Analysis.....................................................................................27 2.2.6 Applied Methods............................................................................................29 3 Results ........................................................................................................................34 3.1 Livelihood Assets ...................................................................................................34 II TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.1.1 Similarities & Marginal Differences of Onashitendo & Omagalanga...............34 3.1.2 Differences of Onashitendo & Omagalanga...................................................40 3.1.3 Summary.......................................................................................................45 3.2 Changing Structures & Processes..........................................................................46 3.3 Vulnerability Context ..............................................................................................49 3.3.1 Trends...........................................................................................................50 3.3.2 Seasonality....................................................................................................55 3.3.3 Shocks ..........................................................................................................58 3.3.4 Summary.......................................................................................................67 3.4 Livelihood Strategies & Outcomes..........................................................................68 3.4.1 Subsistence Farmer ......................................................................................69 3.4.2 Employees & Freelancer ...............................................................................69 4 Discussion ..................................................................................................................71 4.1 Evaluation of Approach & Methods.........................................................................71 4.1.1 Sustainable Livelihood Approach ..................................................................71 4.1.2 Methods ........................................................................................................72 4.2 Discussion of Results .............................................................................................74 4.2.1 Research Question 1.....................................................................................74 4.2.2 Research Question 2.....................................................................................76 4.2.3 Research Question 3.....................................................................................78 4.2.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................82 4.3 Recommendations .................................................................................................83 4.3.1 National Level ...............................................................................................83 4.3.2 Regional Level ..............................................................................................86 4.3.3 Local Level....................................................................................................87 References .....................................................................................................................88 Appendix ........................................................................................................................97 Appendix A - Semi-Structured Interview Guideline .......................................................97 Appendix B - Observation Guideline...........................................................................102 Appendix C - Focus Group Discussion