Elsevier's 2017 profits exceeded $1.2 billion: how to reclaim your rights as an author without feeding the beast

Brought to you by: Making your research freely-accessible to ocean managers, NGOs, and the public with MarXiv

Nick Wehner Director of Open Initiatives, OCTO

@MarXivPapers – An abridged history of academic publishing – What is MarXiv? – The academic publishing workflow – How to determine what you can share, when Agenda – Versioning, citations, and other nitty-gritty details – Demo: How to archive a paper in MarXiv – Demo: How to search/browse for papers in MarXiv – Q&A and archiving help

@MarXivPapers An abridged history of academic publishing The “traditional” academic publishing ecosystem is hardly traditional at all

@MarXivPapers – Academic publishing as we know it now started with the end of WWII An abridged – 1945 ⎯ present – 1600s ⎯ 1945 history of – “[…] for most scholars and many of their publishers, scholarly publication was routinely seen as unprofitable: the potential market academic was so small and uncertain that few scholarly publications were expected to cover their costs. Those costs – of paper, ink, publishing typesetting, and printing – were often paid in full or in part by authors or by a third-party, such as a patron or sponsor; and this enabled the copies to be sold at a subsidised price, or even distributed gratis.”

Untangling Academic Publishing: A history of the relationship between commercial interests, @MarXivPapers academic prestige and the circulation of research. May 2017. – What happened ~1945? – Status not determined by social stature, but by publication history – Increase in number of higher education institutions due to WWII veteran’s benefits – Lots more government money into higher education – “Just 2.7% of the UK age-cohort had gone into higher education in An abridged 1938; that had risen to 15% by the 1980s (Anderson, 2010; Perkin, 1987); and in the early twenty-first century, the UK government target was history of 50%” – Explosion of publications academic – Scientific news and short research reports à long, detailed research reports publishing – Free & subsidized selling to individuals à Selling to institutions at a profit – Focus on local area, language à focus on international markets, establish English as international language of science – Publications dominated by scholarly societies à commercial players recruiting their own editors, editorial board members and referees – Peer review to account for limited space à peer review for prestige

Untangling Academic Publishing: A history of the relationship between commercial interests, academic @MarXivPapers prestige and the circulation of research. May 2017. A multi-disciplinary perspective on emergent and future innovations in peer review. July 2017. – 2000s to today – Mergers and acquisitions give rise to oligopolies – Springer Nature, Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, and Taylor & Francis An abridged account for 50% of global research output for the natural sciences; 70% for the social sciences history of – The Serials Crisis – “The increasing output of academic publishing during the 1950s and academic 1960s coincided with the expansion of universities and the availability of generous funding for core functions such as libraries. By the 1980s, publishing the contraction of core university funding meant libraries were unable to keep up with the growth in academic publishing. This became widely known as the ‘serials crisis’”

Untangling Academic Publishing: A history of the relationship between commercial interests, @MarXivPapers academic prestige and the circulation of research. May 2017. Academic publishing today

@MarXivPapers Academic publishing today

@MarXivPapers – Subscriptions are really expensive! – In 2009, Tier 1 universities paid on average $1.2 million a year to Elsevier alone (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403006111) – Journal subscription costs up 25% from 2013-2017 (DOI: 10.7554/eLife.32822.001) – Annual e-journal subscription costs $1,396 (DOI: 10.7554/eLife.32822.001) – Publishers “bundle” journals just like cable companies Academic – Libraries can buy a bundle of journals for a discount, or buy à la carte and end up spending more money Publishers are – Each year, publishers add more titles to the bundles, and thus upping the cost, but they still make sure the bundles come out cheaper than For-Profit buying titles individually – Hybrid journals engage in “Double Dipping” Companies – Publishers do not offer a discount to subscribers for OA content – Hybrid journal APCs cost ~$650 (34%) more than fully-OA journals (Monitoring the Transition to Open Access, December 2017) – Elsevier’s profits are enormous! – 2017 profit margin: 37% (https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX- Group/documents/reports/annual-reports/relx2017-annual-report.pdf) – 2017 Revenue: $3,510,409,140 – Apple: 21%, Shell Oil: 21%, Alphabet (Google): 14%, Comcast: 13% @MarXivPapers Universities, – “Universities in the Netherlands canceled all Oxford University governments, Press subscriptions in May 2017” and think- – “University of Montreal reduced its subscriptions to Taylor & Francis periodicals by 93%, axing 2,231 journals” tanks are – “Negotiations with Elsevier reached impasses in Germany, Peru, cancelling and Taiwan. As a result, hundreds of universities have cancelled all Elsevier subscriptions” subscriptions

Research: Sci-Hub provides access to nearly all scholarly literature. February 2018. @MarXivPapers https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32822.001 – The Nature Conservancy in the USA – 3 – The Nature Conservancy in Mexico – 0 How many – Washington State Department of Natural Resources – 0 ocean journals – “The Nature Conservancy’s chief science officer, Hugh Possingham, is exploring new ways to access publications and has encouraged staff do groups to develop relationships with universities or seek adjunct faculty roles [… for] the benefit of providing staff with access to university library have access databases” (https://www.newsdeeply.com/oceans/articles/2018/01/18/tear- down-that-paywall-the-movement-to-make-ocean-research-free-for-all) to? – We know that publisher-held copyrights result in less primary science being used for ocean management – A study of MPA management plans in three countries found that primary scientific research from journals represented just 14% of the information cited in the plans (Cvitanovic 2014, doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/HV4DA)

@MarXivPapers MarXiv to the Rescue! Kind of like a Band-Aid on a leaky dam…

@MarXivPapers MarXiv (rhymes with “archive”) is the research repository for the ocean-related sciences – Repository: https://MarXiv.org – Documentation: https://www.MarXivInfo.org

MarXiv

@MarXivPapers – Preprints and postprints of paywalled peer-reviewed journal articles – Open Access papers – Reports and whitepapers – Posters, abstracts, and conference proceedings What should I – Datasets, maps, and GIS information share in – Please, please, please share manuscripts that you would (likely) not otherwise publish in “traditional journals” MarXiv? – Managers and planners really want to see papers on negative results – What doesn’t work is just as important as what does! – Did your paper get rejected because it’s too niche? Publish it in MarXiv! – If it’s science to support ocean conservation and climate-change adaptation, MarXiv is the place for it!

@MarXivPapers Advisory Board – Asha de Vos, Oceanswell – Ashley Farley, Gates Foundation – Chloë Webster, Mediterranean Protected Areas Network (MedPAN) The MarXiv Team at OCTO – Dasapta Erwin Irawan, INA-Rxiv & Institut Teknologi – Nick Wehner Bandung Director of Open – Edd Hind-Ozan, Cardiff University & SCB Marine Initiatives – Edgar Robles, Universidad del Mar – Raye Evrard Project – Edward Senkondo, Tanzania Fisheries Research Who is Manager Institute – Allie Brown – Jennie Hoffman, Adaptation/Insight Project Associate – Jon Tennant, PaleorXiv & ScienceOpen MarXiv? – Kanae Tokunaga, Ocean Alliance, The University of – Sarah Carr Tokyo Chief Knowledge – Ling Cao, Shanghai Jiao Tong University & Stanford Broker University – John Davis President – Michelle LaRue, University of Minnesota – Ting-Chun Kuo, Ocean Says & University of British Columbia – Wilf Swartz, Ocean Policy Research Institute, Sasakawa Peace Foundation – Willow Battista, Consultant, Oceans Program, Environmental Defense Fund

@MarXivPapers – Canada – Simon Fraser University: David Shiffman – University of British Columbia: Juliano Palacios Abrantes – Chile – Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile: Moisés Gallo MarXiv – Mexico Ambassadors – Universidad del Mar: Sarai Mijangos – Nigeria – Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research: Ngozi Margaret Oguguah – United States – University of Washington: Nicole Baker

@MarXivPapers – In only 5 months, MarXiv has saved ocean conservationists over $28,900 in per-article download fees on just seven pay-walled papers! – Over 3,400 downloads – 69 papers (journal articles, reports, theses, etc.) – 192 on a single preprint – $6,902.40 saved just from that preprint MarXiv in – 500+ downloads in the last week – NGOs and government agencies archiving reports to get DOIs and action indexed in Google Scholar – “I had begun to use sharing platforms like ResearchGate and Academia.edu, but these platforms are/will change their business model and find other ways to profit from our work,” Wesley Flannery, a lecturer at Queen’s University, Belfast, who recently submitted a paper to MarXiv, said in an email. “I trust the team behind MarXiv,” he said. (Oceans Deeply, 18 January 2018, “Tear Down That Paywall: The Movement to Make Ocean Research Free for All”)

@MarXivPapers – ”You can always email the author for a free copy” – Typical response rate from the author is ~50% – Several assumptions must be made for this to work – The author is still alive – The email address for the author is correct – The email request reaches the author (the email request does not end up in a spam/junk-mail folder) – Both the author and requester are able to converse in writing in the same Begging for language (both parties can read and write English) – The author replies to the request in a timely fashion – Not all scientists respond nicely to requests Access is not a – “When I was an undergraduate student most of my inquiries were never responded to, so I developed a habit of trying to get it myself by any means Sustainable necessary.” (https://twitter.com/CoastalPaleo/status/952573984071135233) – “Count your lucky stars! Most of my early experiences were pretty shitty and one string of interactions almost drove me away from marine mammals altogether” Solution – SpringerNature no longer shows the email addresses of corresponding authors, making it near impossible to get a free copy of Nature, etc. papers from the author

– Average papers are downloaded 500 times* in the first year after publication. For “excellent” review papers it’s 1,200 times*. Are you getting that many emails now? *These are download numbers from only the 1% with access!

@MarXivPapers – It is illegal under international copyright law for anyone but the author and journal subscription-holders to share the full-text of Academic non-Open-Access journal articles Sharing only – If the author of a paper gives me the PDF of their pay-walled research, I am the only one who is legally allowed to read it applies to – “If you are an author, you may also share your Published Journal authors and Article privately with known students or colleagues for their personal use” (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/sharing) subscribers – One-to-one sharing for personal use only – It is illegal to share the full-text PDF on listservs

@MarXivPapers – “Can’t I just post my paper on ResearchGate?” – If it’s pay-walled, no! – ResearchGate is currently being sued by STM for mass copyright violation – STM alleges RG violates publisher copyright on 7 million articles ResearchGate – https://oct.to/rgstm and – Both ResearchGate and Academia.edu are for-profit companies backed by Silicon Valley venture capitalists Academia.edu – RG has raised over $100 million since 2008 (https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/28/researchgate-raises- 52-6m-for-its-social-research-network-for-scientists/) – Both platforms have been accused of deceptive, unethical practices like emailing researchers in your field about your paper if you pay them – Many publishers restrict sharing preprints/postprints on for-profit and general-interest websites

@MarXivPapers Are preprints new?

@MarXivPapers Postprints aren’t new, either

@MarXivPapers Growth of preprints

http://www.prepubmed.org/monthly_stats/ @MarXivPapers Preprints are new to conservation, though!

http://www.prepubmed.org/monthly_stats/ @MarXivPapers Preprints are new to conservation, though!

http://www.prepubmed.org/monthly_stats/ @MarXivPapers Preprints are new to conservation, though!

http://www.prepubmed.org/monthly_stats/ @MarXivPapers An introduction to the academic publishing workflow How to keep (some) rights to your Intellectual Property, even when publishing the “traditional” way

@MarXivPapers The Academic Publishing Workflow

@MarXivPapers – A preprint is the manuscript submitted to a scholarly journal which will undergo peer review before being formally published – Preprints may also be known as an ”original manuscript" in some journals

What is a preprint? The Academic Publishing Workflow

@MarXivPapers – A postprint is the edited and peer-reviewed, but not yet typeset, version of the manuscript – Postprints may also be known as a "corrected proof" in some journals

What is a postprint? The Academic Publishing Workflow

@MarXivPapers – Best practice: share your manuscript before you submit to a journal – Tell journal about preprint submission – Always consult your Copyright Transfer Agreement (CTA)! – Going to publish behind a pay-wall? Utilize the SPARC Author How do I know Addendum to keep your rights to archive in MarXiv – https://sparcopen.org/our-work/author-rights/brochure-html/ if I can share – http://scholars.sciencecommons.org/ my paper in – Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and Taylor & Francis allow preprints to be shared immediately MarXiv? – Without SPARC, postprints usually subject to an embargo period – Elsevier: 2-year embargo – Springer & Wiley: 1-year embargo – Taylor & Francis: 18-month embargo – https://www.MarXivInfo.org/policies

@MarXivPapers The Academic Publishing Workflow

@MarXivPapers How to determine what you can (legally) share, and when Preprints, postprints, and making the CTA work for you

@MarXivPapers – Written manuscript, but not submitted to journal – 100% legal to put preprint in MarXiv! – Manuscript submitted to journal, but not yet signed CTA – 100% legal to put preprint in MarXiv! – Inform journal of preprint deposit + check publisher policies on licensing requirements & sharing with others Quick – Be sure to submit SPARC Author Addendum before you sign CTA Reference for – Signed CTA, paper published by a journal – If it’s Open Access, 100% legal to put any version in MarXiv! What You Can – If it’s pay-walled – Consult CTA on your copyright holdings for preprint and peer- Share, When review/edits on manuscript. In most cases, you can share your preprint in MarXiv immediately, but your postprint will be subject to an embargo period – If you don’t have CTA handy, check your journal/publisher’s default sharing policies: https://www.MarXivInfo.org/policies – Note that your funder/institution/employer may all have policies that restrict how much copyright you can legally transfer to a publisher

@MarXivPapers Versioning, citations, and other nitty-gritty details The role of DOIs and metadata + what happens after you submit your paper to MarXiv

@MarXivPapers – Input DOI for Version of Record when sharing your work in MarXiv – Metadata in OSF Preprints links OSF’s DOI with publisher’s DOI – Google Scholar, etc. link versions together – Citation on a preprint counts as a citation on the Version of Record How are citations handled?

@MarXivPapers – Your work is immediately publicly accessible by everyone! – All submitted papers undergo post-moderation by the OCTO Team – Nothing is shared illegally (to the best of our knowledge) – No “spam” or unrelated papers – No obvious examples of academic dishonesty or misconduct What happens – We can always reject papers at any point if problems arise to my paper – Promotion and Summarization – Integrated into OpenChannels Literature Library (~85,000 after I submit? practitioners served each year) – Shared in weekly OpenChannels Literature Update & Weekly Update newsletters (~6,000 subscribers) – Share papers from @MarXivPapers and @OpenOCTO on Twitter – “Matchmaking” research with those we know will benefit from it – Summarizing ~3 papers/week for a manager/policymaker audience – Discussing & summarizing on upcoming OctoPod podcast

@MarXivPapers – 30% more citations! (DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.3119v1) – 70% increased readership! (OpenChannels Literature Library) – OA articles are downloaded 2-4x more than pay-walled articles (Monitoring the Transition to Open Access, December 2017) What are the – Free promotion and (if you’re lucky) a free policy/management- benefits of focused summary! sharing my – Free DOIs – SHARE partnership aggregates papers from arXiv, biorXiv, PeerJ, work? etc. – Projects are indexed by Google Scholar and Altmetric – Coming soon! Altmetric donuts & commenting for post- publication peer-review

@MarXivPapers How to archive a paper in MarXiv Demo time!

@MarXivPapers 1. Visit the MarXiv repository at https://MarXiv.org and click the "Add a paper" button 2. Login with your OSF Preprints account, or create a new account for free. If you have an ORCID account you may sign-in with that, instead 3. Use the Upload section to first upload a PDF of your paper, and then give it a Title 4. Select the discipline(s) and subdiscipline(s) which categorize your work – For example, you might choose the top-level "Social and Behavioral Sciences" discipline along with the subdisciplines of "Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration" How do I share and "Environmental Policy." – If the discipline for your work is missing, or if you have questions on how to categorize my work in your work, please contact us 5. Select a license for your work MarXiv? 6. If you have a DOI for your work already, please include that so the preprint may link-up with the peer-reviewed version of your manuscript 7. Provide an abstract for your work 8. Provide keywords or "tags" to make your work easily discoverable 9. Add the authors to your work. If the other authors do not have OSF Accounts, they will be invited to create one after this step is completed 10. Click "Submit" to post your paper on MarXiv. Congratulations! Your work is now available on MarXiv!

@MarXivPapers How do I share my work in – Time for a demo! MarXiv?

@MarXivPapers How to search and browse for papers in MarXiv Demo time!

@MarXivPapers How do I search for papers in MarXiv?

@MarXivPapers How do I search for papers in MarXiv?

@MarXivPapers How do I search for – Time for a demo! papers in MarXiv?

@MarXivPapers Questions, need help? Email me! Nick Wehner Director of Open Initiatives, OCTO [email protected] Thank you! MarXiv Information – Documentation: https://www.MarXivInfo.org – Repository: https://MarXiv.org – Follow @MarXivPapers on Twitter for updates

@MarXivPapers