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Elsevier's 2017 profits exceeded $1.2 billion: how to reclaim your rights as an author without feeding the beast Brought to you by: Making your research freely-accessible to ocean managers, NGOs, and the public with MarXiv Nick Wehner Director of Open Initiatives, OCTO @MarXivPapers An abridged history of academic publishing What is MarXiv? The academic publishing workflow How to determine what you can share, when Agenda Versioning, citations, and other nitty-gritty details Demo: How to archive a paper in MarXiv Demo: How to search/browse for papers in MarXiv Q&A and archiving help @MarXivPapers An abridged history of academic publishing The “traditional” academic publishing ecosystem is hardly traditional at all @MarXivPapers Academic publishing as we know it now started with the end of WWII An abridged 1945 ⎯ present 1600s ⎯ 1945 history of “[…] for most scholars and many of their publishers, scholarly publication was routinely seen as unprofitable: the potential market academic was so small and uncertain that few scholarly publications were expected to cover their costs. Those costs – of paper, ink, publishing typesetting, and printing – were often paid in full or in part by authors or by a third-party, such as a patron or sponsor; and this enabled the copies to be sold at a subsidised price, or even distributed gratis.” Untangling Academic Publishing: A history of the relationship between commercial interests, @MarXivPapers academic prestige and the circulation of research. May 2017. What happened ~1945? Status not determined by social stature, but by publication history Increase in number of higher education institutions due to WWII veteran’s benefits Lots more government money into higher education “Just 2.7% of the UK age-cohort had gone into higher education in An abridged 1938; that had risen to 15% by the 1980s (Anderson, 2010; Perkin, 1987); and in the early tWenty-first century, the UK government target Was history of 50%” Explosion of publications academic Scientific news and short research reports à long, detailed research reports publishing Free & subsidized selling to individuals à Selling to institutions at a profit Focus on local area, language à focus on international markets, establish English as international language of science Publications dominated by scholarly societies à commercial players recruiting their oWn editors, editorial board members and referees Peer revieW to account for limited space à peer revieW for prestige Untangling Academic Publishing: A history of the relationship betWeen commercial interests, academic @MarXivPapers prestige and the circulation of research. May 2017. A multi-disciplinary perspective on emergent and future innovations in peer revieW. July 2017. 2000s to today Mergers and acquisitions give rise to oligopolies Springer Nature, Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, and Taylor & Francis An abridged account for 50% of global research output for the natural sciences; 70% for the social sciences history of The Serials Crisis “The increasing output of academic publishing during the 1950s and academic 1960s coincided with the expansion of universities and the availability of generous funding for core functions such as libraries. By the 1980s, publishing the contraction of core university funding meant libraries were unable to keep up with the growth in academic publishing. This became widely known as the ‘serials crisis’” Untangling Academic Publishing: A history of the relationship between commercial interests, @MarXivPapers academic prestige and the circulation of research. May 2017. Academic publishing today @MarXivPapers Academic publishing today @MarXivPapers Subscriptions are really expensive! In 2009, Tier 1 universities paid on average $1.2 million a year to Elsevier alone (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403006111) Journal subscription costs up 25% from 2013-2017 (DOI: 10.7554/eLife.32822.001) Annual e-journal subscription costs $1,396 (DOI: 10.7554/eLife.32822.001) Publishers “bundle” journals just like cable companies Academic Libraries can buy a bundle of journals for a discount, or buy à la carte and end up spending more money Publishers are Each year, publishers add more titles to the bundles, and thus upping the cost, but they still make sure the bundles come out cheaper than For-Profit buying titles individually Hybrid journals engage in “Double Dipping” Companies Publishers do not offer a discount to subscribers for OA content Hybrid journal APCs cost ~$650 (34%) more than fully-OA journals (Monitoring the Transition to Open Access, December 2017) Elsevier’s profits are enormous! 2017 profit margin: 37% (https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX- Group/documents/reports/annual-reports/relx2017-annual-report.pdf) 2017 Revenue: $3,510,409,140 Apple: 21%, Shell Oil: 21%, Alphabet (Google): 14%, Comcast: 13% @MarXivPapers Universities, “Universities in the Netherlands canceled all Oxford University governments, Press subscriptions in May 2017” and think- “University of Montreal reduced its subscriptions to Taylor & Francis periodicals by 93%, axing 2,231 journals” tanks are “Negotiations with Elsevier reached impasses in Germany, Peru, cancelling and Taiwan. As a result, hundreds of universities have cancelled all Elsevier subscriptions” subscriptions Research: Sci-Hub provides access to nearly all scholarly literature. February 2018. @MarXivPapers https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32822.001 The Nature Conservancy in the USA 3 The Nature Conservancy in Mexico 0 How many Washington State Department of Natural Resources 0 ocean journals “The Nature Conservancy’s chief science officer, Hugh Possingham, is exploring new ways to access publications and has encouraged staff do groups to develop relationships with universities or seeK adjunct faculty roles [… for] the benefit of providing staff with access to university library have access databases” (https://www.newsdeeply.com/oceans/articles/2018/01/18/tear- down-that-paywall-the-movement-to-make-ocean-research-free-for-all) to? We know that publisher-held copyrights result in less primary science being used for ocean management A study of MPA management plans in three countries found that primary scientific research from journals represented just 14% of the information cited in the plans (Cvitanovic 2014, doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/HV4DA) @MarXivPapers MarXiv to the Rescue! Kind of like a Band-Aid on a leaky dam… @MarXivPapers MarXiv (rhymes with “archive”) is the research repository for the ocean-related sciences Repository: https://MarXiv.org Documentation: https://www.MarXivInfo.org MarXiv @MarXivPapers Preprints and postprints of paywalled peer-reviewed journal articles Open Access papers Reports and whitepapers Posters, abstracts, and conference proceedings What should I Datasets, maps, and GIS information share in Please, please, please share manuscripts that you would (likely) not otherwise publish in “traditional journals” MarXiv? Managers and planners really want to see papers on negative results What doesn’t work is just as important as what does! Did your paper get rejected because it’s too niche? Publish it in MarXiv! If it’s science to support ocean conservation and climate-change adaptation, MarXiv is the place for it! @MarXivPapers Advisory Board Asha de Vos, Oceanswell Ashley Farley, Gates Foundation Chloë Webster, Mediterranean Protected Areas Network (MedPAN) The MarXiv Team at OCTO Dasapta Erwin Irawan, INA-Rxiv & Institut Teknologi Nick Wehner Bandung Director of Open Edd Hind-Ozan, Cardiff University & SCB Marine Initiatives Edgar Robles, Universidad del Mar Raye Evrard Project Edward Senkondo, Tanzania Fisheries Research Who is Manager Institute Allie Brown Jennie Hoffman, Adaptation/Insight Project Associate Jon Tennant, PaleorXiv & ScienceOpen MarXiv? Kanae Tokunaga, Ocean Alliance, The University of Sarah Carr Tokyo Chief Knowledge Ling Cao, Shanghai Jiao Tong University & Stanford Broker University John Davis President Michelle LaRue, University of Minnesota Ting-Chun Kuo, Ocean Says & University of British Columbia Wilf Swartz, Ocean Policy Research Institute, Sasakawa Peace Foundation Willow Battista, Consultant, Oceans Program, Environmental Defense Fund @MarXivPapers Canada Simon Fraser University: David Shiffman University of British Columbia: Juliano Palacios Abrantes Chile Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile: Moisés Gallo MarXiv Mexico Ambassadors Universidad del Mar: Sarai Mijangos Nigeria Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research: Ngozi Margaret Oguguah United States University of Washington: Nicole Baker @MarXivPapers In only 5 months, MarXiv has saved ocean conservationists over $28,900 in per-article download fees on just seven pay-walled papers! Over 3,400 downloads 69 papers (journal articles, reports, theses, etc.) 192 on a single preprint $6,902.40 saved just from that preprint MarXiv in 500+ downloads in the last week NGOs and government agencies archiving reports to get DOIs and action indexed in Google Scholar “I had begun to use sharing platforms like ResearchGate and Academia.edu, but these platforms are/will change their business model and find other ways to profit from our work,” Wesley Flannery, a lecturer at Queen’s University, Belfast, who recently submitted a paper to MarXiv, said in an email. “I trust the team behind MarXiv,” he said. (Oceans Deeply, 18 January 2018, “Tear Down That Paywall: The Movement to Make Ocean Research Free for All”) @MarXivPapers ”You can always
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