Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 10086 10085 This discussion paper is/has beenSciences under (HESS). review Please for refer the to journal the Hydrology corresponding and final Earth paper System in HESS if available. will be made. Ain catalogue Appendix of A, floods andis and a found extreme catalogue in rainfall Appendix of B. eventsmethodology possible The and 1400–1800 flood-related study observation is harvest intends periods found failures to inreconstruction, 1200–1600 align order calibration with to and enhance prevalent general recommendations thepre-instrumental conclusions in possibilities period. on of flood synoptic regimes in Europe in the A few data concern Finland. Focusautumn) will and be snowmelt on river (spring). floods First,and driven a by hydrological general rainfall features (summer presentation of and of Swedenical the will basic evaluation be of orographical given, available followed sources bymagnitude in a will terms presentation be given of and and crit- reliability an and attempt validity. to An identify indexation flood-rich on and flood-poor subperiods suggest that climatic factors,connected such as to lower the temperaturesbehind so and flood called increased frequency precipitation and Little magnitude. Ice Age, should be considered1 as the main Introduction driver The purpose of thisSweden in article the is pre-instrumental to period give (1400–1800) an based overview on documentary of sources. major historical flood events in This article explores documentarySweden in evidence the of pre-instrumental floodsperiods period can and (1400–1800). be The extreme survey considered rainfallresult shows as events is that flood-rich, related in two 1590–1670 to sub- a and low the degree early of 18th human century. impact The on hydrology during the period, and Abstract Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.,www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/11/10085/2014/ 11, 10085–10116, 2014 doi:10.5194/hessd-11-10085-2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Documentary evidence of historical floods and extreme rainfall eventsSweden in 1400–1800 D. Retsö Dept. of Economic History, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Received: 25 June 2014 – Accepted: 26Correspondence June to: 2014 D. – Retsö Published: ([email protected]) 5 September 2014 Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 5 20 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | , ff 2 , is constituted by the 2 10088 10087 . The Lake Mälaren constitutes a basin collect- 2 . The Motala ström catchment area with 15 481 km 2 ), most rivers in south-central Sweden are, with a few exceptions, not suit- 2 Although the most important catchment areas in Sweden are quite large (15– The geographical distribution of hydrological data in documentary sources mirrors The most important catchment areas are Dalälven, Norrström, Göta älv and Motala to the 19th century are therefore to a large extent the result of natural factors. The able for navigation due to theiran small size early and point the to presence explore ofwere the rapids. It possibilities never led of carried authorities building at canals out1943; and on Bring, locks, 1911). but any Also such dredging significant projects projectsThe scale were only few and before systematic limited dredging the before of the 19thincreased Swedish 19th century. log rivers century driving, seems (Meyersson, predominantly to in have the been18th northern a century provinces consequence (Ahlbäck and of in and thethrough Albertsson, first engineered half 2006; modifications of Wik, the only 1950). occurredwith Serious in the alterations the development of second of runo half hydropower of plants the in 20th the century north. The hydrological events prior importance of mining tojected Swedish to economy, springfloods the and the location locationa of of number Sweden’s the most of mines prominent hydrological early near data city rivers in – contemporary sub- produce historical sources. 50 000 km subject to intense springfloods whenrapidly. the The snow in seasonality the of mountainsspring floods to season the in and northwest is the melts explained by miningthe a area rate combination of is of snow therefore melting storagebut in concentrated in was the to the mountains separated and the spring. fromrebound The it around Mälaren and 1000 was BC. transformed originallynarrow The into canals outlet a a Norrström was bay and lake for of Söderström bylater long in the the to confined Stockholm, Baltic founded to continuous become around Sea Södertälje the postglacial AD and capital 1250 the and of two Sweden. The combination of these three factors – the the less populated areasin of the in areas the northresources provinces were of and found Västmanland west giving and rise of rivers to Lake as an a Mälaren. early source At miningarea of activity, predictably an which became power used early an for the important point the streaming zone in roasting for Swedish time and economy. The smelting rich rivers of mineral are the often raw ore. The mining concentrated. Mining, the second most import economic activity was concentrated to economic activity and especially sensitive to variations in hydrological patterns was den’s largest lake, Vänern, catches waters runningprovince down of from Värmland the as higher well altitudes asby in in the the Norway and Göta lets älv its river. watersburg At continue is its to located, the mouth, North though the Sea onlyis second founded 50 largest 229 as city km late of as modernwaters 1628. Sweden running The Gothen- from total Lake Vättern area to of the the Baltic catchment Sea atthe Norrköping. economic geography ofwas medieval highest and in early southern modern Sweden where Sweden. consequently Population agriculture, density the most important ström (see Map 1). DalälvenThe is Sweden’s total longest catchment river area with is aing 28 total water 954 from extension km of a 520 wide km. all range of flowing smaller into rivers, the totalling BalticOld a Sea Town catchment of at area Stockholm, of Stockholm. which 22 The 650 has km main given outlet the is name Norrström, of north the entire of catchment the area. Swe- easterly direction through theBothnia. largely In flat south lands into centraltern, the Sweden Mälaren and Bothnian a Hjälmaren Sea number –catchment and who of areas. the catch In large waters Gulf the to lakes of southernmost constituteland are the part highlands, found main with of basins a – the of maximum country Vänern,rivers large altitude the who of Vät- modestly run 377 m, both elevated is into Små- the theSkagerack Baltic of source Sea of the to a North the number Sea east of in and smaller the the west. south and into the Kattegatt– The Scandinavian mountaina range north-south (with direction on atinental the maximum divide western largely altitude side coincidesrivers of 2469 m with in the a.s.l.) the Sweden Scandinavian runs flow border peninsula. down in The between on con- Sweden the and eastern Norway. slopes Most of the mountain range in a south- 2 Basic orographical and hydrological characteristics 5 5 25 20 10 15 25 20 10 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | s and civil ff ; Almquist, 1913, p. ff 10090 10089 ”) (Jørgensen, 1930, p. 179). The only primary ; Handl. rör. Skand. hist. 19, p. 183 ff cult to use for historical reconstruction, but with specified ffi yuerwætis vædher The quantitative increase of documentary sources in general after 1520 also implies As for most of Europe, the amount of documentary sources in Sweden is meagre for Consequently, the human impact on river streambeds and floodplains has been lim- 1995), as well as a number of institutional records such as letters from baili greater reliability since thesic requirements number for of documentary independentneutrality sources data are such also better as increases compliedthe nearness study and with, in of the as time long-term ba- wellnamely and structures as regularity, and space frequence, parameteorological the and uniformity, phenomena specific highficity such time requirements (Bell as resolution and floods, on and Ogilvie, data 1978;degree geographical for Brázdil of speci- et detail al., as 2005;form to individual Brázdil causes records et and produced by al., impact the 2010).Lewenhaupt, on same 1903), In person society whole (e.g. addition, is Brahe, individual the 1920; greater. letter Hausen, There suites 1880; are (e.g. Sjöberg, several 1911, uni- 1915; Wijkmark, “extreme wetness” (“ sources of a uniform kind frommonastery the in Swedish Vadstena Middle and Ages the areMelefors, Franciscan the 2008), order diaries but of of they Visby the contain (Gejrot, Birgittine very 1996; little Odelman of and hydrological data. the events described andsources most is often notoriously ofmethodology di Danish or not north useless Germanfloods especially origin. (Wetter concerning This et spectacular type al.,ographical of and 2011; specificity severe Retsö is events andterms not like Söderberg, (Sweden, very Norway, 2014, Denmark). great The Weatherfound – earliest and in mentioning in climate). of Scandinavian earlier a Ge- sources hydrologicalwritten sources possibly extreme sometime it relevant after for is 1288, Sweden confined is which to from states general a that Danish the annal year 1195 was characterized by increased interference of anthropogenic factors in the 19th century. the Middle Ages butClimatological increases dramatically data). from Thus c1520parameteorological for (Retsö proxy and the data Söderberg, 12th 2014, are and found 13th in centuries, chronicles most and annals, climatological written and long after The period has been chosen in order to avoid complications in the analysis due to the covers the period up toatic 1800, approximately instrumental a hydrographic century measurements before the (Lindström beginning and of Alexandersson, system- 2004). 3 The documentary sources For the present studynals has and been chronicles, as used well mainlySwedish as National printed secondary Archives letters, sources. (Riksarkivet) Some diaries,tions data in travel have of Stockholm. notes, been general There found an- weather are in dataEkman, the also from 1783). some the Further compila- 18th century databut (Fermer, it could 1756; is be Falkengren, 1781; argued found here e.g. that for the the main 18th trends century would not in change newspapers substantially. The survey Exceptionally, other natural factors than climateto explain locals floods. changes For example, in according thelake water surface levels rather of than Lake floods39). Vänern in were the due tributary to rivers winds or over drought the (Elvius, large 1751–1752, p. the lake (Bring, 1924). ited during the periodcrease, deforestation, in and concern other here.irregularities land in The use channel changes alignment pressure can as ofpopulation be well considered urbanization, of to as population be Sweden surface negligible in- alterations dueclimate, and to and i.e. the the sparse precipitation low-intensity andservable utilization temperature, flood of would regime rivers. be change Hypothetically the before then, 1800 main (Glaser driver et behind al., any 2010; ob- Wetter et al., 2011). the Lake Mälaren, where ato floodgate control was the constructed springflood already watere.g. and before most the Almquist, works 16th 1903, of century p. this82). kind 241 were In carried the out early thereSödertälje (see 15th and again century in some the dredging late 17th works century were but carried it had out little at impact the on the outlet hydrology of of hydrologically most vulnerable point was the city of Stockholm, located at the outlet of 5 5 25 20 10 15 25 20 10 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ). ) must have meant a springflood above mycket väta 10092 10091 svår vårflod ). It is argued here that such implicit comparisons with ). According to one assessment considerably more than mannaminne e, 1893; Edén, 1905; Ahnlund, 1930). ff cient to make a preliminary identification of flood-rich and flood-poor Olsmässofloden ffi Catchments particularly hit by floods were Norrström, Göta älv and Dalälven. 32 % of There is no clear picture of flood frequency during this period, as has already been The data used have thus been restricted to such data that can be confirmed to be The magnitude is normally described in vague qualitative terms, e.g. as the worst Hydrological data are constrained to statements on extreme flood events or general all events were of the third category (floods of regional or supraregional magnitude with (the so called 100 mm, perhaps as muchin as 2–300 the mm southern of and raindersson may central and have parts Vedin, fallen 2001). of over The certain the floodthe locations Östergötland in situation May province 1650 caused in seems the a toand authorities have also few been to to days equally investigate (Alexan- initiate the serious; possibilities worksThe to same to widen happened the widen in outlet the through theSödertälje outlet the spring (Bring, Södertälje of at canal. 1924, 1661, Stockholm p. and 16). the authorities speeded up the work at the early 18th century. Onin a the decadal 1640s time (twelve scale1630s events), the the (ten) highest 1700s and number and the of theevents), 1620s floods 1720s 1622 (nine). is (eleven and found Years each), of followed 17801728 significantly by (four (five severe the each). floods each), were Particularly and 1649 serious 1596, (six was 1640, the 1661, flood 1677, in 1707, Östergötland 1709 in and August 1649 With all these priorfollows. observations A of total the of source 1571400–1800, material, floods of or the which extreme 107 result rainfall can of events be the have unambiguously been survey defined found is as forobserved as floods the (see with period Appendix other A). methods (e.g.are Lindström clearly and su Alexandersson, 2004).periods. Yet, There the is data a clearin tendency to general, more and frequent especially floodswith two in the periods two 17th stand intermediate and out 18th subperiods as century with particularly fewer flood-rich; floods 1591–1670 in the 1610s and the 1650s, and according to the Gregorian calendar (New Style), introduced in Sweden in 1753. 4 Results and discussion data at this stage no attempt will be made to assess discharge. All dates are adjusted reliable and valid andommended 3-scale above indexation the of threshold theduration, spatial of magnitude extension is perceived and used material normality. here,Llasat damage/human A based casualties et commonly (Sturm on al., et the rec- al., 2005; criteriascale 2001; Glaser with of little et material al., damageor and/or 2010; supraregional short Wetter duration, magnitude et (2) with floods al.,tion, considerable of (3) 2011): material significant floods (1) regional of damage regional and/or floods orand/or average supraregional on long magnitude dura- a duration. with disastrous regional Following materialrich Hall damage periods et in al. order (2013), to the facilitate survey cross-continental intends comparisons. Due to to identify lack flood- of reliable based on an analysis of terminology,somewhat the over basic time understanding and of between which persons,For may but have example, has varied “severe nevertheless springflood” been mainly ( constant. normal expectations, as “much wetness” ( sources tell usspring about floods. two However, it cases: is mostquantitative floods often terms. impossible due Some to exceptions to assess are the thein excessive magnitude floods 1684, precipitation of at at floods Uppsala and Holmen in in in 1622, extreme 1646, at at Söderköping Ekby 1709, and“in living at memory” Stockholm and ( Uppsalaprevious in floods 1780. arereal indications magnitude. of The threshold perceived approach inevitably absolute involves an magnitude element of and interpretation not relative to 1903, 1913; Sty characterizations of anproach entire (Hall year. et The al., approach 2013),by contemporaries i.e. chosen to only here be floods beyond and is normality rainfall have the events been that threshold included. have Concerning ap- been floods, perceived the servants throughout the country (Retsö, 2002; Almquist 1868, 1875, 1877, 1893, 1902, 5 5 25 15 20 10 25 20 10 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | . This allows for the conclusion that climate ff 10094 10093 .). ff ected Sweden, but the only indication in Swedish sources is a blunt general ff In many cases the magnitude of floods in the early modern period is related to the The meteorological/climatological causes behind these data require further research Whether the lack of coherence with data from other parts of Europe is due to a de- damage on crops. Awithout stating number the of causes datafound (see to tells support Appendix about that B). these severeof At extreme events harvest them the were failures are caused present by connected and stage floods,been to and no famine caused no drought. details doubt by But can some floods.matter. it be is Possibly also more clear research that in several the of future them may can have shed light on the 318). It should be notedin central that Europe there for are floods noet in indications the al., 1340s in 2005; or Swedish Rohr, in medieval 2007;the 1501 sources Kiss, (cf. statements as Rokoengen 2009; in et Elleder al., Danish etwith 2001; chronicles al., Brázdil the 2013). are report It relevantDecember is in for 1374 also Sweden. Heinrich (Crull, uncertain The 1878, of whether p. same Balsee’s 165 is chronicle the on case a flood in northern Germany in There are no unambiguously reliablefore data the on 15th floods century. inraining In Swedish and/or medieval Danish floods sources and be- inhave German 1287, a chronicles 1315, are 1336,statement found 1347, about reports 1357 “evil and of and1330s 1381 heavy (Holder-Egger, wet that 1880, could weather” p. possibly in 546,303; Rørdam, 1313 Langebek 1873, in and pp. 589, the Suhm, 592; Erik 1786, Langebek, chronicle, p. 1772, 532; written p. Jansson, in 2005, the p. 148; Rørdam, 1873, p. lowing disastrous springflood. Thisso correlation called between Little the Ice flood1999; Age frequencies Pfister, has and 1999; also the Glaser, 2008). been noted for otherMedieval areas floods of and harvest Europe failures (Brázdil without et stated al., causes in contemporary sources, for example, the winters of 1543, 1544 and 1601 and the fol- play the main role for the frequency of floods. In some cases, the correlation is explicit to identify. However, it ishave conspicuous been that recorded the in greatelled majority catchments by of who melting the are snow worst particularlyTorneälven, flood from Piteälven, subjected events high Ljungan, to altitudes Indalsälven). springfloods Furthermore, orperature fu- of latitudes if Stockholm (Norrström, the (Leijonhufvud average Göta et winterteorological älv, al., tem- pattern Dalälven, 2010) is in taken south ascorrelation and a with central proxy cold for Sweden, and a the snowy generalcreasing frequency me- winters. mean of Plausibly, a temperatures, floods decline has probablyspring, in a in produced evaporation clear due connection higher to with levels de- of heavy run-o precipitation in the 16th century. Consequently, it can alsomore be reasonably rare presumed that in floods theet really were source-poor al. late (2011), Middle itpass unnoticed Ages. is by As highly chroniclers. has improbable that been spectacular pointed events out like by major Wetter floods would Benito et al., 2003). ficiency of the Swedishto sources be themselves confirmed. or However, it adata can regional is positively climatological not be variety entirely stated isple, a that yet reflection the the of increase total a in quantityin reliable total flood of the increase in 1520s preserved documentary but documentarythus sources. the be sources For rising concluded exam- rises frequency that considerably of the already floods data show does a not real occur increase until in the flood 1590s. events It towards the can late (floods of significant regionaldamage and/or or average supraregional duration). magnitude Thedramatic impression with hydrology of is considerable the substantiated material 1591–1670 bycategory period the as events fact that one occurred almost of duringsimilar one-sixth, or tendencies that 27, observed period. of in all Interestingly, third this continental partly Europe (Rohr, coincides 2007; with Wetter et al., 2011; disastrous material damage and/or long duration), and 44 % of the second category 5 5 25 20 10 15 25 20 10 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | o, D., ff ´ y, P., Antoine, J.-M., Barriendos, M., Camu 10096 10095 cersboställen, jernbruk och prestegårdar, med mera, Norrköping, ffi ´ y, P., Luterbacher, J., Moberg, A., Pfister, C., Wheeler, D., and Zorita, E.: The spatial extension of springfloods and their temporal concentration in clusters soknar, säterier, öfwer-o 1760. 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B.: Bidrag till kännedomen om Sveriges bergshandtering 1612–1654, Del 2, Sty 5 30 25 20 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | flood caused by heavyows rainfall; covered all by mead- water so thatlike they lakes; looked bad damages oncrops, hay and and animals corn died of foodhay shortage, flushed away from meadowscrop and failuire the created hunger among peas- ants all cropslooked flushed like lakes away and the fields drowned in water and crops flushed away 20 Sep, harvests ruined great springfloodwarmth caused following amuch by snow; severe sudden all winterdestroyed, bridges next with year’s and seeds destroyed most mills harvest “mighty severe autumnaged hay wetness” crops and dam- other crops natural wetness” ing 354 days of work to repair four weeks to repair it in Aug” with muchcorn damages crops on hay and in Aug” with damages on hay and corn springflood dams damaged at theUppsala town, Löfsta iceblocks mill thrown up and onmain the in square springflood 1663 says thatflood took an place 40 years equally earlier destructive great flood causedraining; by people sudden,of fled a violent Deluge; the knee-highcemeteries and town water streets; bridges inundated and indestroyed mills fear Christmas ted. . . followed by plague” eral ships in the harbour men could not go against it” dangered great torrential rain, miners refused toter en- the mines due togreat the torrential rain, excessive miners water refused toter en- the mines due to the excessive water great springflood causingdamages “mighty on fields great and meadows” levels due to largesnow melting quantities causing of great ice damagesmeadows, dams, and on bridges and mills a darkness that thein priest needed the a light thought middle Doomsday was of at hand the day and people rain pay taxes sive rains great deluge-like rainfall,bridges, flushing water covering away fields andows mead- destroying cropsand sheep and killing goats .) small harvest due to great wetness .) ff ff .), Handl. ff .) much rain and wetness ff (1902, p. 77); Edman ff (1980, p. 72) (1960, p. 85); Utterström29) (1955, p. (1960, p. 85); Palme (1942, p. 391) gren (1781) Bergsbruk, Sala gruva 1533–1537 Bergsbruk, Sala gruva 1533–1537 rör. Skand. hist. (19, pp. 183 (1980, p. 158f.) pp. 289, 398) 10106 10105 – –– 3 rainfall Göta älv Rørdam (1873, 1 p. 555) rainfall continuous raining from Almquist (1868, early p. 74 Aug– to Norrström 2Viskan, Ätran rainfall Viskan, Ätran 2 rainfall Dalin (1760–61, p. 485) Österberg (1971, p. 219) great rainfall; all hay flushed away – “terrible wetness”, peasants unable to Norrström 2 rainfall Lewenhaupt (1903, p. 109) raining almost every day for one month n a Norrström 2 rainfall Almquist (1877, p. 207) very wet summer and autumn, crops en- Silverån, Alsterån Emån, Alsterån 3 rainfall Hallendor – ––Kumo älv 2 Norrström rainfall Kumo älv 2 Wennberg (1947, p. 197, 1 n. 3) rainfall snowmelt crops partly destroyed by wetness Strömbeck (1993, p. 170) Waaranen (1864,– pp. 9, 12)– excessive “superfluous rains water”, destroyed “waterflow and most un- of the –Fyrisån Dalälven 2 1 Norrström rainfall snowmelt– 3 Sillén (1865, p. 84) Strelow snowmelt (1633, p. 298) Swederus (1911, p. 238); Falken- Göta älv “severe flood”, “strong water waterflow” high in the streets 2 rainfall Hausen (1880, p. 270) a statement on a severe springflood in Sweden] province province] Västergöt- land province] dermanland province] bishopric Ålem province] marby Birkkala (Finland) land province] sala Värmland Continued. Documentary evidence of floods and extreme rainfall events in Sweden 1400–1800. 1573 summer Linköping Motala ström 3 rainfall Granlund (1876, p. 45) the cathedral at Linköping damaged by 1405 7 Aug1421 summer1495 7 Nov1506 Apr [Denmark, 1513 Vadstena1523 Jul Jan1526 Lake autumn Vättern Stockholm Motala ström [Norrström] 21533 Arboga 5 Aug Norrström1534 rainfall [Sweden] Västergötland 8 Markaryd Sep Arbogaån 21543 –1544 summer Norrström1549 summer rainfall, seaflood Gejrot1550 23 (1996, Apr p. Fant Sala 174f.) (1818, p. 68) 1 bf 21 May1557 Sala bf 15 - [Sweden] May snowmelt [Sweden] n a –1559 Uppsala Lake “so Mälaren great n quantities – a Jul Sjödin of (1937, – rain p. that 205) corn1560 Lake rot- great Mälaren storm and sea 2 9 Fyrisån flood Jul – destroyed sev- Norrström 1 - rainfall Norrström1571 1 Norrström - Norrström summer snowmelt unusually 1 great [Västmanland springflood, 2 rainfall “a Norrström thousand 1580 3 Arboga summer Retsö (2002, Larsson rainfall p. (2002, 148) p. 2 3 snowmelt 69f.) snowmelt 2 Ragunda1581 Riksarkivet, Arbogaån Kammararkivet, rainfall snowmelt1589 spring rainfall Almquist (1902 Indalsälven1589 autumn 13/4 Almquist Riksarkivet, 1549) Kammararkivet, [south Norrström (1903, p. summer1595 241 Indalsälven great inundations bf the Almquist hindered 7 greatest (1913, warfare Jul rainfall p. 1 in 82) 6–81595 years Ekman (1783, 2 p. 143) summer Forssell (1884, springflood Appendix flushed A, away p. a1596 Gliehammaren 157) torrential mill rain dam Skerike – rainfall 10 very Aug Romfartuna wet and cold summer Ekström (1949, Lillån p. Finland 265) great springflood Svartån and1596 rapidly [Sweden] rising very water wet c. and 25 cold Jun Jämtl. summer – räk. (1564–1571, c. Norrström p. 25 38 – Jul – Norrström Norrström Örslösa1596 [northern Sö- summer 2 sudden 3 2 torrential Söneån rain snowmelt causing rainfall such rainfall – – Göta Orsa älv Noraskogs arkiv (p. 173) Ekström 3 Ekström (1949, (1949, p. p. 78) 663) 2 Oreälven 2 rainfall rainfall water Dalälven wheel rainfall damaged beyond repair damages on great 3 crops wetness due destroyed Silvén-Garnert to the wetness and crops Söderlind Sommarström (1935, p. Brahe 285) (1920, rainfall p. 15) bad harvest and rotten hay due to exces- Ekström (1949, p. 417) unprecedented extreme rains “severe wetness destroyed the harvest” 1400 after 26 Jul Söderköping Storån Storån 2 rainfall Fant (1818, p. 95) Paulsson (1974, Year Date Location River Catchment Index Type1530 summer Source Uppsala Comment Year Date1596 Jul Location Lönneberga, River Catchment Index Type Source Comment 1597 22 May1597 27 Jun1600 Ålem summer Ålem1601 Alsterån Apr [Östergötland Alsterån1602 summer Alsterån1602 Ålem summer, autumn1603 Ålem Alsterån 3 bf Fresta, 25 Feb Ham- Alsterån1604 torrential rain spring 3 Alsterån Edman (1980,1606 p. Kumogård, 72) spring torrential rain1607 Alsterån Edman autumn (1980,1608 p. 72) Nykroppa Alsterån May Lillfors1608 3 Kroppaälven torrential rain brought by Aug northerly Ålem winds; 21610 snowmelt 16–18 Mar Göta Storfors-älven älv Ålem torrential rainfall rain Edman for Alsterån (1985, Göta 24 h; älv p. Visby, Ålem corn 2 75); Edman Got- plants Alsterån Collmar (1985, p. 76); snowmelt 21618 Alsterån Collmar Alsterån1622 spring Furuskog spring (1924, snowmelt Alsterån p. 80) 21622 Furuskog (1924, spring p. 83) Alsterån Uppsala1622 2 rainfall Löfsta,1622 spring Upp- 1622 1 waterdams Aug busted by rainfall springflood, Fyrisån requir- 1623 bf 2 28 Oct Edman (1980, Norrköping c. p. 30 84) Jun waterdam busted by springflood; rainfall Norrköpings Piteå Edman ström it (1980, took p. 84) Motala Stockholm Gothenburg ström Norrström eastern Göta älv Edman 3 – (1980, p. 84) Pite älv “extreme autumn 2 wetness” snowmelt “two mighty great snowmelt waterfloods in Göta May älv Helmfrid and (1959, p. 21) Pite älv Falkengren (1781) “two mighty great Norrström waterfloods in May and 2 3 2 rainfall all waterdams snowmelt swept rainfall away “much damage” Cronholm by by (1864, springflood p. 67) Olofsson the and Stille (1965, p. 273) Ahnlund (1920, p. 40f.) dams at Piteå sawmill damaged the harbour damaged by much rain much rain, breaking down the corn 1600 20 Sep – 10 Oct Ålem Alsterån Alsterån 3 rainfall Lindblom (1793, p. 121)16101613 spring continuous spring raining for three1614 weeks from 1617 autumn spring [Sweden] [Dalecarlia Växjö – Kuivakangas Torne älv – Torne - älv 3 Mörrumsån snowmelt 2 1 Olofsson and Stille rainfall (1965, snowmelt p. 213) The Särkilax Ekman chapel floated (1781, away p. with 149) the Ahnlund (1930, p. 363) great waterflood harvest “badly damaged” by rain Table A1. Table A1. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 2 m above the floor, / 2 m above the benches in the St. Lau- / rapidly rising waterdamaging the levels sourroundings in the lake, water that some whohave seen live their near beds floating thehouses” inside river their a flood sostroyed great and that the waterback bridges of “stood were the above horse.” de- the three minesseverely damaged by and violent springflood allall water water wheels severely damagedolent by wheels vi- springflood tities of snowthe and Munkbro bridge ice and entering melting, houses; other covering bridges andened the by the new water great lock damage threat- from springfloodered that fields cov- for a long time heavy rainfall on 20–21 Julhad opened”, “as followed if by the floodstroyed which sky de- bridges, dams, sawmillsmeadows etc, were the like lakes, theaway hay floated and themany water pigs covered drowned the crops, rising river levels nace facilities great flood, causingbuildings and much killing cattle damage on bridges destroyed by springflood 1 rentii church and 11 watermark on wall in church springflood unusually violent, destroying the mint at Säter onwent 10 missing May, nine people springflood very rainy summer,meadows, damaged flooded harvests fields and continuous raining times south and harvest failures inspringflood the north and rainingand destroyed meadows fields for one month the springflood which isanother expected 14 to days last boats could be rowed across“rain the almost fields every day”mer, damaging during the the harvests seriously sum- rapidly around 10 Dec,cms to below a the level furnaces only on 30 18 Dec continuous rainfall, causingmining for 14 a days stop for “much wetnessing” and caused harvest continuousamong failure and rain- peasants; poverty above its Lake banks Mälaren high could not be seen” the ‘Olsmässa flood’:over severe the province, floodsfences, mills, all dams, crops houses, andcattle trees and flushed peoplevests for away, died, three years destroyed afterwards har- is still rainingStockholm] tremendously. must this be city the potty [of of the sky” .); Wittrock ff e (1893, p. 504) “continuous wetness” ff (1919, p. 57); Wolontis (1936, sFalkengren 63); (1781) (1781) p. 84); Ahlqvist (1825, p. 295) (1781);1639) Riksregistraturet (19/3, (1924, p. 16) (1997); Alexandersson and(2001) Vedin (1986) Lilienberg (1891, p. 35) sson andFahlgren (1956, p. Liedgren 48) (1974, p. 93); ivet, Bergverksrelationer EII:a172, vol 175, 2 177 fol ivet, Bergverksrelationer EII:a175 vol 2 fol sala län (RA) 17 Apr 1684,Uppsala län RA, skrivelser till Landshövdingens K. M.:t i 10108 10107 Göta älv 2 rainfall Hausen (1880, pp. 302, 303) heavy daily rain and storm with flood and Göta älv 3 rainfall Hausen (1880, p. 270) terribly much rain on certain locations; Nyköpingsån 1 snowmelt Wittrock (1919, p. 74f.) the copper minting hindered by Norrström 3 rainfall Tigerstedt (1888, p. 45); Bring ån Lake Mälaren – – 1 rainfall– Olofsson and Stille (1965, p. 311)Motala cold ström and wet Motala – ström 2 rainfall 2 rainfall Helmfrid (1959, p. 67)– Wittrock (1948, p. 311), Lundkvist the water in – Motala ström began to rise – 3 Dalälven rainfall 3 rainfall Hausen (1880, p. 143) Ilmoni (1849, p. 196) “so much water that the ears of the corn inundations all over the province –DalälvenDalälven – Dalälven 3 Dalälven 3Tämnarån snowmelt 3 snowmelt Riksarkivet, Bergskollegium, Holm huvudark- (1906, p. 346) snowmelt– Riksarkivet, Bergskollegium, huvudark- Tämnarån 3 snowmelt much snow Landshövdingars skrivelse in t Nov K M:t, melted Upp- and became Nyköpingsån 1 rainfall Tilander (1968, p. 109)Stampbäcken wet and flooded roads Göta älv 2 snowmelt Furuskog (1924, p. 133) violent springflood destroyed the furnace Sweden Sweden, northern Finland bruk Öland] province] province (Stora) Tuna (Stora) Tuna andparishes Tolfta province province hammaren Värmland Continued. Continued. Year Date1625 bf 5 Apr–a 10 May Säter Location Dalälven River Dalälven 3 Catchment Index snowmelt Type Edén (1905, p. 206 Source Comment 1626 bf 28 Apr1628 summer1632 bf1632 28 Oct summer Nyköping [Sweden] Nyköpings- Stockholm – Öland [Norrström] Norrström – – 1 rainfall – 3 Sty rainfall 1 rainfall Ekman (1783, p. 136); Falkengren Ilmoni (1849, p. 185); Sillén (1865, 1632 Jul1633 summer1638 spring northern 1640 spring [Sweden]16401640 spring – Västerbotten bf 28 May –1640 Sala 28 Jun1641 – summer, Kopparberget autumn – Faluån – northern Sagån1646 Karlstad 10–18 Dec Dalälven Lake 3 Mälaren Norrström1647 Norrström Klarälven 2 19 3 Jul 2 rainfall Holmens 11648 Göta snowmelt älv snowmelt, rainfall1649 [Sweden] snowmelt Göthe1649 spring snowmelt (1929, p. spring 3 67); Falkengren Ekman Väsby (1783, Edén p. (1905, 136) p. 269f.) Edén (1905, – p. snowmelt1649 267) Bring (1924, p. 16) summer, autumn – Baggetorp1649 Stockholm 7 [Västergötland, Aug and following Hausen (1880, – p. 53) [Östergötland] rainy summer [Norrström], waterdams – with have – barely poor been harvests saved from in great the springflood1649 Norrström stopped unusually silver autumn high mining water levels on lakes 2 Norrström mighty – Motala high ström water 2 levels rainfall 3 on the lakes; [Dalecarlia snowmelt rainfall 1 Edén (1905, p. 245) Edén (1905, p. rainfall 183) Ilmoni (1849, p. 196); Rydberg Hausen (1880, p. mines 135) filled with mill water dam destroyed after by springflood great and very wet year 1633 summer Öland – – 2 rainfall Sillén (1865, p. 84) continuous raining, famine and dear 1649 bf 16 Oct Stockholm [Norrström] Norrström 2 rainfall Sjöberg (1911, p. 16) “horrible weather. . . it has rained and Year Date1650 bf 19 May – Location River Lake Mälaren Norrström Catchment Index 2 Type snowmelt Source Handl. rör. Skand. hist. (Vol 9, p. 394); Comment 16501656 autumn bf 21 May –1658 Avesta bf 24 Nov Dalälven1659 Småland 1660 summer Lake Mälaren spring1661 Stola spring Norrström Dalälven Skedvi, Säter 1661 1 early spring 3 Lake Vänern Skedvi, Säter Stockholm rainfall snowmelt Norberg1661 (1956, Norrström, p. Bååth 32, Söderström (1916, n. p. spring 33) 234) Göta Norrström älv1661 3 bf1662 17 2 Aug autumn Västland snowmelt “a tremendous rainfall springflood with Stockholm Bring (1924, so p. much 16) Södermanland Sjöberg rising (1911, [Norrström] water pp. levels 146, 149)1664 Norrström “great 14–16 wetness” Sep1677 extremely 2 high1677 spring water due Värmland to spring large quan- 1677 rainfall 5 june Falun Sjöberg (1915, p.1677 270) Stöpsjöhyttan1680 spring Stöpsjön spring – Faluån Njurunda1684 Hännicke- spring Göta “tremendously älv great Ljungan wetness” Torne älv Dalälven 2 Söderköping Storån 1 snowmelt Danielson (1974, Torne pp. Ljungan älv 19f.) snowmelt Hildebrand (1946, p. 3 331) 3 snowmelt Storån snowmelt Hellant severe (1747); Hülphers springflood, (1780, Keksi p. damages 30) (1937–45); at Olof- the fur- 3 material damages snowmelt Broocman (1760, p. 149) great flood, causing much damage severe springflood; the water rose to 16631663 bf 10 Apr Jul, esp 20–21 eastern Stockholm [Norrström] Norrström 1 snowmelt Sjöberg (1915, p. 369)1684 bf 27 Apr Vaksala great springflood Lillån Norrström 2 snowmelt letter from the peasants in Vaksala Table A1. Table A1. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | great springflood days barrier damaged by springflood damages on ferry and mill could be greater thanlowed” the flood that fol- and great waterflood”, not soage much on dam- crops as on hay stroyed bridges and waterdams aged tinued until New Year which almost reached the[2 parish kms from church the river] great springflood causing poverty among peasants springflood on sawmills and other mills quite great but not enduring springflood great flood caused by muchined, rain; mill channels hay ru- full, as“the in month spring ofraining, Oct wind all and wet. fog . .the so usual, that, continuous creeks contrary and to riversmore swelled even than in thedamage” spring. . . caused much In two days “fell soall terribly much creeks, rain that lakes,ered. No meadows springflood weregreat could cov- be damages; greater”, barns, boats bridges, destroyed andof chunks great millhouses, of slides earth unusually great springflood much rain on 24and again and on even 28–30 more Oct;great rising on sea springflood 27, level ruinedseason fishing of the the harbour between Mora and the provincial border high waters due to springflood high waters due to springflood waterdamspringflood atcontinuous Säter rain day and nightthe throughout month damaged of Aug; swamps andfilled meadows with by water andgreater streams and than creeks in springfloodscould travle so over that them one corn in destroyed. boats; High hay sea and level “much wetness” high waters due to springflood springflood and storm great springflood opened with a great rainflood” wetness great flood caused by rain great springflood great springflood, water risingfields above the rain floodspringflood greater than this year’s .) wet; much hay and corn destroyed by ff (1912, p. 249) province 19shövdingens i Feb Uppsala länK. skrivelser 1691, M.:t till RA, Land- province 4 Apr 1697, RA,gens Landshövdin- i Uppsala län skrivelser till K. M.:t 146f.) Hægermarck and Grape (1911–1949, p. 340) Hægermarck and Grape (1911–1949, p. 348) Hægermarck and Grape (1911–1949, p. 353) Hægermarck and Grape (1911–1949, p. 360) Hægermarck and Grape (1911–1949, p. 366) Hægermarck and Grape (1911–1949, p. 380) Lundmark (1990, p. 155) Hasselberg (1930) Hasselberg (1930) p. 73) Nordenström (1894, p. 44) Nordenström (1894, p. 44) Nordenström (1894, p. 44) Nordenström (1894, p. 45) Hægermarck and Grape (1911–1949, p. 380) Utterström (1957, Vol. 2, p. 429) Hasselberg (1930) nal p. 33) 10110 10109 Norrström 2 snowmelt letter from the governor of Uppsala Motala ström 3 snowmelt Ringborg (1920, p. 92); Stille (1903, p. Indalsälven Indalsälven 1 snowmelt Hildebrand (1918, p. 115); Lundström hammarsån ström, Lake Roxen Ljustorpsån Indalsälven 3 rainfall Hülphers (1771, p. 112) enduring rain and great waterflood– de- –– – –– – 1 1 snowmelt – 2– rainfall – rainfall – 3 – rainfall – – 1 1 snowmelt 2 rainfall snowmelt –Dalälven Dalälven Göta älv 3 2 snowmelt rainfall Norberg (1956, p. 325) Bergstrand (1934, p. 154) great springflood damaged extremely rainy all summer bridges –– Indalsälven 1 Indalsälven snowmelt 1 snowmelt – ––– 3 – rainfall Indalsälven– 1 1 snowmelt rainfall Göta älv 1 snowmelt Utterström (1957, Vol 2, p. 430, Ny jour- [Jämtland] Medelpad province province province province province province province province wards province province province southeastern Sweden province province] Continued. Continued. Year Date1725 summer Location1728 Västergötland spring River Mora south- Catchment Index Type Source Comment 17281728 spring spring Järbo1728 Jämtland 1729 spring spring Njurunda Jädraån Jämtland Ljungan Dalälven Ljungan 2 1 snowmelt snowmelt Norberg (1958–1959, p. 243) Hülphers (1780, p. 30) iron furnace destroyed by springflood great springflood 17301730 spring spring Säter1733 Holmen Aug Hälsingland Dalälven Hällestadsån Motala ström1740 2 Dalälven1740 summer summer – snowmelt southern 2 and 1743 spring Helmfrid (1954, p. snowmelt 109);1743 Ericsson (1970, Jämtland 28 May Lake Vänern1743 Ericsson (1970, p. Avesta 73)1745 May Göta älv1745 spring spring Avesta Uppland1745 Dalälven 1 [Västergötland 15 Jul1754 rainfall – Dalälven Aug Dalälven Stöde1753 the mill severely damaged1755 13 by Aug springflood 2 Uppsala Norrström1756 spring Wallén (1910, p. 13) Stöde Indalsälven 11 Jun Stöde 2 snowmelt1759 Norrström Fyrisån Indalsälven Stöde c 15 Jun Norberg 1 1 snowmelt Stöde (1956, Indalsälven p. 683) Indalsälven Norrström Indalsälven Indalsälven Norberg, torrential snowmelt (1956, rain Vol 2 Indalsälven p. 683) 1 2 Nordenström Indalsälven (1894, Indalsälven p. 43) “wet year” 1 Utterström (1957, p. 430) Indalsälven 2 rainfall rainfall snowmelt 2 river snowmelt river bridge bridge destroyed by springflood broken Ferner (1756, rainfall p. down 287 “great rain on by the 14th, great as if great springflood the sky had Year Date1686 spring Location Nordhallen, River Catchment Index Type Source Comment 1686 bf 15 Jun1691 bf 1 Mar Lundby1697 bf 1 May Vaxholm –16971703 spring – 6–7 Jul Nykvarn1705 Tyresån 27 May Brants- Rytterne Ydre Åkersström1707 2 bf 2 2 Jan Åbäcken1707 Gotland summer rainfall snowmelt –1707 Norrström letter1707 summer Wijkmark (1995, from Ljustorp, p. – 436) summer, the autumn 1 governor1709 of Gotland Rytterne Uppsala a 13 Mar snowmelt – Motala ström1709 Åbäcken Hülphers – (1793, p. 2 319) spring – Ekby continuous Norrström1709 rain rainfall and storms spring for several Lake 2 Vänern1709 Rääf (1875, p. – Norrköping 350) spring Göta älv Tidan 21710 rainfall great springflood Norrköpings May Uppsala1711 rainfall 1 Hülphers (1793, p. 12,13, 321) 16 Göta Jul älv Gotland1712 2 Kellgren (1931, p. rainfall 18f.) Fyrisån 21 Oct–11 Nov Hälsingland 3 Hälsingland rainfall Wallén (1910, – Hälsingland p. “great 13) rainfall. . . Norrström hardly Kellgren snowmelt (1931, any1714 p. springflood 20) Bergstrand 15–16 “wet (1934, Sep 3 p. summer”, 188) hay and rye crops “snowing dam- all – day snowmelt followed Hälsingland by much Annerstedt (1912, rain p. 128)1717 much raining early May severe1720 violent winter and enduring followed 3 24–30 rain, Oct wetness by con- springflood 1721 Hälsingland spring snowmelt waterdams1724 completely Kellgren ruined Hälsingland (1931, p. by 20 25) Apr great 1724 spring Västerbotten Örebro Långared great springflood causing Svartån much damage Säveån Norrström Göta älv 2 2 snowmelt Linder (1916, p. 25) snowmelt Bergstrand (1954, p. 24) the great excessive springflood water causing submerged inundations poles in Table A1. Table A1. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | rain flood destroying hay harvest member anything similar covered seven bridges,church waters and streets entered ing a severe, snow-rich and long winter unprecedented water levels ofMälaren, the rising Lake upusual to 4 feet higher than rally” snow-ruich winter; theto the waters windows rose of the housesgardens and who into were the destroyed by sudden and great springflood high waters due to springflood the river to thebridges, six highest grainmills in and 40destroyed other years; facilities four cult year” referring to 1470 ffi “small harvest in Västergötland,poverished” the subjects are“people destitute in Östergötland and are in im- tance” misery and in need of“bad seed harvest and last assis- year” “hard and dear times”, “bad harvest last year” harvest failure on hops and rye years of harvest failures years of harvest failures “famine ravaged in all ofvation, Sweden and so many violently of that(1457) the many died and plague”, of “so in star- great thenobody was past among the the two famine living years this could in year remember Sweden such starvation” and Östergötlandin that Sweden and Östergötland thatmember nobody such among starvation” the living could re- in Sweden and Östergötland thatmember nobody such among starvation” the living could re- e ff Nordenström (1894, p. 45) Hasselberg (1930) 10112 10111 5/4 1569) 11/5 1572) 5/4 1587) 15/2 1588, 2/4 1588) 2521, 2528, 2529, 2535) (1870, no. 44) Fant175 (1818, Cod. pp. dipl. 173, lub.(1883, 9 pp. no. 378, 328); 383) Ropp Motala ström 1 snowmelt Ny journal p. 88 great springflood with some damage Göta älv 3 snowmelt Danielson (1974, p. 38f.) the iron furnace at Nordmark destroyed ström –Lake Mälaren Göta älv Norrström 2 2 snowmelt rainfall Utterström (1957, p. 435) Bergstrand (1934, p. 154)Nordmarks- älven – unprecedented– great springflood continuous follow- rains, few persons could re- Indalsälven 1 Norrström 2 snowmelt rainfall Ny journal p. 224 one entire month of continuous raining province province hytta province province Data on harvest failures in Sweden 1200–1600 without specified cause. Continued. 1777 summer1778 Västergötland 31 Mar1780 Söderköping Mar Storån1780 Mar Västmanland Storån1780 Stockholm May [Norrström] 31780 Uppsala Norrström early rainfall May1780 Nordmarks 3 Fyrisån spring Ny journal p. 1151782 snowmelt autumn Jämtland Ny journal Norrström p. 231 Närke 31788 snowmelt Mar Ny journal p. 163 great rainfall, flooding Norrköping the river which great springflood Norrköpings in creeks and streams, great springflood following an “unnatu- 1785 autumn Uddevalla Bäveån Strömsån 3 rainfall Ny journal p. 33 extreme autumn rains rose the waters of Year Date1763 20 Jul Location Stöde River Indalsälven Indalsälven Catchment 2 Index Type rainfall Source Comment 1571 Östergötland1586 Uppland, Västmanland and other provinces1587 Uppland, Kalmar, Småland, Finland, northern1588 Sweden northern Riksarkivet Sweden and Riksregistraturet Finland (1588, Riksarkivet Riksregistraturet (1587, Riksarkivet Riksregistraturet Hildebrand (1899, (1572, p. 811) small harvest, particularly in northern Sweden and Finland 15421568 Finland Västergötland Riksarkivet Riksregistraturet (1569, Almquist (1893, p. 292f.) “quite small harvest” 1445 Vadstena1446 Vadstena1455 Sweden, Östergötland1456 Sweden, Östergötland1457 Sweden, Östergötland1470 Finland Gejrot (1996, pp. Riksarkivet 286f., A21 292f.); fol. Sty 89r.-v. Riksarkivet A21 fol. 89r.-v. Gejrot (1996, p. 292f.) a letter from May 1447 speaks of Gejrot food (1996, shortage p. and a 292f.) two letter consecutive from May 1447 speaks of food shortage and two consecutive “so great was the famine this year (1457) and in the past “so two great years was the famine this Hausen year (1890, (1457) no. and 625) in the past two years “a greatly di Year Location12831291 Denmark1310 Sweden1314 Denmark Sweden13191360 Denmark1375 Denmark1442 Gotland Finland Source Rørdam (1873, p. 587) Sylvius (1678, p. Strelow 211) (1633, p. 154) Sylvius (1678, p. Rørdam 279) (1873, p. 589) Langebek (1772, p. 220) Strelow “a (1633, severe p. dear 180) time” Hausen, (1921, “dear times” nos. “such a 2512, dear time that 2517, has not “great hitherto Comment famine “a been in severe known” great Sweden” dear food time” shortage “dear times on corn and fish” Table B1. Table A1. 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1800 - 1800; -

Springflood Summer / autumn rainfall

1781-90 1761-70

1: Floods1: of regional magnitude with little materialdamage and/or short duration Floods2: of significant regional or supraregional magnitude with considerable material damage and/or averageduration Floods3: of regionalsupraregional or magnitudewith disastrous material damage and/or long duration

1741-50

1721-30 1781-90

1761-70 1701-10

1741-50

1681-90

1721-30

1661-70

1701-10

1641-50 1681-90

1661-70

1621-30

10114 10113

1641-50

1601-10

1621-30

1581-90

1601-10

1561-70 1581-90

1561-70 1541-50

1541-50

1521-30

1521-30

1501-10

1501-10

1481-90 1481-90

1461-70 1461-70

1441-50

1441-50

1421-30

1421-30 1400-10 1400-10 0% 4 2 0 8 6 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 90% 100% 14 12 10

Graph 2: Documentary evidence of floods and extreme rainfall events in Sweden 1400 of events extreme rainfall evidence floods and 2: Documentary Graph magnitude

Graph 1: Documentary evidence of floods and extreme rainfall events in Sweden 1400 events of extreme rainfall evidence floods and 1: Documentary Graph

584 585 586 587 581 582 583 577 578 579 580 574 575 576 Documentary evidence of floods and extreme rainfall events in Sweden 1400–1800; Documentary evidence of floods and extreme rainfall events in Sweden 1400–1800. Figure 2. magnitude. Figure 1. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper |

10116 10115

in Sweden mentioned in the text.in Sweden

Graph 3: Swedish provinces mentioned in the text. in the provinces 3: Swedish mentioned Graph

atchment areas atchment 589 590 588 C Graph 4: Graph

Catchment areas in Sweden mentioned in the text. Swedish provinces mentioned in the text. 593 591 592 Figure 4. Figure 3.