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1961 Research Highlights of the National Bureau of Standards

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1961 Research Highlights of the National Bureau of Standards ?. ^.Mt^aJA ••••«?: • a' RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS O F T H E NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS •V ' -V Mm * • -*£*' ANNUAL REPORT I901<@>1961 I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meaner and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the be£innin& of knowledge, but you have scarcely, in your thoughts, advanced to the stag,e of science, whatever the matter may be. Lord Kelvin - 1883. In this sixtieth year of the National Bureau of Standards, Lord Kelvin's perceptive statement must be read in terms of its critical application to every significant area of modern science and technology. Our ability to control or to make use of nature's resources is directly dependent upon our quan- titative understanding of the physical world, and on our ability to practice precision measurement. The gaps between basic data and applied research and between research and development are bridged by precision knowledge and ad- vanced measurement processes. Measurement thus serves as the language of science as well as the means for applying research for the advancement of our general welfare. From this, we derive the inescapable conclusion that excellence in the science of physical measurement is an essential founda- tion for leadership in the progress of science and technology. A. V. Astin, Director, NBS. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Luther H. Hodges, Secretary Hickman Price, Jr., Assistant Secretary for Domestic* Affairs NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS A. V. Astin, Director 1961 Research Highlights of the National Bureau of Standards Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1961 December 1961 Miscellaneous Publication 242 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, TJ. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 75 cents Contents Page 1. General review 1 Progress in measurement standards 2 Studies of matter and materials 5 Astrophysical and plasma physics research 6 Radio propagation research 8 Data processing systems 9 Calibration, testing, and standard samples 9 Cooperative activities 14 Administrative activities 17 Publications 13 2. Highlights of the research program 20 2.1. Physics, electronics, and measurement standards 20 2.1.1. Metrology 20 Wavelength standard of length 21 Frustrated total reflection 22 Mass standards 22 Weighing techniques 22 Ultraviolet wavelength standard developed 23 Filters selected for checking color measurement equipment. 23 Irradiance meters calibrated 23 Color names standardized 23 Artificial daylight standard 24 Color-rendering index developed 24 Specular reflectance standard 25 Color scale for vegetable oils 25 Refractive indices provided 25 Image analysis 25 Ray-tracing equations developed 26 Interference microscope techniques 26 Absolute testing of wavefront shapes 26 Calibration of crash flight record 26 Photographic density measurements 27 2.1.2. Mechanics 28 Measurement of vibration amplitudes 28 Calibration of microphones 28 Recording on magnetic tapes 29 Analysis of transients 29 Infrasonic waves in the atmosphere and in the earth 29 Ultra-high-pressure measurements 30 Study of convective currents in water 31 Internal waves in water with uniform density gradients .... 31 Force measurements 31 Clamping force of high strength aircraft bolts 32 Mechanical properties of materials at elevated temperatures . 32 Rheology of liquids 33 High-temperature thermocouples 33 Catalytic effects of thermocouple materials 34 Hypervelocity missile in a combustible gas 35 Fuel flowrate studies 35 2.1.3. Electricity 36 Absolute measurement of resistance 36 Standard cells under vibration 36 Electrode kinetics 37 Electrical properties of molecular solvents at high tempera- ture...- 38 Metal oxide solubilities in molten salts 38 Metal-molten salt interactions and stoichiometry 38 Differential thermocouple voltmeter 38 Magnetism 39 Analysis of the melting point of polychlorotrifluoroethylene . 40 Analysis of the dielectric properties of polychlorotrifluoro- ethylene 40 Dielectric properties of polyparachlorostyrene and polymeta- chlorostyrene 41 iii 2. Highlights of the research program—Continued 2.1. Physics, electronics, and measurement standards—Continued Page 2.1.4. Radio standards 41 Theoretical physics 42 Radio plasmas 43 Atomic frequency and time interval standards 44 Radio broadcast service 44 High-frequency electrical standards 45 Microwave circuit standards 47 Millimeter-wave research 48 Radio and microwave materials 48 Electronic calibration center 50 2.1.5. Heat 51 High-temperature thermocouple furnace 51 Photoelectric pyrometer 51 Specific heat of diamond at high temperatures 53 Thermodynamic properties of light-element compounds .... 53 Laboratory measurements of interstellar radio spectra 55 Low temperature thermometry 56 Acoustical interferometer 56 Resistance thermometers 56 Vapor pressure method 56 Pressure transducer for PVT measurements 56 Transport properties of air 57 International cooperative activities 58 Temperature symposium 58 2.1.6. Atomic physics 58 Laboratory astrophysics 58 Transition probabilities 58 Atomic energy levels 59 Collision cross sections 60 Standard wavelengths 60 Infrared spectroscopy of gases 60 Infrared spectroscopy of solids 61 Solid-state physics 61 Electron scattering 62 Atomic constants 63 Atomic standards of frequency 63 2.1.7. Radiation physics 64 Radioactivity standards 64 Radiation theory 64 Computer programs 64 Data collection 66 Civil-defense shielding problems 66 Linear electron accelerator 66 High energy radiation 67 X- and gamma-ray dosimetry 68 Photographic dosimetry 68 Chemical dosimetry 69 Irradiation facilities 69 Nucleonic instrumentation 69 Neutron physics 70 Radiation protection and radiation standards and units .... 70 International standards 71 2.2. Chemistry and properties of materials 71 2.2.1. Analytical and inorganic chemistry 71 Applied analytical research 72 Chemical preparations 72 Spectrochemical advances 72 Separation of zirconium from hafnium 74 Distillation techniques improved 74 Accuracy for pH standards increased 74 A standard for blood pH 75 Standard hydrocarbon blends 75 Preparative scale chromatography 75 Round-robin purity determinations 75 Crystal chemistry 77 Coordination chemistry 77 Radiochemistry 77 iv 2. Highlights of the research program—Continued 2.2. Chemistry and properties of materials—Continued Page 2.2.2. Physical chemistry 77 Reactions of atoms at low temperature 78 Gas-solid reactions at high temperature 78 Light elements 78 Measuring isotope effects 79 Enolic acids 80 Molecular spectroscopy 80 Uranium standards 82 Isotopic abundance in silver checked 82 Photolysis of simple molecules 82 Radiolysis of simple hydrocarbons 82 Radical reactions formed by irradiation 83 Electron emission from surfaces 84 2.2.3. Mineral products 84 Crystal growth 84 Model defect structure 85 Vaporization data 86 Mechanical properties of ceramic bodies 87 Resonance techniques for determining elastic moduli 88 Effects of roughness on the ox'dation of iron 89 Standard X-ray diffraction patterns 89 Deuterium isotope effect in glass transformation 90 Ultra low-conductivity water 91 Index of refraction of liquids 91 2.2.4. Metallurgy 92 Vapor-phase crystallization studied 92 Oxidation processes studied 93 Nuclear magnetic resonance 93 Superconductor materials 93 Soft X-ray spectroscopy 94 Diffusion studies continued 95 Dislocations observed in metal foils 95 Phase diagram of quaternary system completed 95 Mechanical properties of 17-7 PH stainless steel investigated . 95 Properties of iron reviewed 96 Quantitative metallography obtained with digital computer. 97 Gases in metals 97 Gage blocks 97 Creep studies continued 97 Organic films increase fatigue strength 98 Metal polarization indicates corrosion rate 98 Stress corrosion 98 Heat effects of electrochemical processes 98 Research with molten salts 98 Mechanism of metal deposition studied 99 Electrodeposition from organic solutions 100 2.2.5. Organic and fibrous materials 100 New method for analyzing synthetic rubber 101 Model compounds used in vulcanization studies 102 Crosslinks determined in anisotropic fibers 102 Impact loading of fibers 102 Mechanism of retannage studied 102 Synthetic fibers structurally modified 102 Polymer crystallization studied 103 High pressure polymerization 104 Thermal stability of polymers 104 Free radicals in polymers 105 Fungicidal analysis 105 Meteorite erosion of materials 105 Calcified tissues investigated 105 Dimensional changes in dentures 105 Dental amalgams from spherical particles 106 2.3. Special technical service programs 107 2.3.1. Applied mathematics 107 Combinatorial analysis 107 Eigenvalue theory 108 Matrix theory 108 v 2. Highlights of the research program—Continued 2.3. Special technical service programs—Continued Page 2.3.1. Applied mathematics—Continued Approximation theory 108 Numerical experimentation 108 Machine translation 108 Mathematical tables 109 Digital computation 109 Experiment designs 109 Life testing and reliability 110 Probability and mathematical statistics 110 Mathematical physics 110 Operations research Ill 2.3.2. Data processing systems Ill PILOT data processor 112 Technical assistance for data processing 112 Components and techniques 113 Automatic data retrieval 114 Development of information selector 114 Special purpose digital computer (AMOS IV) 114 Data source automation 115 Weapons systems evaluation 115 Airways systems analysis 116 Pictorial data processing 116 Psychological
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