Datazone level Namibian Index of MulƟ ple DeprivaƟ on 2001 Empowered lives. Resilient nations. OmusaƟ Region Disclaimer This Report is an independent publication commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme at the request of the Government of Republic of Namibia. The analysis and policy recommendations contained in this report however, do not necessarily re�lect the views of the Government of the Republic of Namibia or the United Nations Development Programme or its Executive Board. ISBN: 978-99916-887-9-4 Copyright UNDP, Namibia 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission For electronic copy and a list of any errors or omissions found as well as any updates subsequent to printing, please visit our website: http://www.undp.org.na/publications.aspx PREFACE This report is the result of collaborative work between the Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy at the Oxford Institute of Social Policy at the University of Oxford. In November 2009, the Khomas Regional Council change over the last decade could be measured requested UNDP to assist in designing an objective when the 2011 Census becomes available and criterion or set of criteria, devoid of political is subsequently used for carrying out a similar and other considerations, which the Council analysis. could use in allocating development resources. Subsequent discussions led to an agreement that This report presents, using tables, charts and other stakeholders, especially the Central Bureau digital maps, a pro�ile of multiple deprivation of Statistics needed to be involved and that the in Omusati region at data zone level, which is a criterion or set of criteria needed to go beyond relatively new statistical geography developed income poverty considerations. It was also agreed for purposes of measuring deprivation at a small that rather than focus on Khomas region alone, the area level. This technique of pro�iling deprivation criterion or set of criteria needed to be applicable at datazone level, each with approximately to, or cover the entire country. Speci�ically, it 1000 people only, enables the identi�ication was agreed that a composite index of multiple and targeting of pockets of deprivation within deprivation, the Namibia Index of Multiple Omusati region for possible use in panning for and Deprivation (NIMD), be constructed at both implementation of development interventions. national and regional levels. Since the scope and The aim of the exercise was to produce a pro�ile depth of analysis needed for the development of of relative deprivation across Omusati region in the NIMD required very detailed and reliable data order for the most deprived areas to be identi�ied and information, it was agreed that the 2001 census and clearly delineated. In this way, it would be data, though ‘outdated’, be used as the source of possible for regional and constituency level information for preparing the NIMD. Accordingly, policy and decision makers, as well development the NIMD being presented in this report re�lects practitioners, to consider a particular domain of the situation in Omusati region at the 2001 time- deprivation, or to refer to the overarching NIMD point only. UNDP and the GRN recognize that for each constituency or datazone, in inter alia, the report does not speak to possible changes in allocating and applying development resources relative deprivation that may have occurred in the and interventions. The NIMD can also be used Omusati region since 2001. Nevertheless the 2001 as a platform for effecting a paradigm shift in NIMD could serve as a benchmark against which development planning towards increased focus Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Omusati Region 1 on and targeting of deprived areas and sectors; the Centre for the Analysis of South African Social as well as interrogating the causes of inequality Policy at the Oxford Institute of Social Policy at in access to basic services within the region. The the University of Oxford, under the leadership and NIMD at datazone level should be viewed as adding guidance a national steering committee chaired to the existing body of information and knowledge, by Mr Sylvester Mbangu, Director of the Central including local knowledge systems, about poverty Bureau of Statistics, with the participation of and deprivation in Omusati region and the large representatives of the thirteen Regional Councils. family of existing planning and resource allocation In addition to providing the funds for carrying tools and methodologies already in use at the out the project, UNDP provided overall oversight regional and constituency levels. and technical backstopping to the project through Ojijo Odhiambo, Senior Economist and Johannes This project was undertaken by Professor Michael Ashipala, National Economist. David Avenell is Noble, Dr Gemma Wright, Ms Joanna Davies, Dr thanked for his assistance with producing the Helen Barnes and Dr Phakama Ntshongwana of datazones. 2 Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Omusati Region TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1: Introduction 5 1.1 Background 5 1.2 De�ining poverty and deprivation 6 1.3 The concept of multiple deprivation 6 Section 2: Datazones 7 Section 3: Methodology 8 3.1 An introduction to the domains and indicators 8 Domains 8 Indicators 8 32 Material Deprivation Domain 9 Purpose of the domain 9 Background 9 Indicators 10 Combining the indicators 10 3.3 Employment Deprivation Domain 10 Purpose of the domain 12 Background 11 Indicator 11 Combining the indicators 11 3.4 Health Deprivation Domain 11 Purpose of the domain 11 Background 11 Indicator 11 3.5 Education Deprivation Domain 12 Purpose of the domain 12 Background 12 Indicators 12 Combining the indicators 12 3.6 Living Environment Deprivation Domain 12 Purpose of the domain 12 Background 12 Indicators 13 Combining the indicators 14 3.8 Constructing the domain indices 14 Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Omusati Region 3 3.8 Standardising and transforming the domain indices 14 3.9 Weights for the domain indices when combining into an overall Index of Multiple Deprivation 14 Section 4: Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001: Kavango Region 15 4.1 Multiple Deprivation 15 4.2 Domains of deprivation 18 Section 5: Conclusion and Some Policy Recommendations 31 Annex 1 33 Indicators included in the NIMD 2001 Material Deprivation Domain Employment Deprivation Domain Health Deprivation Domain Education Deprivation Domain Living Environment Deprivation Domain Annex 2 34 Domain and overall NIMD scores and ranks References 43 4 Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Omusati Region SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION This report presents the datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 (NIMD 2001) for the Omusati region. 1.1 Background The NIMD is a composite index re�lecting �ive dimensions of deprivation: income and material deprivation; employment deprivation; Initially a NIMD was created at constituency level education deprivation; health deprivation; and for the Khomas Region, but applicable to other living environment deprivation. The NIMD and regions of the country as well, using data from the the component domains of deprivation were 2001 Population Census at constituency level after produced at datazone level using data from the a two-day consultative process on the domains and 2001 Population Census. Datazones are small indicators with members of the Central Bureau of areas containing approximately the same number Statistics, civil servants from the Council and staff of people (average 1,000). The datazone level members of UNDP. The objective of this phase of NIMD therefore provides a �ine-grained picture of the project was to construct measures of multiple deprivation and enables pockets of deprivation to deprivation at constituency level in order to provide be identi�ied in Omusati region. a more detailed analysis of deprivation which would enable Khomas Regional Council, and other The report is structured as follows: The background regional councils across Namibia, to rank their areas information and the conceptual framework which in order of deprivation, and also to set them in the underpins the model of multiple deprivation is context of all other areas in Namibia. The datazone described in this introductory section. In Section level index presented in this report draws from the 2 the rationale for and process of constructing previous constituency index, and covers, in detail, datazones are described. Section 3 introduces the entire country including Omusati region. In the domains and indicators that were included constructing the NIMD at datazone level however, in the NIMD and summarises the methodological it became necessary to make some small changes approach that was used in constructing the NIMD. to some of the domains and indicators initially In Section 4 datazone level results for Omusati used in the constituency level study. These changes region are presented, while conclusions and some are explained in detail in Section 3 of this report. general policy recommendations are presented in As such, the constituency level index has also been Section 5. revised to give a comparable measure. The initial Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Omusati Region 5 results of the work at the datazone level were which can be recognised and measured, and presented to, and validated by, representatives of are experienced by individuals living in an area. all the 13 Regional Councils at a workshop held in Multiple deprivation is therefore conceptualised Ondangwa in November 2011. as a weighted combination of distinct dimensions 1.2 Deϐining poverty and deprivation or domains of deprivation. An area level score for each domain is produced and these are then combined to form an overall Index of Multiple Townsend (1979) sets out the case for de�ining Deprivation.