Phylum Echinodermata, Blood Star, Hencricia Levisuscula

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Phylum Echinodermata, Blood Star, Hencricia Levisuscula

Choanoflagellates Fungi ANIMALIA Choanoflagellates Porifera (sponges) ANIMALIA Multicellularity Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones) Diploblasty Acoela (acoels) LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera (rotifers) Loss of coelom Platyhelminthes Triploblasty (flatworms) Segmentation Annelida (segmented worms) PROTOSTOMES Protostome Mollusca BILATERIA development (snails, clams, squid) ECDYSOZOA Nematoda (roundworms) Cephalization, CNS, coelom Arthropoda Segmentation (insects, spiders, crustaceans) DEUTEROSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES Radial symmetry Echinodermata (in adults) (sea stars, sand dollars) Deuterostome development Chordata Segmentation (vertebrates, tunicates) PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA Echinoderm Characteristics • Coelomate, Triploblastic • Deuterostome • Loss of Cephalization • (Penta)radial Symmetry (secondary) • Water vascular system • Calcareous ossicles/Endoskeleton • Spines (calcareous) • Mutable connective tissue • All Marine (or estuarine) Pisaster ochraceus Ossicles Madreporite Cross-section of Sea Star Arm Asterina miniata Sea Star Water Vascular System Figure 20_01 Sea Star Oral View Tube feet (podia) in motion Pisaster brevispinus PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA Class Crinoidea Class Stelleroidea Subclass Asteroidea Subclass Ophiuroidea Class Echinoidea Class Holothuroidea Class Crinoidea Florometra serratissima Florometra serratissima A fossil crinoid Subclass Asteroidea, Blood star, Hencricia levisuscula Sea Star internal organs Anatomy of a sea star * * * * * Vertical section through central disc and base of arm Pisaster giganteus Dermasterias imbricata Pisaster giganteus Linckia columbiae Subclass Ophiuroidea Ophioplocus esmarki, a brittle star Ophiothrix spiculata Ophiothrix spiculata Class Echinoidea Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a sea urchin Sea urchin pedicellariae and other body wall structures pedicellariae Arbacia sp. Urchin Test Class Echinoidea Sea Urchin Aristotle’s lantern Figure 20_16 Strongylocentrotus franciscanus Dendraster excentricus Lovenia cordiformis Class Holothuroidea Release of cuverian tubules Figure 20_20 Eupentacta quinquesemita Eupentacta quinquesemita Parastichopus parvimensis Parastichopus californicus Parastichopus californicus .

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Fertilization Selection on Egg and Jelly-Coat Size in the Sand Dollar Dendraster Excentricus
Evolution, 55(12), 2001, pp. 2479±2483 FERTILIZATION SELECTION ON EGG AND JELLY-COAT SIZE IN THE SAND DOLLAR DENDRASTER EXCENTRICUS DON R. LEVITAN1,2 AND STACEY D. IRVINE2 1Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1100 2Bam®eld Marine Station, Bam®eld, British Columbia VOR 1B0, Canada Abstract. Organisms with external fertilization are often sperm limited, and in echinoids, larger eggs have a higher probability of fertilization than smaller eggs. This difference is thought to be a result of the more frequent sperm- egg collisions experienced by larger targets. Here we report how two components of egg target size, the egg cell and jelly coat, contributed to fertilization success in a selection experiment. We used a cross-sectional analysis of correlated characters to estimate the selection gradients on egg and jelly-coat size in ®ve replicate male pairs of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus. Results indicated that eggs with larger cells and jelly coats were preferentially fertilized under sperm limitation in the laboratory. The selection gradients were an average of 922% steeper for egg than for jelly- coat size. The standardized selection gradients for egg and jelly-coat size were similar. Our results suggest that fertilization selection can act on both egg-cell and jelly-coat size but that an increase in egg-cell volume is much more likely to increase fertilization success than an equal change in jelly-coat volume. The strengths of the selection gradients were inversely related to the correlation of egg traits across replicate egg clutches. This result suggests the importance of replication in studies of selection of correlated characters.
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