,,ANU PF

,,ANU PF Kt - News. Official Organ of ZANU PF Department of Information and Publicity, 14 Austin Road Volump 26. No. 3 1995, Registered at the G.P.O. as a Newspaper $ 1 0 (ic. sales tax) n Chambati Sabina Thembani Jacobus de Wet Pamela Tungamirai IC. ~~1~ Vt

Editorial: Letters: National News: Regional News: Features: International News: Talking Point: Sport: Contents T h e w in ner in Z im b ab w e P olls ...... ZANU PF is an unchallengeable monolithic Party ...... C andidates w ho lost their deposits ...... White minister shows the lighter side of Zimbabwe ...... Emergency taxis facing extinction . V eteran p o litician laid to rest ...... Will Zimbabwe embrace mercy killing...... Advertising pays dividends for Aroma ...... R esults of the 1995 general elections ...... Ban on female circumcision ruled out ...... African states discuss scourge of landmines ...... C O M E SA facing financial problem s ...... SA teacher training programme inefficient ...... Guruve farmer rovolutionising agriculture ...... Vernacular languages in danger of dying...... B erlin recalls en d of clim atic b attle ...... Fighting with figures in World War II N P T treaty ex p ires th is y ear ...... Kumaratunga says Tigers killed Rajiv Gandhi ...... Nazreen Pearce, first Asian woman circuit judge ...... S ex life of flies - th e b ig secret ...... The IGADD Declaration of Principles and the challenges they pose to the problem of South Sudan - An Eritrean v ie w ...... S talin in th e g reat p atrio tic w ar ...... African volleyball gains professional status ...... Zambian soccer widows denied their,rights ...... Chronology of Mike Tyson's boxing career ...... , high hurdler Eric Cantona - Temparamental French striker ...... Laura Davis - winning at Golf worldwide ...... 0mm Zimbabwe News is the official organ of the ZimbabweAfrican National Union (ZANU PF) and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department of Information and Publicity, Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co., No. 14 Austin Road. Workington, . World Copyright, Central Committee (ZANU PF). Editorial Council: Cde. N.M. Shamuyadra, Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende, Cde. C. Ndhlovu, Cde. S. Kachingwe, Cde.A. Sikhosana, Cde. M. Munyati. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3. 1995 Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF 24 26 29 31 32 33 34 35

EditorI,-. The people of Zimbabwe know better Zimbabwe held its Fourth General Election on April 8 and 9 in an atmosphere of freedom and fairness. All major opposition parties and interested observers were unanymous in giving the ZANU PF government grudging approval for the peaceful manner in which the elections were conducted. Earlier predictions by all unrepresentative opposition parties and their foreign mentors that the machinery of the ZANU PF government was going to rig the elections, intimidate the electorate and unleash violence on opposition candidates and their supporters were proved to be figments of the imagination in two days of fair play in broad daylight. In 55 constituencies out of 120, ZANU FF candidates were elected unopposed. In 63 contested seats, opposition candidates lost their deposits after failing to win 25 percent of the winner's total. Thus ZANU PF faced no challenge of any consequence in 118 constituencies out of 120. Ndabaningi Sithole's ZANU Ndonga won the only two constituencies in his tribal home district of Chipinge. Even then, the two ZANU PF candidates had impressive support which enabled them to retain their deposits. As much as 60 percent of registered voters turned out to vote. This turn out is respectably high by international standards. In some so-called Western democracies, voter turn out often drops down to as low as 30 percent. When the results of the elections were announced, and even before the announcement, opposition parties and their foreign mentors made demands publicly that there should be "a government of national unity" in which all opposition parties would be invited as participants even though they had no support of the electorate. This undemocratic imposition and puerile demand was fittingly ignored by the ZANU PF government. When opposition parties and their foreign mentors saw that there was no possibility of their power-hunger being satisfied by the ZANU PF government, they held a press conference in Harare to announce that the newly elected Parliament was "bogus". Their spokesman went as far as calling upon the supporters of opposition parties to ignore all laws passed by the Fourth . True to its well known democratic tradition of giving any fool a long rope and never using heavy artillery to shoot flies, the ZANU PF government was complacently indifferent to these ravings from madmen. This indifference vexed the foreign mentors of these opposition parties. They had thought by egging on opposition parties to provoke the government, the government *would wield the arm of law and order to arrest the provocateurs. The mentors could then turn to international public opinion to spread their accustomed falsehoods that the Mugabe government is a dictatorship which puts opposition parties into prison. Even after having realised that the ZANU PF government was impevious to provocation, the foreign mentors of the opposition partiers returned to the outside world spreading the perfidious propaganda that the ZANU PF government is practising black racism' against the white population. Starting at the beginning of the second week of May, slanderous articles began to appear in British, American and 'Australian papers. The theme of all these articles was that the ZANU PF government was a dictatorship. On May 14, the British Sunday Times published a vitriolic article'by Christopher Hope slandering the government of Zimbabwe. The article alleged that the black people of Zimbabwe were harrassing whites and as a result, many whites were leaving the country. It further alleged that white men who are still in the country are living on sufferance. People who live in this country will find these statements patently false. The statements, however, were made to European readers who do not know the realities of Zimbabwe. The people of Zimbabwe know better, hence their retaining ZANU PF in power for another five years! 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO, 3, 1995

Dear Editor, will work tirelessly to ensure that the fell because they neglected their consticountry's economic performance im- tuencies and only showed up towards I would like to congratulate the ruling proves and alleviate the difficulties be- the general elections. Party, ZANU PF, for resoundingly win- ing experienced by the people. Such ning the 1995 general elections held last problems as high commodity prices, un- Finally, I would like to call upon the soApril. That victory demonstrated that employment, inflation and high interest called opposition pa rtes to abandon opZANU PF is the only authentic political rates should be looked into. position politics and join the truly peo- organisation with the interests of the people of Zimbabwe at heart hence it has been mandated to govern the country for a further five years. I sincerely hope that the new Cabinet I also have no doubt that the new Members of Parliament will work dosely with people in their constituencies to enhance development. They should remember that some Members of Parliament who lost in the ZANU PF primary elections pie's organisation, ZANU PF for unity, peace, progress and national development. Claudius Masendeke, Seke, CHITUNGWIZA. Youths terrorising tourists Dear Editor, I am very concerned about what some youths who throng the Harare city centre selling curios are doing to tourists. There are also suspicions that some of them are conspiring with thugs who waylay the tourists and rob them. This is particularly serious in the city's First Street which has been flooded by young men who carry various pieces of sculptor. They approach the tourists and persuade them to buy their curios. Many tourists have fallen victim after losing.valid documents and large sums of money. The thugs attack their unsuspecting victims while they are busy admiring the curios. Some shop owners who sell curios in the city have reportedly observed the young men tailing tourists to their shops. Some have even complained that they have been threatened by the menacing youths who loiter near their shops. I would like to urge the relevant authonties to ensure that our tourists enjoy, their stay in Zimbabwe and they are not terrorised by these marauding youths who should concentrate on selling their wares without threatening or stealing from our visitors. The police should make sure that these youths are brought to book. Fred Katerere, HARARE. iLetters to the Editor should be brief and to the point All letters should be addressed to: The Eitor, Embabwe News, 144 Union A venue, Ha rare There are no birds of our feather. Because we offer the Iily defnitive exampte of the jrnmnws at The total Job- t sei& odginaweo, printing and bininf- uduising the latesttechnology &Md coopleted to thr hihest inteaional stand s Our very competuve Fnce Will also gave you somethli to crow about JONGW1E PRINTING & PUBLISHING CO. (PVT) LIMITED 14 Ausfin Road. Workington, Harare. Telephone 664749. 668428 4 668431" ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 /000 .

The winner in Zimbabwe polls a By Tony Writing in "The Financial Hawkins in Harare Times" of London, on April 12, 1995 resident 's ruling ZANU PF Party was relishing its fourth successive electoral victory in Zimbabwe's Parliamentary elections last April. In 1990, and again last month, the electorate has handed Cde. Mugabe the de facto one-party state that he vowed to create in the 1980's. In a 54 percent voter turnout - far higher than expected - ZANU PF won more than 82 percent of the vote and 118 of the 120 elected seats, 55 of which were uncontested. The ethnically based opposition Zanu (Ndonga) party, which drew nearly half its 6.5 percent of the total vote from a handful of constituencies in the eastern districts, will be the sole opposition in Parliament, with two seats. Another 20 seats are nominated by the President and ten by traditional leaders, giving ZANU PF 148 of the 150 seats - one more, than in 1990 when it won 147 seats. The other main opposition party, the Forum, did not come even close to winning a seat. Some will argue that President Mugabe's absolute power will strengthen his government's hand in pushing through unpalatable and unpopular economic reforms, including substantial cuts in public spending, especially defence, increased reliance on user-charges for so- Cde. President Robert Mugabe cial services, civil service retrenchment and privatisation. In a meeting with the Donor Consultative Group last March in Paris, the Government pledged to cut public spending and reduce the budget deficit, which, in the first half of fiscal 1994/1995 stood at Z$2.9 billion (E212 million), double the targeted 5.5 percent of gross domestic produce for the 12 months to June 30. However, there was nothing in the campaign or the ruling Party's manifesto to suggest that it is ready to adopt the radical new policies necessary to solve the fiscal crisis caused by government overspending and overborrowing. This suggests that the stimulus for change will have to come from outside and that reform will continue to be driven by the donor community, the IMF and the World Bank. Moreover, many in business worry that the absence of Parliamentary opposition, the reluctance of business leaders to take on the government in public, and state control of most of the media will further entrench the complacency so ap parent both during the campaign and in the elections results. The results are unlikely to have any impact on foreign investment, though Cde. Mugabe's campaign threat to tighten the government's grip on the economy, preventing companies from retrenching workers or dosing down, will not help investor sentiment. In his final campaign speech, the Presi. dent singled out the Lonrho subsidiary, David Whitehead textiles, warning that if Lonrho no longer wished to operate it, the government would take over.lEJ ZANU PF is an unchallenqeable monolithic Party B. he results of the just-ended general elections surprised only those misinformed people who wallow in abysmal ignorance about the realities of Zimbabwean politics. Opposition parties failed to field candidates in 55 constituencies. This means that opposition parties uncontestedly surrendered 46 percent of the 120 constituencies before the actual holding of the elections. If a person surrenders before the fight, he or she is not only a coward but an inveterate failure. V Malachia M. Basvi A ELECTION It~l radimutsa Inveterate failures have the habit to blame their failures on somebody else. This has become the tradition of Ziinbabwe's opposition parties. The Consti- tution says the leader of the victorious party appoints 20 non-constituency Members of Parliament. By not contesting the 55 constituencies, opposition l parties literally authorised President Robert Mugabe to appoint 20 nonconstituency Members of Parliament. But the same opposition parties are Continued on page 6 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 19915

Candidates. who lost their deposits 1. 002 Bilita 2. 002 Bikita 3. 005 Bubi-Umguza 4. 006 Budiriro 5. 008 6. 009 North 7. 012 BuIlimamangwe South 8. 013 Chegutu East 9. 014 Chegutu West 10. 014 Chegutu West 11. 015 Chlkomba 12. 017 Chibhyi 13. 018 Chiplnge North 14. 020 Chiredzi North 15. 021 Chiredzi South 16. 022 Chlrumanzu 17. 023 Chitungwiza East 18. 027 Dzivarasekwa 19. 027 Dzivarasekwa 20. 027 Dzivarasekwa 21. 040 Gwanda 22. 042 Harare Central 23. 042 Harare Central 24. 043 25. 044 Harare North 26. 045 Harare South 27. 052 Hwedza 28. 052 Hwedza 29. 053 Insiza 30. 056 Kadoma West 31. 060 Kwekwe Central 32. 064 Lupane 33. 065 Luveve 34. 065 Luveve 35. 066 Mabvuku 36. 071 Makoni West 37. 072 Marondera East 38. 072 Marondera East 39. 073 Marondera West 40. 074 Masvingo Central 41. 077 Matobo 42. 080 Mbare East 43. 083 Mberengwe West 44.'086 Mpopoma 45. 086 Mpopoma 46. 089 Mufakose 47. 089 Mufakose 48. 091 Murehwa South 49. 092 Mutare Central 50. 092 Mutare Central 51. 094 Mutare South 52. 095 53. 097 Mutoko North 54.102 N 55. 104 Pelandaba 56. 104 Pelandaba 57. 105 Pumula.Magwegwe 58. 106 Rushlnga 59. 108 Shamva 60. 114 Vungu 61. 11S Zaka East 62. 120 Zvishavane Chabvepi Chitekuteku Bhebhe Musakwa Makuyana Mahere Sibanda Chikerema James Garamukanwa Kanjanda Dzvova Ndlhaukosa Chinguno Kumbula Sithole Vudzi Dhliwayo Chitumba Majeya Marumbwa McConville Gwati Samvura Mushayabasa Nyamhunga Cohen Gombera Munhenzva Khumalo Munyaradzi Sibambo Sibanda jubane Ndhlovu Kajawu Ngwena Dangwa Turner Mutawu Bonyongwe Mbengo Dube Augustine Mpange Zhou Mhindurwa Siwela Manme Marimo Mabvakure Mhlanga Mugunyana Muslyarira Mutsiwegota Chipendo Mloyj Ncube Nderemant Hlathswayo Mukwengwe Mumbamarwo Sibanda Masango Ruzengwe Tasarirashe Stanley Edson Ransom Ndabezinhle Arnold Pearson Agnes Joyce Lucas Mqta Robert Dambaza Bernard Bunu Navison James Boniface Simon Kingdom Mubuso Sithole Tarugarira Wilson Joel.Kenneth George Ephraim Bichard Elijah Cynthia Bernard Bernard Ranero Philip dive Chenjerayi Mika Shaisheni Nason Joshua Buwel Chitewe Lovemore Wonde Egypt Dzine Clement Isaac Boshiwe Dumiani Robinson Albert Two Boy Majoni, Thomas Watmetsa Newton Evans Everisto Pascal George Dermott Sherrif Gibbon Nason Mhlanga Mbalekelwa Tanaye Patricia Shangani Kaine Billiam Stephen Mpofu Paul Patrick Bwoni Kinastone Wilfred Jacob Clement David Denford Efilda Freddy Chipps Gershon Pangwana Richard Florence Kenneth Thulani Timothy Godfrey March Emily Choble Masatira ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 063367197M22 022098805P13 008398616E35 063091810D42 075132343P44 008046013Q50 008321467X56 063172517D32 063243791A32 063518312S70 063621460K18 070006675L13 075131947113 063077286R13 067057933G13 077038388C77 O000oOOO0ZO0 008051850K80 063021667L75 063158103L13 008276232D28 043354648X47 063365014P05 063284119K54 063330562R13 063353437F00 063006636Y80 063485255L80 008239201 C28 063093523Q24 058028395R13 008360137E41' 008185398W41 008070729F26 063018699K42 063547516L42 008061854118 008301730T00 063254999H25 02202731OC13 008274715E39 063555425H63 008363831V03 008369457K15 008245826D79 063519529Q22 063128101A70 063687729R47 075064381S13 075052066G75 075063659H75 050024501GSO 048009248P48 053005854H53 008121429P41 008263992Z73 008243969K13 063034407J45 04204683C68 029097157T26 022006192Y83 008089922F03

White minister shows the lighter side of Zimbabwe Welsh-born Timothy Stamps jumps to the defence of Zimbabwe, writes David Beresford In Harare, in The Guardian, a London newspaper of Thursday, April 6, 1995. octor Stamps has been Minister of Health in Zimbabwe since 1990. If ever there was a picture of the white man content in it is offered by the lanky figureof Timothy Stamps, a Welsh lad who ended up as Zimbabwe's Minister of Health. Zimbabwe has been gaining a reputation as a hell-hole for whites in recent months. There were the supposed lynch mobs attending the trial of Dr. Richard McGown - the anaesthetist accused of 'experimenting'on black patients. Then there were the attacks on white-owned restaurants as part of an 'indigenisation' drive. To top it all, figures touted on the prevalence of AIDS represent Zimbabwe as a death trar On the eve of its third general election since independence Zimbabwe appeared about to gurgle its way down the Droverbial nlup-hole of Africa. As one of Taking a break from a press conference - at which he had expressed his indignation at the discovery of three cases of polio in a population of 11.2 million - he says: "The tendency is for people to think all blacks are socially incompetent and sexually incontinent." He adds: "That of course is as untrue as the belief that all whites are sterile and unable to sing." Immigrating to Zimbabwe in 1968 as deputy medical officer for Harare, he was appointed to Parliament - to one of a dozen nominated seats in the gift of the President - in 1990. He looks embarrassed as he admits to his.failure to secure a popular mandate this .time around. As a candidate in Harare he secured a meagre 19 votes in the ruling ZANU PF Party primaries and will have to rely on presidential patronage again. two whites in President Robert He is, however, fierce in his defence of Mugabe's Cabinet, Dr. Stamps gives.the the country's record after 15 years of re-assurance that life is not so bleak. independence. ZANU PF is an unchallengable' Continued fro blaming ZANU democratic" for candidates in ti stituencies. Mea all the way to Thus, in 46 per ZANU PF romp 100 percent. op lost by less than of the ZANU PF 63. These 63 lo This actually m donated by opp ZANU PF govern position groups I no money to themselves. monolithic Party. m page 4 In the 65 constituencies which were contested, the opposition only managed to PF for being 'un- get seven percent of the votes. The ariththeir own failure to field matics of politics show that the opposihe 55 uncontested con- tion got seven percent of the votes cast rnwhile, ZANU PF smiles in the 65 contested constituencies. The Parliament. mathematics of these figures amount to rcent of Ithe electorate, ZANU PF having won 95 percent of the d home by a margin of valid votes cast by the electorate, putposition candidates who ting into account the fact that ZANU PF h ads i1i5 5 u n c o n t e st edh 25 percent of the votes had 100 percent in 55 uncontested winning candidate were constituencies. 'st their $500 deposits, ZANU PF lost in only the two Chipinge eans that $31 500 was constituencies but its two candidates reosjtion candidates to the tained their deposits. ZANU PF's reten. ment. Yet the same p- tion of deposit, in the two Chipinge concomplain that they have stituencies demonstrates to all and suneffectively organise dry that ZANU PF is an unchallengeable profile as a monolithic political party. As health minister his major problem is AIDS, which is claiming about 27 percent of state expenditure on curative services. Reported figures have put Zimbabwe's HIV rate at more than.25 percent of the population, with the incidence in the military reportedly at over 60 percent. Dr. Stamps says the figures are wrong and confesses responsibility. The figure was based on a survey done at an ante-natal clinic in a run-down area, patronised by single woni. fie gave it publicity to raise concern about the problem, but it was unrepresentative. Similarly, the army survey was carried out among troops attending clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. The representative figures are bad enough. He puts the incidence of the HYv virus at between 5 and 7 percent, of which up to a fifth are children under five. There was' about 30 000 reported full-blown AIDS cases in the country, he says. But he believes the plague has peaked Conversion rates of blood donors T those who went from HIV negativeto positive on successive visits to give blood - had dropped by nearly 90 percent. The distribution of free condoms has halved sexually transmitted d&eases on the mines and in the nlliary. The message on safe sex was finaly getting through. " The McGown case, Dr. Stamps brushes off. The Scottish-born anaethetist - currentlyj facing an effective six months prison term - was guilty of "gross neglIgence and possibly wilful negligence," he says. The demonstrations which marked the case - during which students reportedly threatened to amputate the limbs of whites - was a mistranslation of what was being said in Shona by the protesters. The attacks on white-owned restaurants, Dr. Stamps dismisses as the work of a ltatic fringe. 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995

Emergency taxis facing extinction r he days appear to be numbered for views with drivers revealed that mini-bus phenomenon is catching up Tthe French-made Peugeot station although ETs are still in use they are no fast. II. snn wh~irl has an-oe 7i-a. Innar o . n.n titrn as Hafnrom babwe as an emergency mode of transport for the past two decades. The cars, euphemistically known as "Emergency Taxis" or "chovha" in the local Shona vernacular, were renowned for their durability, even under the roughest and toughest conditions. But now, the ETs are not only aged and delapidated,, they also face stiff competition from the new spacious and comfortable commuter mini-buses, also known as kombis, sparking a fare war in which they are desperately losing. The deregulation of Zimbabwe's transport industry, which accelerated in 1994 under the on-going Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) to beat the shortage of transport, is slowly throwing the pioneers out of business. Last year, 76-seater conventional buses joined the mini- buses to further squeeze the ET station wagons off the roads. "under ESAP, they say we have to adapt or die. But our circumstances are different. Our cars at current cost of inputs - fuel, spares , wages and influx of these kombis means that our days on the road are numbered," said one ET driver in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second largest city. Less competitive A survey of local taxi ranks and inter- 'a'-' r Those who use them are either in a real big hurry and take advantage of their whirlwind speed or they charge a little less. At one bus terminus, ET touts shout their lungs out more than mini-bus touts to indifferent passengers. "Yes, it's getting tough. Even though these kombis take long to fill, people do not mind the waiting. Times are changing," admitted one ET driver as he enviously looked at a mini-bus filling up. Jeffrey Khumalo, president of the Bulawayo United Transport Association (BUTA), is even more pessimistic that the ETs will not make it beyond 1997. "We are allowed a maximum of seven passengers against kombis and buses which carry upward of 25 per trip. Even if our cars are faster, they cannot match the income from competitors," he says. To survive the competition, ET operators have tried to keep their fares a little lower. But commuter mini- buses beat them to the game by charging higher fares at peak hours and coming down to their fares at off-peak times, "stealing" a chunk of their business. In Harare, with 1 530 registered taxis, the situation appears more desperate for the ETs where rich business people and bus operators now dominate while Bulawayo and other smaller towns, the A veteran politician, Cde. Mhondi- Youth League in the 1950's and later bewa James Mudhokwani, who died came the chairman of the Maroridera,Aat Marondera Hospital on Wed- Masango area. nesday after he suttered a stroKe was laid to rest at Madamombe Village in Chihota communal area recently. Cde. Mudhokwani (77), whose political history dated back to 1949 was detained at Khami, Whawha and Marondera prisons starting from 1958 for challenging colonial rule. He was released from detention in 1979. Speaking at his graveside, the ZANU PF provincial chairman for Mashonaland East, Cde. Peter Musende, said the late Cde. Mudhokwani joined the African He said during that time he recruited and groomed people for liberation training. A prominent businessman who operated shops in Chihota, Wedza and Mhondoro communal areas, the late Mudhokwani had his shops sabotaged by Rhodesian agents who destroyed his financial base in a bid to stop him from pursuing his political activities. He is survived by his wife, Margaret, 14 children and 49 grandchildren. - ZIS.] ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 More permits The controller of road motor transport, Vera Mupawose says government will not stop issuing permits to ensure that people have enough transport even though this has caused congestion and traffic jams. In Harare alone, commuter omnibuses constitute a third of the transport but swallow up three-quarters of the Ets business. Bulawayo, whose full component is expected to be 800, according to the city council, is expecting the delivery of 500 by the end of 1995. Khumalo says the major problem with ET operators is that they do not have the capital to buy mini-buses which cost in the region of $120 000 when new. The majority of mini-bus owners, he says, either bought them on hire purchase because they had the necessary guarantees or are owned by big business. "On the other hand, most of the ET operators are individual operators who raised capital from retrenchment or retirement packages. They bought these cars from cheap South African suppliers," he said. Malcolm King, public relations officer for the Zimbabwe Long Distance Taxi Association (ZILDTA) sympathises with the ET operators but says it is a question of viability and demand under ESAP. "The Ers, while they are cheaper on the market, are not as viable. The kombis are more dignified and more comfortable. The market will decide who survives," he remarked. Safety Although commuters acknowledge the pioneering role played by the Ers in solving the city transport blues, they argue that mini-buses are more comfortable and relatively safe on the roads. "It is unlike in these ETs where they pack us like card board boxes and literally fly on the road, putting our lives in danger. Some of the cars do not even have any upholstery and our clothes are often torn by protruding metal and wires," said a Bulawayo commuter, Anderson Ndlovu. It appears the only solution left for the Continued on page 8 Will Zimbabwve embrace mercy killng? ecently, Zimbabwe and the Netherlands, although continents apart, shared a similar dilemma should euthanasia or mercy killing be legalised? In the Western European country, a Dutch doctor went on trial in April for murdering a three-day-old deformed child in 1993 at the request of her parents. The physician, after consulting several other doctors who agreed that the child was in great pain and had only weeks to live, exercised mercy killing on the baby. The doctor was eventually charged with "ending the life of a patient who was unable to express her At the same time, a group with similar sentiments was in the process of forming the Zimbabwe Euthanasia Movement, with a view to legalising mercy killing in this Southern African nation. The lobby, ii response to letters which appeared in newspapers, said euthanasia should be exercised on the sick who have no chance of regaining their lives. Their view is that individuals inflicted with an incurable disease should have the option to end the needless pain they would be suffering from. The agonies of Emergency taxis facing extinction Continued from previous page ET operators is to dispose of their vehicles and get on to the mini-bus bandwagon. But it is the money that is the biggest handicap. Khumalo noted that BUTA will soon form a shareholding company to buy mini- buses and match the cut-throat competition that has been unleashed on its members. "There is no other way out. it is clear that if we don't act now we will grind to a halt before we reallse it and starve," he added. For now, the struggle continues as the ET or "chovha", which literally means "push", drugs along in the battle for survival on Zimbabwe's roads. - ZlANAO Make sure you don't miss any issue of The Zimbabwe News magazine ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 prolonged terminal illness can be so terrible that an individual loses that dignity which is essential to every human being. Because of emotional stress on the families who care for the terminally ill, they say, euthanasia should be carried out only out of love and compassion for a fellow human being. It is not legalisIng murder, says the Zimbabwe Euthanasia Movement, but an expression of concern and an act of kindness for people in dire circumstances. While the concept appears to be universally fashionable among young educated people, the church's position on the issue is understandably uncompromising. Religion says the dignity of life from the moment of conception till natural death should not be violated. Termination The question being raised in Zimbabwe is whether it is the patient or the family who should decide on the death of the terminally ill. The anti-euthanasia lobby says that suffering can be interpreted to mean more than physical pain. Mental anguish could be a reason to have one's life terminated. As long as death-by-choice is not legal, - says the lobby, then all people have the right to live. Once it is legalised, the elderly and the ill will be a burden to justify their continued existence. While the agonies of prolonged terminal illness can be terrible, when people degenerate into "cabbages", it remains the people's role as human beings to tend to the sick as best as they can. Zimbabwean human rights organisations s~y euthanasia is not yet an issue to worry about in Africa, where some people actually 4e of starvation, it Is more of an issueMin Europe and North America where people live up to the ripe v age of up to 90, and in the process acquire terminal diseases suchas cancer. In Japan, Europe and the United States, mercy killing can be exercised if the patient is suffering unbearable pain and ] imminent death is inevitable. All possi. ble measures should have been taken with no other form of treatment left open, and the patient should have ex. pressed dearly his or her will about ter. minating their own life. The Zimbabwe Euthanasia Movement says the long-term view should be tp legislate an individual's right to die a dignified death. "One cannot have a dignified life if you * are unable to communicate or care for your bodily neels, often in pain," said an official. The Dutch court found the doctor who ended the life of a severely handicapped baby guilty of murder, but decided not to punish him for the offence. The presiding judge said the doctor had faced a choice between two irreconcilable obligations of preserving the child's life or ending its suffering. Mercy killing "The court would like to express its admiration for your integrity and courag" the judge told the doctor. The case was an important test for Dutch mercy killing law because the doctor is the first one to be prosecuted for ending the life of a patiett who was unable to express her wish. Euthanasia, although formally illegal, is permitted in the Netherlands, but only when patients have explicity asked a doctor to end their life. Zimbabwe, when looking at the sensitivity with which the subject is being treated, has a long way togo to embrace euthanasia. - ZIANA impruvemen.s in prouuct quaiity ano a focussed marketing drive have resulted in an increased market share for Aroma Bakeries. A statement from the company said Aroma's general success has been the continual upgrading of quality and the automation of some of its operations. "Because of high demand for our bread, we recognise the need to continually improve the quality of our product. The need for our strong marketing drive by way of advertising has paid dividends in capturing an increased market share. In keeping with the improvement of quality, we were market leaders in introducing bread packaging in Zim- babwe," said Mr. Allan Roberts, manag- back of a pan but now sucked out by ing director of Aroma Bakeries. vacuum techniques," the managing ull___u . ~. J The statement said the bakery has also assisted in the establishment of tuckshops. Previously, bread sold to tuckshops and associated organisations was strongly criticised for hygienic reasons. Following the swing to packaging, people can now purchase bread from tuckshops with confidence regarding the freshness of a healthy product. "Although not yet fully automated, Aroma Bakeries have embarked on automating some major machinery including conveyors, oven loaders and bread depanners The majority of our bread is no longer depanned by knocking the di rector said. Aroma Bakeries produce an average of 250 000 loaves of bread a day in their 10 bakeries around the country. In terms of products, Aroma's largest line is bread but they also bake a wide range of biscuits and confectionary. "Our marketing drive, combined with the opening of our modern bakery in Chitungwiza, has contributed to the overall output levels virtually doubling over the last two years. Chitungwiza bakery is equipped with the latest technology in bread-making." 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 P.O. Box 5988, 144 Union Avenue, Harare Telephone : 790148/9, 668431,664749, 668951 -9 The People's voice ADVERTISING RATES N.B. CHARGES REFER TO A CENTIMETRE COLUMN D isplay advert ...... $17.00 Entertainm ent ...... $19.50 V acancy ...... $ 17.00 G .V .T . N otice ...... $17.00 Sports Clubs and Charity Organisation ...... $13.00 Ear Space Front Page ...... $195.00 Ear Space Back Page ...... I ..... $130.00 COLOUR RATES (Please note these rates are additional to normal rates) 1 Spot Colour ...... $350 .00 2 Spot Colour ...... $700.00 3. Spot Colour ...... $975.00 Full C olour ...... $136 5.00 L FI ioil \(N%, I 11

Voters casting their votes in Highfield while polling officers and agents attend to them Cde. Margaret Msimbe won in Kwekwe West Constituency Candidate Party Eligible Votes Percent Spoilt Imd (U)=Unopposed=Voters Cast of Const Votes Vot 1 BEITBRIDGE MOHADI KEMBO CAMPBELL DUGISHI (U) ZANU PF 42779 0 0 2 BIKITA MATIMBA KENNEDY MANGENA ZANU PF 4~6555386626%10841 le 02 BIKITA MAKAYA GREAT IND2 46555308461 66.26% 10841i 02 BIKITA C4ABVEPI TASARIRASHE STANLEY IND 1 46655 30846 66.26%1 10841 )02 BIKITA CHITEKUTEKU EDSON RANSOM ZANU 45530866626% 10841 003 BINDURA DENGU CANISO (U) ZANU PF 4 0 I1 004 BINGA MUNTANGA ANDREW SIKAJAYA (U) ZANU PF 3 0J.. -005 BUBI-UMGUZA MPOFU OBERT MOSES ZANU PF 4603 27615 59.98%1 1521 Z 005 BUBI-UMGUZA BHEBHE NDABEZINHLE ARNOLD ZANU 46038 27615 59.98%1 15821 0 BUDIRIRO HOKOYO GLADYS ZANU PF 411501 24323 59.11%1 823ji 006 BUDIRIRO MUSAIONA PEARSON ZCP 411501 242 591% 83 007 BUHERA NORTH SENDERAI DZIMBABWE MUTAUSI (U) ZANUPF 456301 0 1 0 D08 BUHERA SOUTH KANGAI KUMBIRAI MANYIKA ZANU PF 40264267416.52%1 712 208 BUHERA SOUTH MAKUYANA AGNES ZANU 402641 267831 66.52%1[ 9671 1 )09 BULAWAYO NORTH NKOMO JOHN LANDA ZANU PF 36213 143391 39.60% )09 BULAWAYO NORTH PAYNE ARNOLD CARL IND 36213 14339 -0% 431 20 09 BULAWAYO NORTH MAIERE JOYCE ZANU 362131 14339 39.60% 43TE 1407 10 BULAWAYO SOUTH NSIMBI ZENZO WILLIE ZANU PF 47370 25012 52.80% [ 8231 1531 010 BULAWAYO SOUTH SANSOLE EGA WASHINGTON FORUM 47370 25012 52.80%[ 823 011 BULILIMAMANGWE N NDHLOVU RICHARD (U) ZANU PF42436 01 [ 0 012 BULILIMAMANGWE S MOYO SIMON KHAYA ZANU PF 36340 20230 55.67% [ 1131 160 012 BULILIMAMANGWE S SIBANDA LUCAS MOTA IND 36340 202301 55.67% 1131 30 D13 CHEGUTU EAST MADZONGWE EDNA ZANU PF 132345200981 62.14% 1 7961 1116 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3. 1995 I Nalioll"11 Nels

Results of the 1995 general elections ituency Candidate Party Eligible Votes Percent Spoilt Ilndividual _ (U)=Unopposed Voters ICast of Const Votes Votes FORM 23520098621% 7961' 21141 CHEGUTU EAST CIEMAJAMES ROBERT DAMBAZA FORUM 32342A 462.14J~ 14 CHEGUITU WEST NDHLOVU CHARLES jZANU PF 32394 18071 6.82%1 6391 I 3U1 14 CHEGUTU WEST GARAMUKANWA BERNARD BUNU FORUM 323941 184071 56.82%1 6391 1269! 14 CHEGUTU WEST KANJANDA NAVISON IND 239 8475.82%1639126j 15 CHIKOMBA MUJURU TAPFUF4ANEI RUIZAMBU SOLOMON ZANU PF 477441 26793156.12%1j 819 _275 ,15 CHIKOMBA DZVOVA JAMES BONIFACE FORUM 1 4 73 56.12%1 81 j 22 '16 CHIMANIMANI MATAURE MICHAEL IZANU PF 1 388701 2095392%1 8651 15 511 06 CHIMANIMANI TINARWO NASON MWAZVIWANZA IZANU 1 388701 209591 53.92% 865 47431 '117 CHINHOYI SH-AMUYARIRA NATHAN IZANU PF 1412227701 553% 8111 194321 117 CHINHOoI NDHLAUKOSA SIMON IZANU 70155.3%1 811 21 118 CHIPINGE NORTH SITHOLE FRED ZANU 4 118 CHIPINGE NORTH CHITIMA SHADRECK ZANU PF 4 1 1 . 8%1 4 1)18 CHIPINGE NORTH CHINGUNO KINGDOM MUBUSO SITHOLE IND 41240 176001 42.68%1 474 3011 119 CHIPINGE SOUTH SITHOLE NDABANINGI ZANU 449271 212731 .35%1 1061 154901 S9 CHIPINGE SOUTH MUSIKAVANHU EDGAR TIYENI ZANU PF14212107140.3%11 4721 )20 CHIREDZI NORTH CHAKE ELLIOT MARILELE IZANU PF 1491184681410%1 9281 13 'V20 CHIREDZI NORTH .KUMBULA TARUGARIRA WILSON IZANU 1 4592 1681 41~.421281 88 021 CHIREZI SOUMH BALOYI AARON UZANU PF 371 20914 .01181501 D21 CHIREDZI SOUTH SITHOLE JOEL KENNETH ZANU 1 442201 2096 7% 1081 ] 11 122 CHIRUMANZU CHIKIYI INNOCENT WILSON ZANU PF 1321202160.48%! 11171 181851 D22 CHIRUMANZU VUDZI GEORGE FORUM 1 342311 20604% 11171 140012. b23 CHITUNGWIZA EAST NJEKESA EDWARD TICHARWA IZANU PF 1 291870150.10%1 681 545 0123 CHITUNGWIZA EAST DHLIWAYO EPHRAIM IZANU 1 72117,15.0169 56 24 CHITUNGWIZA WEST MANGWENDE WITNESS PASICHIGARE MAGUNDA (U) ZANU PF 14395 J0 1 01 01 25 CHIVI NORTH GUMBOCHUMA WILLIAM MIRIRAI (U), ZANU PF 3757 7 01 1 01.i 0 ...... 21 7 DZIVARASEKWA WADYEWATA EDSON ZANU PF 1 s 4301 56258.80%12h 8761 9830 DZIVARASEKWA CHITUMBA BICHARD FORUM 430125625.80%1 876] 21091 7 DZIVARASEKWA MARUMBWA CYNTHIA ZANU 4301242 8.0186 72 27 DZIVARASEKWA MAJEYA ELIJAH IND 4301242 880186 o-1 The Zimbabwean electorate resoundingly returned ZANU PF to power Cde. Irene Zindi was unopposed In In the April, 1995 general election Hatfield ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 111

Results of the 1995 general election Comtuency Candidate Paty E0t Vots OM PerSet spor Id (U)-Unopposd Voters Cast !ofConst V o Vilm 28 GLEN NORAH MAPANZURE THOMAS ZANUPF 46114 27010 58.57 1120 28 GLEN NORAH MAMBANDE TENNYSON KARAKAOZAI ' ZANU 46114 27010 58.57% 1120 9 GLEN VIEW CHIMBI CLIVE MAKUSiHA ZANUPF 41177 19400 47.11% 788 I 9 GLEN VIEW DHLIWAYO SMWSON EDSON ZANU 41177 19400 47.11%I 781. : 4 30 GOKWE CENTRAL MARANGE GEORGE (U) ZANU PF 45058 0 0 0 * 1 GOKWE EAST ZHARARE CLETO BHAWURENI (U) ZANU PF40377 0 0AI 2 GOKINE NORTH MUNOTENGWA LEONARD (U) ZANU PF3945S60j0 GOKWE SOUTH MATURA VITALIS TAMUKANAYI (U) ZANU PF 43080 0 J 0 34 GOROMONZI MURERWA HERBERT MUCHEMWA (U) ZANUPF48130 0 o0 35 GURUVE NORTH MAZIKANA PAUL HERBERT (U) ZANU PF 32737 0 0 GURUVE SOUTH CHININGA EDWARD TAKARUZA CHINDURI (U) ZANI PF1 337611 0 01 37 GUTU-BIKITA MACHINGA GABRIEL MHARADZE ZANU PF 33355 21880 65.60% 1088j 12 37 GUTU-BIKITA MARWIZI EPHREM DAIDZIRAYI IND 33355 21880 65.60% 10881 38 GUTU NORTH MUZENDA SIMON VENGAI MUREFU (U) ZANUPF45850 0 J 0 39 GUTU SOUTH MAHOFA SHUVAI BEN (U) ZANU PF 32502 0 01 GWADA CUS ABDINCO ANUPP 480291 27727 57.73% [1750] 2 GWANOA McCONVILLE BERNARD FORUM 48029 27727 57.13% 17501 4X I GWERU HOVE RICHARD CHEMIST ZANU PF 39825 20443 51.33%[ 547] 131 I GWERU KOMBAYI PATRICK FORUM 398251 20443 51.33%1 547 2 HARARE CENTRAL CHITAURO FLORENCE LUBALENDLU ZANU PF 3394 13093 41.22%1 373 94171 2 HARARE CENTRAL DUMBUTSHENA ENOCH FORUM 33944 13993 41.22%1 373] 2 HARARE CENTRAL GWATI BERNARD RANERO PHILLIP IND 1 339441399341.22%[ 373]2-. 2 HARARE CENTRAL SAMVURA CLIVE CHENJERAYI IND 2 33944 13993 41.22%[ 373] 3 HARARE EAST MUDARIKI TIRIVANHU ZANU PF" .936 22456 46.85%. 6251 1 HARARE EAST PUZEY CLIVE ROYDON FORUM 47936 2245681 I6251 4671L 3 HARARE EAST MUSHAYABASA MIKA IND 47938 224561465 62510 HARARE NORTH CHIKWINYA NYASHA EUNICE ZANU PF 39293 18646 47.96%1 3571 1 HAkRARE NORTH STEVENSON LOTTIE GERTRUDE BEVIER FORUM 39293 18164 .6137 HARARE NORTH NYAMHUNGA SHAISHENI NASON ZANU 39293 18846 47.96% 1 357 1 HARARE SOUTH MWASHITA VIVIAN ZANU PF 37200 12694 34.17,% 311 fIW 5HARARE SOUTH DOt4GO MARGARET IND 2 37200 1269434.12% 3311 51 HARARE SOUTH COHEN JOSHUA BUWEL IND1 37200 1269434.12% 331 HATFIELD ZINDI IRENE JILLY (U) ZAI4U PF 39330 0 1 7 HIGHFIELD SHAMBAMBEVA-NYANDORO RICHARD ZANU PF 46516 24346 52.34%1 1271 188 7 HIGHFIELD MHLANGU HENRY STRUCK ZANU 46516 24346 52.34% 12711 4,4 HURUNGWE EAST MUTYAMBIZ NGONIDZASHE LAIMON KAKORA (U) ZANU PF 45277 0 0 9 HURUNGWE WEST MADIRO MARKO (U) ZANU PF 48085 0 0 HWANGE EAST SIBANDA CRISPEN (U) ZANU PF 34967 0 0 1 HWANGE WEST ELLIOTALAN DAVID (U) ZANU PF 33240 0 0 5HWEDZA CHIGWEDERE AENEAS SOKO ZANU PP 47994 2866080128 2HWEDZA GOMBEIRA CHITEWE LOVEMORE WNONDER IND 479941 286601 1 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995

4RResults of the 1995 general elections 1 Candidate Party Eligible Votes Percent Spoilt Individual _ _(U)=Unopposed Voters Cast of Const Votes Votes DZA MUINHENZVA EGYPT DZINE ANP 4799428660 59.72% 810 431 NDLOVU NAISON KHUTSHWEKHAYA ZANU PF 38165 21857 57.27% 1432 17164 KHUMALO CLEMENT FORUM 38165 21857 57.27% 1432 3261 ____ _ CENTRAL CHIKOWORE ENOS CHAMUNORWA (U) ZANU PF 39164 0 0J KADOMA EAST MUGANGAVARI FREORICK (U) ZANU PF 32488 0 0 KADOMA WEST DEWET JACOBUS ENGENATIUS ZANU PF 339301 22289 65.69% 780 20257 ,(ADOMA WEST MUNYARADZI ISAAC BOSHIWE FORUM 339301 22289 65.69% 780 1252 ,AMBUZUMA CHIDAWU OLIVER MANDISHONA (U) ZANU PF 35291 0 0 0 .KARIBA CHANDENGENDA DENGA JONATHAN (U) ZANU PF444221 0 0 0 KtWADZANA CHAWAIPIRA ZEBRON (U) ZANU PF 32538E 0N 0 0 . VIWEKWE CENTRAL MNANGAGWA EMMERSON DAMBUDZO ZANU PF I449961 27903 62.01% 758 23231 '(WEI(IE CENTRAL SIBAMBO DUMISANI ROBINSON 1AN 44961790 62.01% 758 39141 ;IMOEKWIEWEST "MsIMBE MARGARET ZANU PF 367961 25480 69.25% 1140 17227 42 KWEKWE WEST DZORO VALERIO CAMPION SANDYS IND 2 36796l2548069.25% 1140 3564 fKWEKWE WEST NDEBELE NICHOLAS MLAMUL IND 3 367961 25480 69.25% 1140 3549 LOBENGULA NYATHI ISAAC LENTSWI ZNU PF 34826 24452 70.21% 662 19500 --U LDBENGULA. MAPOSA ROBSON BONFACE FORUM 348262445270.21% 662 4290 - WLPANE JUBANE DANNY MKHANDO ZANU PF 426981 23419 54.85% 1865 186991 " I LUPANE SIBANDA ALBERT FORUM 42698 23419 54.85% 1865 2855 1LUVEVE MASUKU ANGELINAH ZANU PF 34081645.7 68 123 THABANE MABIKWA JACOB FORUM 34038 18644 54.77% 678 3235 911SLUVEVE NDHLOVU THOMAS ZANU 34038j 1864454.77% 678 1143 90UEEJUBANE TWO BOY MAJONI jZFP 1340381 18644j54.77% 678 885 9,5 MABVUKU TUNGAMIRAI PAMELA CHRISTINE ZANU PF 445921 29328 65.77% 910 20223 p MABVUKU CHIRINDA GEOFREY DZORAYI FORUM 445921 293281 65.77% 910 4280 0 MABVUKU KAJAWU WATINETSA NEWTON ZANU 44592 293281 65.77% ,910 3915 0 67MAKOKOBA NYONI SITHEMBISO GILE GLAD ZANU PF 33576 1763952.53% 803 13280 ;67 MAKOKOBA RICHARDSON MOLLY BRIDGET "FORUM 335761763952.53% 803 3556 IMAKONDE CHAMBATI ARISTONE.MAGURANYANGA (U) ZANUPF41097 0 1 0 0 , SFMAKONI EAST MUTASA DIDYMUS NOEL EDWIN (U) ZANU PF 36671 01 0 0 170 MBERI TENDAYI MUSEKIWA (U) ZANU PF369651 0 0 0 li MAKONI WEST MAJIACHI MOVEN ENOCK / ZANU P 43008 24200 56.27% 1271 21470 "71 MAKONI WEST NGWENA EVANS EVERISTO IND 43008 242001 56.27% 1271 1459 )72MARONDERA EAST SEKERAMAYI TIGERE ZANUPF 45163 25014 55.39% 802 21475 P72 MARONDERA EAST TURNER GEORGE DERMOTr SHERRIF IND 2 45163 25014 55.39% 802 1670 W MARONDERA EAST DANGWA PASCAL IND 1 4 s3 25o14 55,39% 802 1067 ,3"MARONDERA WEST TSIMBA JOHN ZIVANAYI ZANU PF 32491 18146 55.85% 705 16290 V73 MARONDERA WEST MUTAWU GIBBON FORUM 3249i 181461 55.85% 705 1151 574 MASVINGO CENTRAL MAVHAIRE DZIKAMAI CALLISTO' ZANU PF 375411 219021 58.34% 799 19055 074 MASVINGO CENTRAL BONYONGWE MBENGO NASON MHLANGA IZ.NU 375412'2i 58.34% 799 2048 ZIMBABWE NEWS-VOL; 26 NO' 3, 1995 13

Results of the 1995 general elections Constituency Candidate Party -Eligible VoteCIPercest.Ispoivt !dM (U)=Unopposed *Cast C t s 175 MASVINGO NORTH MUDENGE ISACK STANISLAUS GORERAZVO (U) ZANU PF 33809 00 )76 MASVINGO SOUTH ZVOBGO EDDISON JONASI MUDADIRWA (U) ZANU PF 32762 0 0 )77 MATOBO 'JOSEPH SIDNEY ZANU PF 39379 244631 62.12% 1613 077 MATOBO DUBE AUGUSTINE MBALEKELWA TANAYE IND 393792446362.12% 1613 78 MAZOWE EAST CIIIMUTENGWENDE CHENHAMO CHAKrZA (U) JZANU PP* 480741 .0 0 )79 MAZOWE WEST KURUNERI CHRISTOPHER TICHAWONA (U) ZANU PF 40132 01 0 080 MBARE EAST GARA ORIAH ANTHONY ZANU PF 40814! 19304 47.30% 1032 1 )80 MBARE EAST MPANGE PATRICIA SHANGANI ZANU 40814J 19304 47.30% 1032 20 )81 MBARE WEST MASAWI EPHRAIM ZANUPF 44943 183731 40.88%! 542 1 )81 MBARE WEST SITHOLE VESTA ZVEMWAIDA ZANU 1 449431 .183731 40.88%- 542 )82 MERENoWA EAST SHUMBA JOSEPHAT (U)1ZANU F 421631 i 0 2! )83 MBERENGWA WEST GUMBOJORAM ZANUPF 39662271 6~0.70 ~ 104 )83 MBERENGWA WEST ZHOU KAINE BILLIAM IND 396621 240741 60.70% 1044 84 MHONDORO CHIDZONGA MAVIS (U) iZANUPF 323011 o 0 )85 MKO1BA TONGOGARA ERNEST ZANU PP 350841 22067 62.90% 643 15 385 MKOBA MUSIYwA PETER FORUM 58 2067 62 90%1 613 )86 MPOPOMA NDLOVU SIKHANYISO DUKE ~ZANU PP 41886 24223 57.83%1 91710t )88 MPOPOMA SIWELA PAUL IND 1 418862422 5.3 z91 2o )86 MPOPOMA MHINDURWA STEPHEN MPOU IND2 4186 2 4223 57 83%1 917 0 1 87 MT. DARWICN MAKAMBA JAMES CHAFUNGA (U) ZANU PF 3764 0 1 01 8MUDZI MUSA CHRISTOPHER JOSEPH (U) ZANU P1 42. 0 71 9 MUFAKOSE THEMBANI SABINA ZVENHANDO ZANU PF 1 389361 230651 59.24%1 511 18j 89 MUFAKOSE MARIMO KINASTONE FORUM 3896 3065I59.24% 5211 7 89 MUFAKOSE MARIME PATRICK BWONI IND 382369 245 53.4%j 5111 1412 90MUREHWA NORTH KARIMANZIRA DAVID ISHEMUNYORO ()~AUP .... 91 MUREHWA SOUTH MANGWENDE TAKAWIRA ALOIS LZANU PP 33989 21593 63.53% I 14201 1SGAI~ 91MUREHWA SOUTH MUBVAKURE WILFRED JACOB FORUM 33989159'3116.3 20A 92 MUTARE CENTRAL MVENGE MOSES JACKSON IZANU PP 3944190031 48.80%1 549[ .1391 92 MUTARE CENTRAL MUGUNYANA DAVID ZANUI 38946 19003 5.% 649 92 MUTARE CENTRAL MHLANGA CLEMENT .ZANU 38944119003 48.0 1 5 49 93 MUTARE NORTH RUSHESHA OPPAH CHARM ZVIPANGE I ZANU PF 33091 13651 41.25%1 582 15051 )9 UAENRH GOMENDO FRED MWATSWERUKA JZANU 33091113651 41 .25%1 5821 25544 )94 MUTARE SOUTH NZARAYEBANI LAZARUS GUMISAI ZANU PF 32369117294 534% 77 1041 )94 MUTARE SOUTH MUSABAVANA, EDDIE ZORORAI IND 32369117294153.43%1779~ 3516 94 MUTARE SOUTH MUSIYARIRA DENFORD JZANU 32369117'294 631 77 1420 95 MUTARE WEST MUKWEKW~EZEKE SHEPHERD MURWECHENYU ZANU PP 34946J 193621 55.41% 11162165 MUTARE WEST MUTSIWEGOTA EFILDA jZANU 349461193621 55.41%j 11621 96 MUTASA CHINAMASA MISHECK TENIA SAMUEL (U) ZANU PF 404931 0 0O~ 97 MUTOKO NORTH CHINOM6NA MABEL MEMORY . kNU PF 335931196411 59.06% 633] 14 9 17 MUTOKO NORTH .CHIPENDO FREDDY CHIPPS IO 194 q" 3 99I MUTOKO SOUTH MUCHENA OLIVIA NYEMBEZI (U) ZANU PP 1 -461 0 01 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3. 1995

Results of the 1995 general elections onstituency Candidate Party Eligible Votes Percent Spoilt Individual (U)=Unopposed Voters Cast of Const Votes Votes ,I MUZARABANI GEZI BORDER (U) jZANU PF 219 ]1 0 0 .)o MWENEZI MATCHABA-HOVE ZEPHANIAH RUZWIDZO (U) IZANUPF142125 01 0 0 )l. NYANGA SARUCHERA FREDDIE ELA (U) IZANU PP 475271 01 0 0 NAINDLOVU JOHN MALUZO IZANU PF 1 473731 292031 6-.64%. 1278 24665 :)2 NKAYI MLOYI GERSHON PANGWANA IND 473731 292031 6.64% 1278 3260 :)3 NKULUMANE DABENGWA DUMISO (U) IZANUPF 476421 01 0 0 x) PELANDABA MSIKA JOSEPH WILFRED IZANU PF 1 36945] 216971 58.73% 679 16879 X4 PELANDABA NCUBE RICHARD IZFP 1369451 21697] 58.73% 679 2496 -,04 PELANDABA NDEREMANI FLORENCE IZANU 1 369451 21697] 5&73% 679 1643 '(05 PUMULA-MAGWEGWE ZIKHALI NORMAN I ZANU PFj1 380301 221561 58126% 901 15756 )5 PUMULA-MAGWEGWE MAHLANGU GARRETH FORUM13803012561 58.26% 901 3595 '15 PUMULA-MAGWEGWE HLATSHWAYO KENNETH THULANI IZANU 1 380301 221561 58.26% 901, 1904 .46 RUSHINGA PATEL YOUNUS ZANU PFj1 480371 312241 65.00% 1333 29083 06 RUSHINGA MUKWENGWE TIMOTHY I ZANU 1 480371 312241 65.00% 1333 808 :07 SEKE MANHOMBO LIVINGSTONE FRANCIS (U) IZANU PF 368931 01 0 0 ,08 SHAMVA GOCHE NICHOLAS TASUNUNGURWA IZANU PF 453561 306481 67.57% 1857 27330 :,08 SHAMVA MUMBAMARWO GODFREY ZANU 1 453561 306481 67,57% 1857 1461 09 SHURUGWI RUZIVE DAVID (U) IZANUPF 1 428951 01 0 0 10 ST. MARY'S MACHEKA JOSEPH JOFIS CHIZHOWA (U) IZANUPF135983101 0 0 :11TSHOLOTSHO MATHEMA NDABAZEKHAYA (U) IZANUPF47470101 0 0 12 UMZINGWANE LESABE THENJIWE VIRGINIA ZANU PF 1 474871 280521 59.07% 1584 21961 12 UMZINGWANE KHUMALO NOMALANGA MZILIKAZI IFORUM 474871 2805,21 59.07% 1584 4507 13 U.M.P. KABAYANJIRA ORIAH (U) IZANUPF 454651 01 0 0 .14VUNGU MABOOZA ENIAS JUDAH ZANUPF 1 381761 230381 60.35% 2802 1818 14 VUNGU SIBANDA MARCH IND [ 381761 230381 6035% 2802 2053., 115 ZAKA EAST MAERE MAPETERE OZIVA VINCENT IZANU PF 430191 267061 6208% 1207 20023' Cde. Vivian Mwashita defeated in-dependent candidate to win the Harare South -,seat 115 ZAKA EAST MUNANGI SUNGANO WI zNSTON IND 430191 267061 62.08% 1207 4709 15 ZAKA EAST MASANGOoEMILY cZANU 1 43019 267061 62.08% 1207 767 116 ZAKA WEST CHINDANYA JEFITA JOHNSON (U) IZANU PP145236101 0 0 117 ZENGEZA CHIGUMBA CHRISTOPHER CHIKAVANGA (U) ZANU PF 34621 01 0 0 118 ZVIMBA NORTH MOMBESHORA SWITHUN (U) ZANU P46302101 0 0 119 ZVIMBA SOUTH MUGABE SABINA (U) ZANU PP 475701 01 0 0 120 ZVISHAVANE MSIPA CEPHAS GEORGE jZANU PP 364301 300771 8256% 1456 27050 120 ZVISHAVANE RUZENGWE CHOBLE MASARIRA 1Z 1 340307j856% 1456 1571 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 15 frican leaders have ruled out a ban on female circumcision because of the weight of tradition in their countries, an Egyptian health official told AFP recently. "It would be absurd to introduce laws which would not be implemented," Nabil Nassar said on the sidelines of a two-day meeting of African Health Ministers in the Egyptian capital. "Circumcision, the removal of part or all of the clitoris, is a tradition - it is difficult to force families to refrain from circumcising their daughters," said Nassar, Under-Secretary of State at Egypt's Health Ministry. At a meeting of experts ahead of the ministerial session, most delegations shared the Egyptian point of view that legislation is not a solution to the problem of circumcision, he added. "We must first carry out an awareness campaign on the importance of not circumcising girls." Close to 3 600 girls are circumcised daily in Egypt, according to the Egyptian organisation of human rights which has launched legal action against AI-Azhar, the country's highest Sunni Moslem authority, for supporting the practice. The meeting of health ministries from 35 African states had the theme Women and Children in Africa. It also issued a final declaration of women's health. According to a report by the organisation of African Unity (OAU), up to 700 women die in labour for every 100 000 births in Africa. The maternal mortality rate is just 30 per 100 000 births in developed countries. The report said 1.5 million children die each year from diarrhoea in Africa because of deteriorating health services and a shortage of doctors. It also said that 20 million Africans will suffer from Acquired Immune Defficiency Syndrome (AIDS) by the year 2000.EL Regional v he 1994/95 operations of the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA) have been seriously affected by the failure by 17 of the 23 member countries to honour their subscriptions. COMESA, formerly the Preferential Trade Area (PTA) for Eastern and Southern African countries, whose role is to boost regional trade, also faces a serious threat from the successful conclusion of the 1994 World Trade Organisation (WTO) multi-lateral trade negotiations as it is likely to lose Z$20 billion (US $2,5 billion) worth of trade. According to a Zimbabwe International Trade Fair (ZITF) preview, COMESA, was owed a total of Z$42 million (US$5,3 million) for the 1993/94 financial year. "Member's failure to honour their financial obligations has resulted in the postponement of sectorial meetings, seminars and workshops. "Recruitment of new staff- was also frozen despite that positions had been approved by the Council of Ministers to strengthen the secretariat based in Lu'saka, ", said the preview. The preview said follow up missions to defaulting member states have been aborted while consultants with co- operation partners and donors had to be reduced. It said the qrganisation depended heavily on and Zimbabwe, who contributed 35 percent on the operational budget, of Z$37 million (US$4,7 million) for the 1994/95 financial year. The WTO agreement is likely to affect the member countries most crucial and tradeable agro-based products which include leather, textiles and clothing, said the preview. This has forced the organisation to shift its focus on regional trade through activating the participation of the private sector, which had hitherto been curtailed by governments. "The new thrust is to give prominence to the private sector to facilitate, domestic, cross bordei; and foreign direct investments in all sectors of the members states as well as infrastructural developments," said the preview. However the preview lamented the continued existence of inconsistent tariff barriers among the member states. "Currently tariffs are not only unharmonised but also prohibitively high and inconsistent. There is need to harmonise all macro- economic policies in smooth intra-regional trade is to be realised," said the preview. ZIANA. El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 African states discus ! scourge of Iandmines ilitary and civilian experts from notably in Somalia, Liberia, Ethiopia, jl~j'24 French-speaking African Rwanda and most of all in Angola. LVI countries recently held a semi- "We have lost count of the number of 0 nar on the scourge of landmines on the victims. Most are women, children and continent which kill an estimated 1 000 old people, because almost all these people every month worldwide. mines are placed indiscriminately," he 0 The three-day seminar in Cameroon's said. capital Yaounde was organised by the ICRC representative Louise DoswaldInternational Committee of the Red Beck told Reuters that every month an Cross (ICRC) and the organisation of Afri- estimated 1 000 people, mostly civilians, can Unity. were killed by landmines worldwide. Only four African countries have signed OAU expert Gustave Zoula, a Congolese a 1980 convention against the use of 10 army colonel, told the meeting that an arms such as landmines. A conference estimated 30 million mines had been on the convention is planned for October laid during civil wars throughout Africa. in Vienna. El COMESA facing financial problems

SA teacher training programme inefficient S outh Africa's teacher training was in Gauteng, typically as well qualified as enough to be cost-effective. inefficient, costly, inequitable and men but under-represented in senior The quality of teaching at colleges was poor in quality, according to a sur- posts. poor, with many teacher educators vey conducted for the Gauteng educa- Only 4.5 percent of Gauteng's teachers under-qualified and lacking classroom tion department and released early in were unqualified or under-qualified, experience. May" r ns r -n continnnl nr nf A7 Almost all the country's 360 000 teachers needed in-service teacher education, said the report compiled by the Urban 'Foundation. Teacher education curricula in most colleges were over-loaded with irrelevant subject matter and in dirV need of revision. It said students had little exposure to meaningful practical teaching. State bursary and loan systems had been abused, did not relate to financial need and did not direct students into areas with the greatest educational need. A number of colleges were not racially integrated, and former education departments in Gauteng had poorly managed the matching of teacher supply and demand. "The production of teachers has been a costly and wasteful exercise because of the inefficiency of most colleges and loss of trained teachers," the survey found. About a quarter of Gauteng teachers, most of them already qualified, were advancing their qualifications to get promotion or higher salaries, but-not becoming better teachers. This had serious implications for the province's budget. "Qualification inflation is the order of the day ... with serious consequences for the budget, but has produced little or no improvement in pupil achievement," the report said. Gauteng was characterised by a net over-supply of teachers, but they were badly disturbed, however, there were shortages of English, mathematics, science and technical-subject teachers. Gauteng's 48 000 teachers were the best qualified in South Africa. Black teachers accounted for 65 percent of the total, although blacks accounted for 65 percent of pupils. Women made up 70 percent of teachers percent. Promotion procedures had fallen into disrepute, with only a single career track for good teachers, which took them out of the classroom to become administrators. Easily available state loans and bursaries had led to counter-productive incentives for teacher training. Many students never became teachers but used their training as "a social mobility route" to other jobs. Teacher training has the most expensive form of tertiary education, the report said, due to low student-lecturer ratios. Many black colleges were not big Teachers' working conditions in former black schools were poor, the survey found. Many worked double shifts. A quarter of all schools in Gauteng had no electricity and about 200 were in need of major repair. Poor security was found at 300 schools. There was an over- production of white, especially Afrikaans teachers, few of whom were able to get permanent posts. The report said this surplus was expected to grow as pupil-teacher ratios were increased in former white schools, but accepted in other Gauteng schools. SAPA. 11 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 iO. 3, 1995 Zimbabwe News Subscription Rates (Please tick a box to select your term) Zimbabwe El 12 issues (1 year) $22.50 El 6 issues $11.25 Regional El 12 issues (1 year) US$30.00 El 6 issues US$15.00 Overseas (Europe) E 12 issues US$40.00 0l 6 issues US$20.00 N am e: ...... IPlease pint) A ddress: ...... Signature: ...... THE RATES INCLUDE POSTAGE AND HANDLING I enclose my cheque El Postal Order C for the amount indicated above Mail to: The Circulation Manager, The People's Voice, f44 Union Avenue, Harare, Tel: 790148/9 cial savings from using bats, termites, ,frogs, wasps, spiders, weeds and indigenous trees as agricultural inputs. Nick O'Connor's Amajuba Farm in Guruve, about 170 kilometres north of Harare, is definitely unique. In fact, looking at it casually, the farm provides all the features of a derelict property that should be compulsorily acquired by the government to resettle some of the land hungry population. A drive through Amajuba, which is "Hill of the doves" in the local Ndebele vernacular, gives one the immediate impression of a farm that has been neglected for years. with thickets of indigenous shruns, tall weeds and grass thriving in the unkempt fields, the farm appears a good target for government officials tasked with identifying farms that should be acquired to resettle thousands of jblack communal farmers crowded in semi-arid areas. Secret to success But appearances can be deceiving. As O'Connor explains, the weeds, spiders, bats, frogs, wasps, and worse still, cutworms that take the fields as their natural habitat, are his secret to success as a coffee, maize, banana, wheat and tobacco farmer. By allowing the grass, indigenous trees and nitrogen- Ixing legumes to blend in with coffee and bananas, O'Connor, contrary to the notion that unkempt fields are prone to pests, says he does not need to buy inputs like fertliser and pesticides. "I have been saving hundreds of thousands of dollars in inputs since I started this experiment three years ago, hence I could afford to buy a brand new tractor for Z$250 000 cash," he boasts, pointing to the tractor which had just been delivered. O'Connor, who is also a councillor with the Guruve Rural District Council, said he decided to embark on permaculture because of his detest for banks and their high interest on borrowed incomes. The farmer, who says ne is into iarming to make profit for himself and not to enrich banks, defines permaculture as agriculture which is permanently sustainable, bio-diverse, ecologically supportive and profitable for the primary producer. He argues that by using chemicals to control pests, farmers kill "beneficial predators" thus requiring chemical inputs to maintain yields. Soil fertility And by becoming more dependent on fertiliser to maintain high yields, the tendency is to destroy natural soil fertility resulting in excessive use of the soil which inherently leads to ever-increasing levels of fertiliser. To avoid huge input costs associated with farming, O'Connor says the solution is to have as many "unwanted workers" in the form of frogs, wasps, birds and bats on your fields as they feed on the very pests that destroy crops. To provide accommodation for both the pests and predators that will feed on the pests, O'Connor has planted mixed acacia trees on the contours and flower plants between the coffee and bananas. The flower plants are of importance because predator wasps should drink nector before they can predate on pests like leaf miner, antestia and bullworm. Biodiversity Banana plants make excellent homes for bats that eat half their body weight in insects in a single night removing the need to biuy insecticides. "Because of this bio-diversity, I have gotten to the situation where I no longer borrow (money for inputs) from the bank," stated O'Connor. As for the grass that he allows to grow between crops, that is later cut and left to dry attracting termites which the farmer ciescrioes as the "most valuable natural asset on our farms". While most farmers rush to buy chemicals to control invasion of fields by termites, it is not so with O'Connor. The Guruve farmer says termites, earthworms and other bugs digest dry grass, wood and manure. Their droppings convert the minerals in the soil into plant nutrients. "They (termites) are iertlilser-maKing machines that are working on our farms but unfortunately most people kill them with DDT," he says. O'Connor, probably the only farmer practising permaculture in Zimbabwe, says the practice, which is still in evidence in neighbouring northern Mozambique, dates back to pre-colonial days and well before the introduction of modern agricultural chemicals. Permaculture His advice to local farmers who he says are flocking to Amajuba to learn more about permaculture is that if they have been monocropping lands, it is difficult to achieve "full organic permaculture immediately". "You have to grow your diverse habitat first, or use that last bit of virgin land," he added. Given the interest which O'Connor says his brand of agriculture has generated among farmers and his prediction that permaculture will soon become the farming of the future, banks and chemical industries can only dread the effects of that mode of farming on their profits. Newspaper vendors urgently wanted Required are energetic persons to sell The People's Voice on commission basis in and outside Harare Contact: J. Mavudzi &Kuzvidza (Mr.) 144 Union Avenue Harare Telephone: 790148/9 NOW!!! ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995

Chsmi Minister of Local Govemmont, Rural and Urban Development, Cde. Deputy Minister of Public Constructin and Nstional Housing, Cde. Minister of Defence. Moran Enock Mehachi Minister of Lands Resources, Cde Kngl Ironment Deputy Mln!ste of Induir Edward Commerce, Cde. Obert - Cde. Mevlngo Hungwe THE N LI Mashoneland Joyce Mujuru itral - Cde. nd Miniter of State for Ntional Seourity Cde Sydney Sake rmyi Deputy Minister of Education, Cda. William Gumbochuma Deputy Minister for Finance, Cde. Misheck Chinamasa I- PR I L ICR TO Al ;IAl I Deputy Speaker - Cde. Edna Madzngwe kBINET Hove ant ano Chen Construction sing, Cdo. Speaker - Cde. Cyril Ndebele

Vernacular languages in danger of dying By Chemist Mafuba Parents have been pleading with headmasters not to bother their children with vernacular languages saying they have no commercial value imbabwe's vernacular languages are in danger of dying out as the post-independence generation prefers to speak English with the blessing of parents. At the beginning of each year, many parents of all races crowd at schools pleading with headmasters not to bother their children with African languages saying they have no commercial value. As a result, primary school children have been progressively performing badly in the main Shona and Ndebele vernacular languages. In 1992 and 1993, less than one percent of the children who wrote Shona in Grade 7 passed without a distinction. Appalling results Only eight percent of the pupils who wrote Ndebele in 1993 managed to pass with flying colours. The 1994 results were so appalling that the Zimbabwe Teachers Union had to appeal to secondary school heads to ignore them in their selection criteria. English, Shona and Ndebele are the official languages of this Southern African nation of 10.4. million people which became independent from Britain in 1980 following a protracted armed struggle which dislodged the white minority settler regime. The key problem is that Shona and Ndebele have not been recognised as useful subjects by commerce and industry. These sectors insist on prospective employees having English as one of the subjects required before they can be considered for training or employment. In a country where Shona and Ndebele are spoken by the black majority, the media is so Eurocentric that there is only one weekly newspaper for the two vernacular languages. No effort Even politicians are not doing enough to promote the languages as hardly anybody speaks Shona or Ndebele in Parliament. A professor of African languages at the University of Zimbabwe, Dr. Solomon Mutsvairo says parents who do not encourage their children to speak their mother tongue feel indigenous languages are inferior to English. Though Zimbabweans have to know English in order to be able to communicate with most of the outside world, that does not mean indigenous languages should be destroyed, he says. Language is the key to unity in terms of culture, maintains Professor Muts- 000 ZIMBABWE.NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 vairo. Zimbabweans, he adds, should discourage the attitude of speaking only English in their homes. "If the current attitude is continued," warns Mutsvairo, "Shona and Ndebele people will end up like Afro-Americans who are neither truly English nor truly African." Academics say there is enough evidence that indigenous Zimbabweans with little knowledge of English can build, manufacture, improvise and invent anything done by people in developed countries. The idea is not to do away with English, but students who show little aptitude for it should not be prevented from advancing in vernacular languages they excel in. "There is no country in the world that has fully mastered its economy while depending on a foreign language," argues another University of Zimbabwe lecturer, Dr. John Rwambiwa. However, respected educationist and new Deputy Minister of Education, Dr. Sikhanyiso Ndlovu thinks there is nothing wrong with speaking English all the time as it has become the language of getting things done. Linguistic identity "it would be hard for Zimbabweans to reassert their own linguistic identity when three-quarters of the world speaks English," he says. "My feeling is that we must respect our languages and develop them," says Dr. Ndlovu. "But if we have not been able to sell our languages, then we can only use them at home." A Ministry of Education official said the lack of language policy that is clearly spelt out in writing leaves the promotion of modern African languages to chance. "Transfer of technology is inhibited by our failure to use the mother tongue in preference to an alien language," observed the official. -To give Shona and Ndebele the recognition they deserve, they have to be made compulsory for all Zimbabwean residents," he added. Perhaps such a drastic step can help halt the slide of Zimbabwe's vernacular languages towards extinction. 0

Berlin recalls end of climactic bati By Erik Kirschbaum Soviet troops have their last meal on German land before withdrawing in 1991 he end of the battle of Berlin 50 years ago stirred powerful memories on Tuesday, May 2 among survivors of the massive death and destruction caused by World War Two's climactic clash. Fifty years after Berlin's military leader surrendered to the Red Army besieging the Nazi capital, elderly Berliners recalled their fears, confusion and ultimate relief that the war had ended at last. "The terrible noise finally stopped," said Gerhard Pillong, then an 11 -year -old caught in the middle of heavy street fighting near government buildings in the centre of Berlin. "There were no more artillery shells flying through the air and the planes overhead stopped shooting at us. Everything around here was destroyed, there was still a terrible smell of burning in the air, but it was still a huge relief," Gerhard said. The two-week long battle of Berlin that ended on May 2, 1945 was one of the Second World War's bloodiest fights: 200 000 invading Soviet troops were killed and more than 50 000 Germans, including 20 000 civilians, perished. The Red Army had thrown 2.5 million soldiers, 6 300 tanks and 7 500 war. planes into the ferocious fight that began on April 16 some 100 kilometres east of Berlin. That amounted to onethird of the Soviet Union's total military capacity. Defending Berlin were 100 000 poorly equipped soldiers supported by teenagers, pensioners in the Volkssturm Home Guard, police officers and fire-fighters. "There was a lot of shooting in front of our house.the day before the war ended, but we knew the end was near when we saw a horse pulling away a German grenade launcher," said Gunter Nanning, then 13. "They were out of fuel and it looked like they were out of ammunition too. A few minutes later, there were white flags hanging out of every window and the war was over in Berlin," recalled Nanning. Nanning and others recalled the lies spewing from the government up until the very end. They could hear and feel the bombs hitting nearby, but the Nazi propaganda machine said the noise was caused by German soldiers training. "No one knew what was happening," stated Annegrete Naujocks, then nine years old. "They kept lying to us, telling us that "wunderwaffen" (miracle weapons) would save the day. It was so confusing and frigthening. I relieved when it ended." There were 238 suicide cases jn March and the figure rocketed to 3 881 in April the same year. The Soviets captured the Reichstag parliament building on April 30, and just a few hundred metres away and 12 metres below the ground, the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his bunker. Helmuth Weidling, commander of the defence district of Berlin, surrendered to the Soviets two days later on May 2, saying Hitler had betrayed them in killing himself. World War I1 would officially end a week later on May 8. By May 2, Berlin had already been destroyed, reduced to 80 million cubic metres of rubble. Hit by more bombs and shells than any city in Europe, Berlin lost one- third of its housing, half of its schools, and a third of its streets. "How can one find words to convey truthfully and accurately the picture of a great capital destroyed almost beyond recognition," wrote American journalist William Shirer in his diary. "I don't think there has ever been destruction on such a scale as this." ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1905 | ow Sir Winston Churhcill used statistics to help win the Second iWorld War is detailed in Fighting Figures, a fascinating British Cent tistical Office (CSO) history of the hotlties published to commemorate 50th anniversary of the ending of tf939-45 conflict. Realising the importance of managing the United Kingdom war effort and econqmy if the battle was to be won, Churchill set up the CSO in 1941. Britain became the first sovereign country in the world to produce a measurement of national income as part of its budgetary policy. The CSO statisticans worked alongside the war cabinet, always on hand to pro- he twenty-live-year lite ot the N-T comes to an end this year. Consequently, a meeting commenced in New York in the second half of April to consider its extension, which was granted. Among the Nuclear Weapon States, the USA in particular, was seeking an indefinite extension of the Treaty. Other countries had reservations about this, and were suggesting limited extensions of five years; some argued for ten; fifteen; twenty, or twenty-five years, depending on their point of view as to the value of the treaty. It is known that the OAU has important concerns about the treaty as it currently stands. While the OAU in principle supports the signing of the NPT by African states, it has the following reservations: 1. Egypt is concerned about the refusal of Israel to- sign the NPT. 2. The twenty years of the existence of the current treaty has not seen adequate progress in nuclear. disarmament.. 3. An African Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty is currently under consideration. The USA and France, however, are demanding that cer- vide vital information on the state of the armed forces, supply of labour and essential figures on every facet of the war effort from munitions production and shipping losses to lease-lend imports from America and military and civilian casualties. Sir Winston came to rely on valuable figures to plan his military and economic strategies, so much so that the work of the CSO retained his interest until the end of his life. With commentaries by New Zealandborn Dr. Peter Howlett of the London School of Economics, Fighting With Figures paints a realistic picture of how the hostilities changed the United Kingdom's lifestyle forever. A peace time market economy was transformed into tain African territories be excluded from the treaty. These include , Diego Garcia, Mayotte and , where they have test facilities for their nuclear weapons programmes. 4. An indefinite extension of the treaty could deprive signatories of regular reviews on the implementation of the treaty. Apart from these African concerns, there is also a feeling among many NonAligned countries that the NPT as it is currently formulated, is inherently discriminatory, that is, it benefits the Nuclear Weapons states at the expense of the others. As is well known, some years ago, South Africa became the first country to completely dismantle its nuclear weapons capability. Zimbabwe has signed the NPT, and the Safeguards Agreement. As the date approached for the NPT Extension Conference, many countries were asking South Africa to state its position on the question of the treaty's extension. Before doing so, however, South Africa would wish to seek the view of its neighbours in the region, and also on the continent. Li a successful state-managed fighting machine capable of supporting five million troops. The dramatic change also instituted protection for the civilian populace and a home guard. With price controlled rations of bread, fats and meat, the heatlh of the nation actually improved. Rationing, which continued in the United Kingdom until the mid-fifties, was not only used as an anti-inflationary tool to promote equality, but served as a method of social control. Because the populace had to be kept healthy, immunisation was introduced as well as a better standard of welfare care. The book demonstrates how manpower and manpower planning were at the heart of Churchill's war-time economy. The expansion of the armed forces was rapid - rising by three million between 1939 and 1941 to five million by 1945. By the end of the war, nearly a quarter of the working population was in the forces. Despite the decimation of labour in civil industry, the working population increased from 19.5 million in 1938 to a war-time peak of 22.3 million. This was achieved with the recruitment of female workers largely for the munitions industry which increased its employment figures from 16 percent in 1939 to 23 percent in 1943. While imports of food and animal foodstuffs halved during the first three years of the war, the 'Dig For Victory' campaign saw great increases from arable farming. Wheat production rose by 81 percent, potatoes by 92 percent and vegetables by 30 percent. Fighting With Figures reveals the high cost of the war which rose to over £6 billion by 1945. Income tax was the most important source of revenue helped by 'forced savings' and long-term borrowing. Britain's overall economic growth during the war, compared to the other major combatant nations, was surpassed only by the United States of America whose economy grew by 65 percent. The book also pays tribute to America for its lend- lease aid which totalled £30 billion and undoubtedly was one of the vital factors in winning the war. D ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 FM~ ByJmKleS Stf9Wie

Kumaratunga says ri Lankan president Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga has for the first time publicly blamed the separatist Tamil Tigers for killing former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in cold blood in 1989. Gandhi, who signed an accord with in 1987 to send Indian troops to the island to help quell the rebels, was killed by a woman suicide bomber at an election rally near the sourthern city of Madras. The soldiers were withdrawn in 1990 after some 1 100 were killed fighting the Tamil Tigers. Kumaratunga told Today magazine in an interview that rebel leader Velupillai Prabhakarani was responsible for Gandhi's murder. "He decided in cold blood to kill Rajiv Rajiv Ga Gandhi," she told the magazine. "He just er was T decided to bump Rajiv Gandhi off. And Tamir I was also personally very much aware "We tried that if he did not get from me what he we were wanted, I would be the first person on megalom his list. On that count now there is no son wh doubt." Kumarat The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam " Kumaratt (LTTE) shot down two Sri Lankan Air ment, wh Force aircraft recently, killing 94 people promisin and jamming peace efforts by tion, now Kumaratunga's government to end a whether 12-year-old ethnic conflict that has killed rebels aft several thousands. a war. Tigers k ndhi, the late Indian premillegedly killed by separatist gers in 1989 our best, keeping in mind that dealing with a merciless aniac who has killed every pero was opposed to him," unga said. unga's People's Alliance governich swept to power last August g peace to a war- ravaged nafaces its toughest decision to continue talking peace with :er the fresh attacks or launch dRajIv Gandh I She started peace talks with the LTT4 by sending a mission to the northern rebel stronghold of Jaffna and later lifted an economic embargo to allow fuel and other commodities, which led critics to call her a bleeding-heart liberal. Kumaratunga, who won last November's presidential polls with 62.5 percent of the vote, said making peace with the rebels was the right approach as she had the mandate for it. "We had the mandate for peace. So we negotiated without any preconditions." She said the government did not want a widespread war with the rebels. "We were certainly not going to go into an all-out war. Second, even if we wanted to, we were not proplerly equipped." Kumaratunga admitted she had no choice but to talk with the LTIE. "The man (Prabhakaran) today controls onethird of our country, two-thirds of its coastline. Whether one likes it or not, one has to deal with him. We can accept Prabhakaran as the democratic leader of the north if he gave up terrorism and turned the LTTE into a political party." She lambasted her predecessors, former presidents J.R. Jayawardene and Ranasinghe Premadasa, saying they betrayed the army and helped the militant organisation grow. - ZIANAREUTER. El Nazreen Pearce, first Asian woman circuit judge ]1).."T! A J... 1I- azreen Pearce, Britain's first Asian woman circuit court judge aged 52, is the fourth nonwhite judge in the United Kingdom and is a self-confessed workaholic. Her extremely busy work schedule on top of her pursuit of more academic qualifications while bringing up her two children are ample evidence of a woman driven by determination to reach the a top. Her appointment earlier this year by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Mackay of Clashfern, who believes that there is the need for more women and people of ethnic minorities to be on the bench, could be seen to be a vindication of her past achievements. Lord Mackay himself reiterated in a re- cent statement his wish to see not merely more women applicants for judicial appointments but for suitably qualified women and practitioners from the ethnic minority communities. On merit He explained: "Those appointed are selected on merit. I seek to ensure that every possible step is taken to treat those who apply fairly, and that decisions are based on an assessment of suitability which is as objective as possible." judge Pearce couldn't agree more. She said of her own appointment: "It wasn't just a question of plucking me out of nowhere. I have been tried and tested for a long time, a very long time." indeed, the road to the circuit judge's Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 I|1 's first Asian circuit judge, Nazreen Pearce || I I I It u 1-11111 k )I III I _N c%% 1-1 N' ~dt '-it

SNaz reen Pearce, first Asian w c judge woman ciruitjug chair had been one of the hardest to travel. Born to a very strict family, Nazreen Keshani, as she was then called, arrived in Britain in 1959 from her native at the age of 17. She knew nobody and had no relations in the country. She had come to Britain to study law because that was what her parents had decided for her, although she herself would have preferred medicine. Parental guidance "You just did as you were told," said Judge Nazreen. "Parents guided us and we listened. It was purely a question of what was good for me. If it hadn't been for their decision I would not have been here. I would not have been able to support myself alone with two children." Her task was daunting. In 1965 Britain passed its first Race Relations Act, and this legislation which outlawed discrimination was strengthened in 1968 and 1976; laws against sex discrimination were passed in 1975 and 1986. But it was often harder for someone black and female to succeed because of social pressures. Nevertheless, determined to succeed, she studied hard and passed her bar examinations by the age of 19. While waiting for two years to be called to the bar, she took an external law degree at London University, working during the day to support herself. Her search for pupillage was one of the most difficult problems she had to deal with. "it was an oddity," she recalled. "There weren't any coloured girls at the bar. They would take one look at me and tell me there wasn't a place. You didn't have to be very clever to know why." After several rejections elsewhere, Leonard Lewis, QC, accepted her into his chambers on a trial basis. But what Mr. Lewis saw of her abilities convinced him to take her on. Circuit judge Nazreen, then 38, settled down as a solicitor while raising her two children, aged eight and five, after the death of her English electrical engineer husband. She was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1963 and started sitting as a deputy circuit judge by authority in 1979. In 1983, she took up full appointment as registrar at the Principal Registry of the Family Division and became a ARIS - A fly which produces sperm seven times as long as its own body has been discovered by French scientists, officials have said, adding that the development could provide important lessons for mankind. The two centimetre sperm, a tiny number which are produced by the so-called vinegar fly every time it has sexual intercourse, are so effective that they guarantee 100 percent fertility, they said. Scientists think it could provide a model for fertility in humans, who produce hundreds of thousands of microscopic sperm every time they make love, only one of which can fertilise an egg. The 'scatter-shot strategy' of humans and mammals, where a single sperm is implanted in the egg from hundred of thousands of candidates, has long been recorder in 1986. She has sat in crown and county courts for ten years. Politically, Nazreen's appointment gave clout to the Lord Chancellor's concern over the relatively small number of women and ethnic minority legal practitioners seeking appointment to judicial office. There are 508 Circuit Court judges, including 29 women, in the United Kingdom. On 4 May 1994, only 32 members of the whole judiciary were believed to be of ethnic minority origin. Consequently, the Lord Chancellor's department has taken a number of steps to encourage more of them to apply for positions. Nazreen was born in Pakistan as the second of nine children to a family of proven professionals. Her medical officer father worked for the British colonial administration while her mother became a successful property developer defying Asian norms for women. She was brought up under a strict family regime and in boarding school in the Himalayan mountains where there was no heating seen as the only way of going about it, said fly sex expert Daniel Lachaise. In the vinegar fly, whose technical names are Drosophila Hydei and Drosophila Littoralis, the male only produces about 10 sperms every time it couples with a female - but their giant size ensures they are up to the job. This illustrates a totally new notion of 100 percent guaranteed paternity for every sperm, a remarkably effective system, added Lachaise, of the French national Scientific Research Centre (CNRS). So far scientists have discovered one major problem in transferring the model to human reproduction - on the same scale, a man's sperm would have to be between 10-12 metres long. Researchers are continuing their investigations. t ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1$95 -0 or running water. Even lavatories were sited outside and the harsh conditions compelled students to study in their overcoats and mittens. Terrible chilblains "I used to get terrible chilblains that split my skin. We had baths in stainless steel tubs with only so much water. It was a rigorous disciplined life but we had a good time." That discipline was perhaps responsible for making her drive herself in labour to hospital for her first child and also attend court with a small overnight bag just before birth of her second. Despite her punishing working schedule, the indefatigable judge is also currently studying for a degree in history and Arabic, writes for legal publications, works out twice a week and lectures at a college. Not even chores like gardening and housework are delegated. Her two children have so far not disappointed her. Anthony is, reading biochemistry and Ruth is studying zoology and behavioural science. El

The IGADD Declaration of Principles a the challenges they pose to the problem South Sudan - An Eritrean view The leader of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA), Dr. John Garang GADD's initiative to seek a negotiated settlement to the problem of South Sudan originally stemmed from its serious commitment to promote a solution to the conflict, and on the basis of the explicit endorsement of the government of the Sudan to the whole endeavour. IGADD member states were keenly aware of the imperative of consolidating peace and stability in the whole region as a prerequisite for launching the broad regional economic and multifaceted co-operation that they sought to embark on in the context of the new conducive climate that prevailed in the Horn of Africa. It was commonly accepted that peace and stability would not, henceforth, be seen in isolation and on a country-by-country basis, but in their totality and as a collective responsibility. This consensus centred on the common realisation that internal security problems in a member state would have repercussions on regional security and stability. Economic growth and development were indeed inconcievable without prior resolution of internal security problems within member states. The latter in turn required collective action and co-operation. In this spirit, IGADD mem- ber states percieved their role as going beyond conventional mediation. They were partners in the quest for solution and participants in the burden so long as the conflict raged unabated. The government of the Sudan welcomed the initiative, fully concurring with these assumptions. Deadlock The talks have undergone through several rounds to reach a deadlock now. What is the reason behind this impasse? Is the deadlock due to obstacles or impediments from one or both parties? Or is this due to inherent flaws in the IGADD initiative itself? Before attempting to answer these questions, we shall briefly review the main contents of the IGADD Declaration of Principles (DOP) and its underlying considerations. IGADD's DOP has two basic components: (i) the right to self-determination, and (ii) the separation of religion and state. An intimate knowledge of the root causes of the conflict is vital for appreciating the significance of these twin components. The paper will not, however, dwell much on the historical origin of the conflict as it presupposes that readers are sufficiently aware of these facts. Suffice it to stress here that despite the various subtle attempts employed to evade these principles, few can dispute that they constitute the core of the conflict. The intensity of the efforts exerted to evade them is in itself proof of their utmost relevance. The right to self-determination As a generic notion, the right to selfdetermination may lend itself to a broad and dynamic interpretation. Nonetheless, it has its own peculiar interpretations within the context of hte specific realities of the Sudan. The Sudan emerged as a unitary sovereign state at the time of its independence in 1956 as a result of the agreements reached between all political forces in the North and South that were active then. Developments that unfolded in postcolonial Sudan were not, however, in conformity with those promises. In particular, persistent practices of political forces and regimes in the north to suppress and deny fundamental rights of the south could not but breed war and conflict. Self-determination These realities notwithstanding, any ad- vocacy that purports to equate the right to self-determination of the South with secession will not only prejudge the negotiations underway but further con stitute an obstructive tactic which will impede a lasting solution to the conflict by deliberately distorting the actual facts. As spelled out by one of the SPLM factions, the spectrum of possible arrangements in fact include three - if federation and confederation are lumped together - or otherwise four options. These are: i) Full unity on the basis of a constitution acceptable to all the people of the Sudan ii) One State under a federal constitution acceptable to all the people of the Sudan iii) One State under a confederal constitution acceptable to all the people of the Sudan iv) Secession as a last option if the above three alternatives are found to be totally unacceptable. The options are listed in their descending order of priority. Under favourable conditions and the goodwill of both parties, there is indeed no reason why the fourth option could assume a priority position. In the event, no outside power has the grounds to argue, unless it has a hidden agenda to promote its own self- interest, that the Sudan can live in peace only when the South and North are separated. There are reasonable grounds to expect that even those Southern - Sudanese who, having given up hope because of past experience, advocate the adoption of the fourth option, will reconsider their position if they are guaranteed that the other alternatives would not only remain on paper but be duly applied. The preconditions that enhance and secure this guarantee would have to be created however. Three options Separation of religion and State: This principle too does not emanate from a vacuum. It is inextricably linked to the first three points of self-determination and its articulation is in fart a reaction to their exclusion. if one force or section of society (big or small) tries to impose its own religion on the whole State and society, other political forces and followContinued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995

The IGADD Declaration of Principles and the challenges they jpose to the- problen Continue from is page ers of other beliefs are not only bound to oppose the imposition of this religion, but it' would also be their fundamental right to do so as citizens. There is no reason why people who share different reigons in any given society cannot live together in harmony on -the basis of mutual respect of their distinct beliefs. This is a basic given of history. Moreover, - to consider religious homogeneity as the basis of the State in these modem times would be utterly illusive. In a multi-cultural and multi-religious society, to enshrine in a Constitution a single religion as the official religion of the State can not have any beneficial consequences but only be a recipe for dissension and conflict. On the other hand, a Constitution which stands above all rel and other sectarian laws and that protects the sovereignty of the State Will ensure due respect to and embrace different religions in society. Those who would dream, in the closing ..years of the 20th century, of converting the followers of other beliefs into their own or, considering theirs as the only true religion, wish to subdue others by force must only be the naive who live &n the bygone years of the 15th century. Odd as it may seem, this position has remained a bone-of contention in the Sudan. Particularly after the NIF declared its intention to impose Sharia, it has aggravated the problem and made the issue of separation of religion and State as one of the basic political questions of the day. separation of religion The separation of religion and the State should not be misconstrued as the sup,presslon of one religion. In the same vein, the separation of religion and the State does not necessarily entail the creation of a 'iseculr" State. A religion should not become the official religion of the-State just because its followers constitute a majority in that State. In light of these facts, it is not difficult to see that in spite of its lamentation, it is the,"policies of the NIF that instigate separation. The IGADD initiative and Its declaration of principles are thus premised on this basic understanding. They are not prompted by partisan considerations but only by the need to uphold justice. n of South Sudan As such, IGADD is duty bound to make known the truth and to decry any nonco- operation if and when one party becomes an obstacle to discussions and peaceful solutions. The discussions have temporarily reached an impasse because the Khartoum government has rejected the DOP after failing in its attempt to evade its application by means of several subterfuges. The complications however go be yond'the current impasse. And although Khartoum had for a long time attempted to scuttle the IGADD initiative, it has now increased its search for other mediators which could be "duped" or "compromised". This too would not have mattered much. What is surprising is that the Khartoum government has started to distort the truth and to cast aspersions on IGADD members with a view to camouflaging its back-pedalling. It has disqualified as a mediator on the pretext that it has "advocated reference of the Sudan issue to the Security Council". The covert campaigns it is conducting against Eritrea and Ethiopia are not less intense than the direct attacks on Uganda. What makes its campaigns against Ethiopia and Eritrea different is that, in its attempt to reject the IGADD DOP, it wants to relate the South Sudan issue with Eritrea's right to self-determination. Khartoum is insinuating in its campaign that "the DOP has been authored by Ethiopia and Eritrea" and that "the two countries are seeking to apply to the problem of South Sudan a solution similar to that of Eritrea". Ertrea no model Before raising other issues, it must be emphasised that Eritrea, which has its own unique history and development, does not view itself as a model for a solution. This is no secret. Eritrea's position on the solution of the Sudanese problem is officially known and in consonance with this proposition. Moreover, it fully realises that the question must be - primarily and ultimately - addressed by the Sudanese people themselves. in the event, Khartoum's attempts to portray Eritrea as a perpetrator of the secession of South Sudan can only be a transparent tactic to justify its desire to backtrack from the peace talks. Indeed, as it may be recalled, the main reason that the NIF supported the national rights of Eritrea and collaborated with the EPLF in the late 1980s, thus adopting a different position from the other parties of North Sudan, was because it fully shared with the EPLF that the question of South Sudan was different from the question of Eritrea. Its present accusations of Eritrea thus only betray its duplicity. The problem is not however limited to the Sudan alone. The seemingly "covert" obstacles created by Egypt to frustrate the IGADD initiative cannot be viewed differently from the campaigns conducted by the Government of the Sudan since it too does not wish the' South Sudan problem to be solved. in this context, it is useful to have a general undertanding of Egyptian problems in the Horn of Africa. From that, it is easy to understand that although Egypt, as a result of fundamentalism, has been condemning the Government of Khartoum, its superficial concerns are in reality secondary to its basic concerns in the Horn of Africa. It is not a secret that Egypt, which as a result of its unholy strategies in the Nile and the Red Sea, feels more threatened by the other members of IGADD than by the Sudan, is at this time in collusion with Khartoum to torpedo the IGADD initiative and to spread all kinds of disinformation. ' Sharia Like the Government of Khartoum, it misinterprets the DOP and rejects the principle of self-determination as being "against Sudanese sovereignty which Egypt upholds". It is arguing, on behalf of the Sudan, for the application of the Sharia as an appropriate and acceptable source of the Constitution. It rejects the separation of religion and the State by referring to the "non-secularism" of Egypt and the dependence of its own Constitution on Sharia. This "marriage of convenience" between Egypt and the Sudan is understandable and predictable; at least in respect to the interests and perceptions of both regimes. It is perhaps relevant at this juncture to look at certain seemingly paradoxical issues. One might ask what were the positions of Egypt on the "disintegration". of the Soviet Union, ex-Yugoslava and Czechoslovakia? Is it a secret, especially to the inhabitants of the Horn and political observers of the area, that Egypt Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 Stalin in the great patriotic w By Professor Andnan Danilevich, Colonel-General (Ret.) ESTONIA Arctu eon LATVIA - T he course and the outcome of World War 11 - the 50th anniversary of whose end the world is celebrating this year depended on a The IGADD Declaration of Principles Continued from previous page has been the instigator of many fundamentalist political movements and, at its convenience, has hitherto used them as instruments of its policy, although now it is in a crisis because of the fundamentalist fires that it had itself lit. IGADD's commitment to the question of Southern Sudan is not perfunctory. Nor is it based on narrow-interest. Above all, it aims at long-term peace, security and prosperity of the Horn of Africa. This will demand patience and perseverance. But, there is no other choice. The process will not be impeded by either the manipulations, bribes, blackmail and disinformation of the NIF, or Egypt's subtle tactics. This is because it is not a short-lived initiative which would be abandoned in mid-stream. In this spirit, we urge all concerned with the South Sudan issue to take stock of its different dimensions so as to make constructive contribution towards its solution. n wealth of objective factors: in particular, the belligerents' strength, the correlation of military power and will to win, military technologies and strategic skills. Yet the impact of the personalities at the head of the countries and armies involved in the warfare can hardly be over-estimated. Hence the controversy round Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler both as persons and leaders. Opinions conflict when it comes to the wartime role played by Stalin. Some see him as the main culprit in the majority of the USSR's defeats and setbacks, exorbitant losses and abortive operations. The Soviet Union won the war despite Stalin, argue critics who muster considerable evidence to show that. Others insist that the country would have never withstood its tremendous ordeal had it not been for Stalin's stamina and organising gift, plus the iron will of the Communist Party. In reality, both views are equally far from the truth. Stalin was a personality of tremendous complexity, full of baffling contradictions, manifest in all the numerous aspects of his activity. On the one hand, he was doing his best for his country's defence. On the other, many of his decisions undermined that same defence. Before the war and at its start, his stunning political and strategical blunders brought the country and its army to the brink of disaster. Yet his tremendous willpower and influence also worked to atone for this. He achieved the impossible and eventually led the Soviet Union to victory. Positions Stalin held the country's five most elevated offices during the war. He was general secretary of the Communist Party Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Cabinet), Chairman of the State of Defence Committee, People's Commissar (Minister) of Defence and, last but not least, Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army. He not merely headed the army and the nation in battle but supervised all other aspects of the war effort - political, diplomatic, ideological and economic. Stalin guided the entire national economy, as well as the country's foreign and domestic policies, and its war industry. He kept under personal control the development of the new weapons and other army and naval supplies. He organised the logistics effort from its start. Stalin supervised all branches of the economy, transport and communications, and also attempted to guide research and cultural developments. His amazing versatility brought him political victory not only over his enemies but the Allied partners, when he made Britain's Winston Churchill and US President Franklin Roosevelt concede to decisions beneficial for the USSR. Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1996

Stalin in th Ce u.d from previous page Ee moreImpressive were the results of the Soviet - German economic rivalry, achieved with his direct participation. The world expected the Soviet Union's millitary collapse from day to day. All of a sudden, it superceded the Axis powers in all the military, military-economic and military technological indices. The world was astounded. 'Certainly, this was the result of efforts by the entire nation - its industrial workers, farmers and intellectuals However, it would be unjust to pass in silence over what Stalin did as its leader. Propagada As to his work as Supreme Commander in Chief, the whole truth here lies in a refutation of the Soviet propaganda assmption that he was "the greatest military leader of all times and nations". Stafin did not invent the many military theoretical ideas ascribed to him. His mental scope was too narrow to comprehend the entire wealth of issues he had to tackle in the preparation of strategical and tactical operations. This led him to fatal bungles again and again. He never visited the frontline, except for one ostentatious trip. Yet as the ,war progressed, he learned such from such Russian military leaders as B.M. Shaposhnikov, G.K Zhukov, A.M. Vassilevsky, A.i. Antonov, and other topnotch professionals. lie acquired strategic vision, which allowed him, on the whole, to direct General Headquarters (GHQ) work along correct lines. Not that ifs plans were ever really devised solely by him. They grew out of the dedicated work of huge numbers of people - the GHQ staff itself, the general staff and commanders of the armed services. Yet Stalin shouldered the ultimate responsibWty for the implementation of these plans and ideas. He did must to ensure the success of these operations, but the responsibility for numerous strategical and tactical errors also lay with him. There are no scales to weigh all Stalin's ,wartime merits and demerits. We shall analyse here only several instances in which his personal blunders brought fatal results. We can compare to them other instances when his daring resolution and adamant will brought success and played a significant part in determining the outcome of the war. F lly aware that the war was inevitable, Stalin did much to prepare the army and :the entire country for IL As no one else in 'the top government leadership, he profoundly studied all issues related to J. ....-.. e;great patriotic war defence organisations and military in- sions. The most disastrous of these dustry. He was personally acquainted made him shrug off intelligence informawith many industrial managers and tion about aggressive enemy leading designers. The industry worked preparations. under his relentless supervision to supply the army with sophisticated Frontier forces weaponry, comparable with its Western The Soviet Union did not make its armed counterparts. At the same time, many forces battle-ready, and the German atresearchers, designers and industrial tack caught its frontier forces unawares. managers fell victim to unearned Mighty blows led to exorbitant losses. repraisals at his bidding; causing tech- The country failed to set up a strategic nological progress to fall behind to a front, and enemy panzer units rushed point where it would require many years in through the numerous gaps in our to resolve the matter. defences. The frontier battle inflicted a Tyranny. severe blow on the Soviet troops. The The armed forces felt his tyranny even Western Front, which was to protect the more acutely, as their most gifted and crucial Minsk-Smolensk approach, best- educated leaders - M.N. Tuk- suffered the greatest damage. The caphachevsky, A.l Yegorov, N.P. Uborevich ture of Minsk sent Stalin into a desperI.E. YaWdr, A.A Svechin and many others ate panic, and it took long persuasion - were mercilessly exterminated right by the State Defence Committee to before the war. Close on 40 000 in the make him resume leadership. army and the navy fell victim to him gain, he made repressive actions within the eighteen Here agiy he ae a correct decsion, months from May 1937 to September to fortfy the approaches to Moscow. 1938, say available statistics. Then, he countered that with new blunders. His stubborn resistance to the proAware of the disastrous results of the posed withdrawal of the Kiev-based tempest he himself had wrought on the South-western Front to beyond the armed forces, Stalin later hurried to raise Dnieper led to the fatal collapse of the its officer staff from the ruins. New mili- entire south flank of the Soviet-German tary academics for advanced training, front. To improve the situation, Stalin and 42 schools and study programs achieved the impossible with the help were established, but in vain. A year and of the GHQ and front commanders a half, even two years, was too short a the giant gap was closed. Yet ever more time in which to fill the yawning gap left blunders were made in the defence logisby his earlier actions. tics for the central approach. That led to a catastrophical defeat at Vyazma, The Red Army's alleged invincibility kept quite close to Moscow, as four Soviet arStalin and many other Soviety leaders mies were encircled and destroyed. blindfolded for too long. The Finnish campaign forced them to recover their The repeated routs opened Stalin's eyes sight. Stalin was quick to reappraise his to his blunders - better late than never troops' actual fighting ability and Mar- - and he started paying attention to shal Klirnet Voroshilov's illusory strateg- general staff reasoning. He put a brilliical gifts. Semyon Timoshenko was ant commander, Georgi Zhukov, at the promoted to replace Voroshilov, army head *of first Leningrad's and later training was thoroughly updated, and Moscow's defences. the armed forces were crucially reorganised. They needed to be taught the Hitler gave up his blitzkrieg schemes aflatest in modem warfare, and Stalin was ter his troops were defeated near the first to declare this. But it was too Moscow thanks to an excellent plan. Aflate. The Red Army entered a terrible ter a victorious march across Europe, war with many of its ills yet uncured. had met its first ignominious rout. Tremendous political blunders were also Fatal errors made. Suffice it to name the friendship Three and a half years of war still lay pact with Germany. Stalin was victim to ahead, and Stalin was to commit many his illusion that Hitler would never at- more fatal errors. The blame lies entiretack the Soviet Union before he had ly with him for a series of fruitless local smashed Great Britain, gaining the USSR operations, imposed on the Red Army a year's reprieve at least. The country in the spring of 1942. Those destroyed paid a huge. price for that fatal error. Stalin also dung to other, strategical delu- Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995

Stalin in the great patriotic war Continued from previous page all the reserves painstakingly buflt up by that time. Then came the disaster near Kharkov, the Voronezh rout, and the collapse of the southern front, which forced the army to retreat to the Volga and the Caucasus. Stalin and the general staff made new strategical blunders both at the overall and individual front levels. Yet they grew fewer in number as Stalin step by step learned the art of modern warfare. Of tremendous importance were his resolutions to move the country's essential industrial centres to the east, to master and deploy major strategical reserves, reorganise the armed forces, and switch to large-scale operations by groups of fronts. In 1944, he was the first to propose an arrangement combining successive and simultaneous strategical operations, which largely accounted for the failure of Hitler's plans to prolong the war. He was prominent in the preparations for a final thrust, which liberated Eastern Europe and forced the Nazi's allies out of the war, thus eventually leading to Germany's capitulation. We can only regret the massive Soviet losses brought by all these operations. Stalin never tired of accusing Hitler of cruel warfare methods, but he, too, was the last man to display any scruples about causing damage to the enemy. The world remembers his decree of 1941 to raze settlements and industrial projects to the ground, and to kill off civilians and domestic animals if those could be used by the Germans to screen their offensive operations. He persecuted Soviet prisoners of war, freed from German captivity, and their families mercilessly. Millions of Soviet citizens, meanwhile remained behind the Gulag barbed wire, even when the war ordeal had reached its peak. Be all that as it may, World War H taught us an essential lesson. Whatever the High Command may be doing, success belongs to belligerent armies and nations. The people are the main forgers of a victory. El Full Colour Cover Position - $7 500 Inside full page - $5 400 Inside half page - $2 700 Double page - $10 000 Third vertical- $1 800 Quarter page - $1 200 Small Display 8 by 1 year- $1 200 5 by 1 year - $700 Black & White Full Page - $3 000 Half page - $1 500 Third vertical -750 Rate Discount 3 impressions 5% 5 impressions 10% 7 impressions 12% 8 impressions 15% Deadline/Material: This magazine is a monthly issue which is published every last Friday of the month. Please supply positives for colour adverts and negatives for black & white adverts. An extra 5% charge will be made for materials exceeding 2 sport colours. For space booking Telephone: The Advertising Department on 790149 or 664749, 144 Union Avenue, Harare 28 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995

African volleyball gains professional status frican volleybal has risen from being a virtually insignificant sport in the mid seventies to be as outstanding as it is on the other continents. Governed by the Confederation Africane de Volleyball (CAVB), volleyball has risen from being a social sport to gain professional status with many North African players making it big on the European circuit. The continent's volleyball ruling body CAVB has a full-time professional secretariat which is based in Cairo, Egypt. The secretariat owns the building it occupies in Cairo. CAVB runs volleyball as a business concem with the secretariat dishing out the annual programme for the continent's associations. The secretariat has autonomy to make the necessary decisions to run volleyball on the continent. CAVB operates in line with the Federation Intemationale de Volleyball (FIVB), the world volleyball ruling body which sets out the rules governing the game. Rules At the moment the continent applies the rules set out by the FIVB among which are that all playing shoes must be of the same colour but not necessarily the same brand name; players' jerseys may be numbered from 1 to 18; it is forbidden to wear objects which may cause injury to other players. Efforts are continuing to get qualified officials to handle volleyball games during the forthcoming All- Africa Games in September. According to the world volleyball body regulations, only FIVB certified personnel are allowed to control the running of any international game. The last FIVB courses were conducted in Alexendra, Egypt in September last year and April this year. The host nation Zimbabwe is using the Games preparations to train local people to FIVB standards. The Zimbabweans believe that having an official FIVB instructor in the country would boost volleyball development locally and would also raise the much-needed foreign currency for Zimbabwe sports as courses could be run here. African teams have also made a lot of achievements on the international scene. The most notable achievements which brought pride to the continent By Tendayi Ndemera I Unit Fairbridge's Nsikelelo Mlauzi (right airborne) blocks a spike from Defence Forces power-hitter Peter Gosinyaphuti during the semifinal of the Zone Six Volleyball championships at the City Sports Centre in Harare in May, 1993 were by the women's team from Tunisia that made the last 12 in the World League last year while the Algerian men's team was bestowed the same honour. In the junior men's under-20 championships in Argentina in 1993, Tunisia came a creditable 11 th out of 16 teams while the Algerian women's team finished last out of 16 teams. In the under-1 6 Youth championships in 1993, Egypt were placed eighth in the world in the boys' competition and 19th in the world in the girls category, showing a great improvement in the sport on the continent. Top honours In the same year African men's teams from Egypt and Tunisia narrowly missed top honours when they lost to and France respectively in the US$1 million World League. Tunisia were narrowly pipped by their more experienced counterparts, Ukraine and Croatia respectively. However, with greater participation in continental matches, the African talent is on the mend and should provide for stiff competition during the All-Africa Games. The continental encounters also have their spills and thrills which could guide bookmakers on their batting figures during the Games. In 1993, in the men's continental championships in Algeria, hosts Algeria gained good ground by beating the previous African champions Egypt, a force to reckon with during the Games. Tunisia made short work of Cameroon to clinch third place. Regrettably, the Zone Six representatives Botswana from the south of the continent, where the game is struggling to become a specta- In the women's section, and Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995

African volleyball qains rofessional statu Continued from previous page tor sport, finished a disappointing last out of 12 teams. In the women's section, Kenya ousted the mighty Pharaohs from. Egypt, while Cameroon beat for third place as the countries from the north continued their domination of the game, which they are likely to do during the All-Africa Games. The countries from the north also dominate at club level, judging from the 1993 club volleyball championships. In December 1993, Alhy of Egypt beat Kenya's Postals 3- 1 in a tense 108-minute encounter in Botswana while women's Cup of Cup Winners champions MCA of Algeria had to settle for third place with ASCA of Senegal settling for fourth position. In the men's Cup of Cup Winners chain- VI pionships in Morroco, in 1993, club African of Tunisia beat USW Soliads of Algeria 3- 0 while Olympique de Kalibia of Tunisia beat Credit Agricula of Morroco 3-1 for the bronze. In the women's section of the same tournament, MCA of Algeria crushed Alhy of Egypt in the finals while Sonel of Cameroon beat Sajain to clinch third position. The tournament was held in Egypt. Challenging the north With this dominance by the countries to the north, one can only hope for the best from the countries from the south during the All-Africa Games with the strongest hope pinned on debutants South Africa who will be participating in the Games for the very first time af- ter decades in isolation. Very few know the strength of the South Africans who are among the nations that have managed to make volleyball a spectator sport without much of a sweat. Sponsorship is also very high in South Africa as it is in the countries to the north. Most countries in the Zone Six strive on handouts and affiliation fees when it comes to raising funds thereby finding it difficult to implement development programmes as their revenue is wiped out by rental fees for match venues which do not attract crowds., opeftlly, the sport might get the much need ed support from the public and sponsors during and after the Games as this will only help lift it to rank among the world's top spectator sports like soccer, rugby, cricket, tennis and golf. 0- Czechoslovak volleyball instructor Josef Jinoch keeps a watchful eye on Petronella Maminimini of the Zimbabwe National Army during a training session at the National Sports Stadium in Harare ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3,1995

Zambian soccer widows denied their rights By Amy Madigan he tragedy that saw the entire Zambian national football team perish in the Gabon Air Disaster on 28 April 1993, continues. Within days of the crash, 24 of the 27 widows were stripped of property rightfully theirs, leaving several families nearly destitute. In 1989, Zambia adopted the Intestate Succession Act to ensure certain rights within the institution of marriage and inheritance. The Act appoints the widow as sole administrator of the estate and entitles the immediate family to 75 percent of the property. Looking at the Zambian football widows' cases, it is dear that this law, in practice, is not being enforced and therefore, ineffective. The Zambian Association for Research and Development (ZARD), a women's research organisation, began the Project to Protect the Rights of the Widows and Children of the Gabon Air Crash in response to reports of their mistreatment ZARD assisted the widows legally as well as financially, and document- V- ,V ed each case. in their preliminary report Gabon Aftermath: The Mistreatment of the Football Widows, ZARD presents six cases which illustrate the obstacles facing widows in exercising their rights in Zambia, although, they have implications for the *hole of Southern Africa. These cases present an overall picture of widows losIng control over their own welfare and that of their children following their husbands' deaths. The relatives of the deceased inmediately grabbed property, pensions, and bank savings. This occurred usually within days of the deaths while the widow was. still preoccupied with funeral rites and in general grief. None of the widows were recognised as administrators of their husbands' estates cjespite, in some cases, protests from the widows themselves. It is important to note, that in five of the six cases examined here, the widows were motivated to contest their in-laws actions because they were left with nearly nothing, not because they believed they had legal ground. Derby Mankinka, one of the Zambian soccer players who perished in the Gabon air disaster on Apri 28, 1993 Widows marginalised These cases are unique in that the state expressed interest in the welfare of these families only due to their high profile. The fact that these women were unable to access their legal rights on their own, demonstrates the degree to which they are marginalised. Like most former colonies, Zambia has a dual legal system of general law and customary law. Such a system complicates legal matters, as the jurisdiction of each are not clearly understood by the majority of the people. Customary law, more a way of life rather than a code of rules, pervades virtually every social relationship. In Zambia, most marriages are contracted under customary law which does not entitle the wife to inherit her husband's property. The fact that most women only know customary law regarding Continued from previous page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3. 1995 m Zambian soccer widows denied their rights marriage and inheritance, leaves them "[castigated] the widow for 'refusing' to to be appointed as administrator ot the with no choice but to have their share property with relatives of the estate. undoubtedly, Harrison as a lawproperty distributed customarily. deceased." yer, is well acquainted with the protec. The problem is more than a lack of knowledge regarding the law. One must also be able to access the law, which for the majority of Zambians is quite an elusive and expensive endeavour. Many individi4als do not know how to retain a lawyer nor are they able to afford to go through the court proceedings. This is particularly true of women since, as a group, they are more isolated from public affairs where legal matters take place. Factors such as socio-economic status, literacy, ideological consciousness, and personal capacity play a large role in determining their access to the' law. Social pressures often present the most difficult obstacle to overcome. In the single case where the widow actually knew her rights under general law, she was still effectively trapped. After losing nearly everything, she did not take her case to court simply because she was forced to focus her efforts on making money to feed her children and pay their school fees. Remarkably, ZARD found that the widows received no support from other social institutions. There were several cases where bank managers allowed inlaws to deplete bank savings, and the deceased's employers delivered the pension and benefits due to the widow to her in-laws. The argument could be made in some cases that these institutions were not familiar with the Intestate Succession Act. General law decisions from the higher courts are binding to the lower or customary court, yet, ZARD's research and other studies indicate that this does not guarantee enforcement. Perpetrating traditional practices Instead, a study of Zambia's legal structure, found that local courts often "act to perpetrate and defend traditional pratices" despite the general law. Although binding, "the latter [Lower Courtsl do not, in practice, follow its [Higher Courtl decisions." Moreover, few cases in the lower courts go on to appeal to the higher court. For example, one widow attempted to revoke the appointment of administrator from her husband's relative after discovering that he was withdrawing money from the family savings for his own use. The case was not concluded in the lower court as the judge More recently, the rights of widows once tiurn u woUUw s 1 1 un eramuiar law. again maoe neadlines. in january 19Y5, Laura Harrison, a well-known women's rights activist and lawyer, was accused of attempting to grab property from her brother's widow. According to the widow, Harrison has been "harassing me, demanding that I surrender a colour TV and Hi-Fi music system because they were bought by her late brother." As a married couple, they both contributed to the well-being of the home without the help of the relatives, "so why should she come in now?" asks the widow. Harrison is also suing the widow AS for the football widows, only two were able to retain their rightful property to date. Several were satisfied with just enough to begin their lives anew with their children. Some cases are still pending. One widow, armed with ZARD's assistance and her own moral strength, has appealed to the higher court. Even if she wins her case, there is no guarantee that her rightful property will be returned. - SARDC. El he following is a chronology of some of the key events in the life of Mike TTyson, who was released from jail on Saturday, March 25, after serving three years in jail for allegedly raping a beauty pageant, Desiree Washington: 1978: Arrested for purse snatching as a 12-year-old in Brooklyn. 1982: Expelled from high school after various incidents. 1985: Begins professional career with first round knock out of Hector Mercedes. 1986: At 20, becomes the youngest ever heavyweight champion knocking out Trevor Berbick in second round to win the WBC title. 1987: Wins WBA heavyweight title with a unanimous decision over James Bonecrusher Smith. * Charged with assault after allegedly hitting parking attendant who said he attempted to intervene when Tyson tried to kiss a woman employee. Settled out of court. 0 Becomes undisputed heavyweight champion with decision over IBF title holder Tony Tucker. 1988: Marries actress Robin Givens. * Givens and her mother demand access to Tyson's money for a down payment in a US$4,5 million New home. * Givens and family accuse Tyson of violence. * Sues manager Bill Cayton to break their contract; settled out of court. * Hires business mogul Donald Trump as his financial advisor. " Breaks right hand in an early morning street brawl with former opponent Hitch Green. * Knocked unconscious after driving car into tree in driveway of home of former mentor Cue D'Amato. * Tyson sits passively alongside Givens as she tells national television audience he is manic-depressive and that their marriage has been hellish. * Police called to Tyson's home after he throws furniture out of the window and forces Givens and her mother to flee the house. * Givens sues for divorce; Tyson countersues. * Tyson gets bill for US$2 million from advisor Donald Trump; Tyson becomes partners with promoter Don King. Continued next page 0110 PO 010 I GM o low W ol Po PBi ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 ~o IV 0ll

Chronology of Mike Tyson's * Givens seeks libel damages of US$125 million against Tyson over a newspaper story. * Tyson sues Bill Cayton again. * Tyson is sued for US$92 000 by Manhattan furrier who claims money is payment for sable coat bought for Given's mother. * Sandra Miller sues Tyson for allegedly grabbing her, insulting her and propositioning her in New York nightclub. * Lori Davis sues Tyson for allegedly grabbing her buttocks while she was dancing at some nightclub on the same night as the Miller incident. 1989: Tyson and Givens granted divorce in Dominican Republic. " Givens withdraws US$125 million libel suit. " Accused of slapping parking attendent outside Los Angeles nightclub. Charges later dropped. * Fined US$300 and sentenced to community service for speeding. 1990: Knocked out by James Buster Douglas in 10th round in Tokyo, Japan to lose world heavyweight title in one of biggest upsets in boxing history. * Sued by Phyllis Polaner, former aide to Givens, for sexual assault and harassment. * New York city civil jury finds Tyson committed battery in Sandra Miller case. Miller awarded US$100 in damages. on grounds that Tyson's behaviour was not outrageous. 1991: Admits paternity of eight-month-old girl born to Kimberly Scarborough. * Takes 18-year-old Miss Black America contestant Desiree Washington to his hotel room in early hours of morning. * Washington files police complaint charging Tyson with rape. " Indicted by Indianapolis special grand jury on rape and three other charges. 0 Natalie Fears fies US$12 million palimony and paternity lawsuit against Tyson. 1992: Blood test shows Tyson is not father of Natalie Fear's son. * Convicted on rape and other charges, jailed for six years. 1993: Says he is converting to Islam and contemplating name change. * Fails high school diploma examination which would have shortened his sentence. 1995: Indianapolis court agrees to early release date of March 25. - ZIANAREUTER. 0 Colin Jackson, hig boxing career Former world heavyweight boxing champion, Mike Tyson Ih hurdler By Rob Draper olin Jackson would never admit what the rest of the world knows to be true - that, at the age of 27, he is the world's greatest high hurdler. "At what point in your life did you realise that you were going to be a great athlete?" asked a British interviewer recently. "I'm still waiting," replied Jackson. The athletics' world, however, has no doubt. Jackson is world No. 1. Last year he was world 110-metres hurdles champion, broke the world record in the final, and was made World Athlete of the Year by the 1AAF, the governing body of athletics. Recent months have seen no let up in last summer's relentless pursuit of Continued next page C - Colin Jackson ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO._3__1995 e Colin Jackson, high hurdle l and European Championships in the worth all the hard work. in Stuttgart, i Continued from previous page 110-metres hurdles. But come 1991 and knew I just had to win. One more slip a records and titles. He equalled the world 1992, when Jackson was dominating the and the doubters would have had a field o indoor record for 60-metre hurdles in high hurdles on the European circuit, he 'day. I February and then bettered it, running flopped at major championships. World champion 10 /.u seconas in March. Unprecedented double Later that month he completed an unprecedented double, winning both the 60 metres and 60-metre hurdles at the European indoor championships. When he was growing up in Llanedeym, a suburb of the Welsh capital , people knew this youngster would something special. Nigel Walker, who now plays rugby for , was Britain's No. 1 hurdler and one of the world's best, when Jackson burst onto the scene in the mid-1980s. Jackson joined Walker's training group at Cardiff Athletics Club and Walker recalls: "You could see he was world class from the start. All of a sudden I went from being Britain's No. 1 hurdler, to being second best in Cardiff." Immigrant parents Jackson, the son of Jamaican immigrants, tried rugby at school and excelled at badminton but, fittingly, he was switched onto athletics by a Jamaican. Don Quarrie's 200-metres gold at the 1976 Montreal Olympics captured the imagination of the nine-year-old Jackson. "Don inspired me," remembers Jackson. "The power, the style, the success. He was a real hero. I've met him several times since but I've never let on that I was a starry-eyed youngster. He just thins I'm a cool kind of guy but nothing could be further from the truth." Jackson follows in a long line of British athletes with West Indian heritage. , the Olympic, World, Commonwealth and European 100-metres champion was born in Kingston, , and black athletes such as double Olympic decathlon champion , former Olympic Javelin champion and World 200-metres silver medalist have led the way, along with Jackson, in British athletics. Jackson, however, only really came of age in athletics terms at last year's World Championships in Stuttgart. Until then his competitive record at the top level had been patchy. He won silver at the 1988 Olympics and gold at the 1990 Knee injury He withdrew after the first round with a knee injury at the 1991 Tokyo World Championships but seemed sure to make up for that disappointment at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992. He was favourite but finished seventh as his training partner, Canada's Mark McCoy, sprinted to the title. When Jackson lost out again to McCoy in 1993's World Indoor 6c-nietres hurdle championships, the knockers started to question the competitive instinct of the laid-back Welshman. "Becoming world champion has made a big difference to me. I'm enjoying the best form of life at present." Jackson's coach Malcolm Arnold, who was recently appointed British national coach, is less magnanimous when discussing the knockers who had written cff Jackson. "All. those headlines were very upset, ting," sayrs Arnold. "They couldn't let it go. The truth is that Colin missed all his winter training in 1990-91 and 1991-92 with operations on his injured knee." Jackson had his revenge at S uttgart last Last winter, apart from breaking world year. He out-classed the opposition in 'orecords, Jackson took training trips in the final, finishing 1 Om clear of his7 and Tampa, Florida. As ever, nearest challenger, fellow Briton, Tony he spent much of his time with his friend Jarrett, in a new world record of 12.91 and business partner Linford Christie. "There was a lot of pressure on me tha day to win," says Jackson. "I knew I was the best high hurdler in the world, but I ati kun wm be Laiurng pani in a num of events in 1994 and, barting injury, there could be more world records along the way. r d d ity but v__ er Not that you ever sense that Jackson is really doubted my 'ability, but there atalcarried pway ihhssces were a lot of people who were question- at all Corried rwy with his success. ~"With Colin, LIJnford Christie and Sally ing whether I had the bottle to be a true Gunnell, the Olympic and World champion. Gnel' h lmi n ol 400-metres. hurdle champion, Britain "There were times, especially after I has sorie of the very greatest athletes finished seventh in the Olympic final, of all tire," says Arnold. "But some peowhen I really began to wonder if it was 1 4gtLrauliag it..' '00 UK53 ' fl u,.. - , JI l-.11U01| m,!l.lg w a.0 1 UX a Tstar, Eric Cantona, drawn up after the two week jail sentence he received for assaulting an abusive spectator in January. He was later sentenced to coach school children. 1966: Born in Paris, May 24, but raised in Marseille. 1983: Makes professional debut for Auxerre. 1985: Loaned to Martigues. 1987: Receives heavy fine for punching his team's goalkeeper, giving him a black eye. Wins first French cap against Germany. 1988: joins Marseille in French record £2 million (Z$26 million) deal. Banned from French team for one year after swearing at national coach Henri ._&chel. Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995

- - ~ -. -~ Cantona - temparamen French stiker continued from previous page 1989: Suspended indefinitely by Marseille after kicking the ball into the crowd and throwing his shirt at a referee after being subsituted. Joins Bordeaux on loan, then moves to Montpellier for £300 000 (Z$3,9 million). 1990: Banned by Montpellier for ten days after smashing his boots into the face of team-mate Jean Claude Lemoult. Returns to Marseille. 1991: Signs for Nimes but is banned for three games after throwing the ball at a referee. At the disciplinary hearing, he walks up to each committee member and says: "Idiot". His ban is increased to two months, so Cantona responds by announcing his retirement from soccer. 1992: Comes out of retirement for a trial with Sheffield Wednesday, but walks out after being asked to remain for a further week and joins Leeds for £900 000 (Z$11,7 million). Helps the English club win the league title before moving to bitter rivals United in a £1,2 million (Z$15,6 million) deal. 1993: Fined 1 000 pounds by the English Football Association for spitting at a Leeds fan in his first game back at Elland Road with Manchester United, whom he then helps to the premiership title. Sent off in United's European Cup defeat by Galatasaray in Instanbul, Turkey, for accusing the referee of cheating, scuffles with Turkish police and is banned by UEFA for four games. 1994: Banned by the FA for five games after being sent off twice in four days, once for stamping on Swindon's John Mbncur, then for two bookable offences against Arsenal. Wins third successive championship medal and scores two penalties in the FA Cup final defeat of Chelsea as United complete the double. Becomes first foreigner to win the Professional Footbfllers Player of the Year award. 0 Cantoha is arrested and handcuffed by security guards at the World Cup semi- final between Brazil and Sweden in Los Angeles after a dispute with an official over accreditation, but is later released. * An advert for Nike, which exploits Cantona's bad-boy image, is banned from British television by advertising watchdogs because of the Frenchman's use of bad language. 0 He is sent off in a pre-season tournament against Rangers and is banned for three games. 1995: Sent off against Crystal Palace, jumps into crowd and attacks a fan who was taunting him. He is subsequently banned by France and Manchester United for the rest of the season and is sent on holiday Guadeloupe with his family. While there he is alleged to have assaulted a reporter, Terry Lloyd. Later charged with common asault of Palace fan Matthew Simmons and hauled before an FA disciplinary committee to explain his conduct at Selhurst Park. * Suspended from all football up to and including September 30, 1995, and fined 10 000 pounds by an FA disciplinary commission for his part in the incident. Mach 23 - Jailed for two weeks for attacking Simmons but released to conduct coaching clinics for school children. - ZIANA-AFP. I] _ Vr c'4 French striker of Manchester United in England, Eric Cant( Laura Davies - winning at golf worldwide -By Jay Bigwood Sports Reporter I'0, Laura Davies (crouching) has won the Thailand Open in Bangkok, the Australian Masters, and in the United States, both the Sara Lee Classic in Tennessee as well as the McDonald's LPGA Championship in Delaware ne name dominates the world of women's golf: Laura Davies. So it should, as she is the world's number one player. Not content with conquering Europe, 30-year-old Laura, who was born at Coventry in central England, has now spread her domination across theAtlantic to America in blistering fashion. Already this year she has become the quickest woman to break $500 000 in prize money on the United States tour. Three tournament titles saw to that. She also came close to creating her own piece of golfing history by completing three successive tournament victories in America. She failed to do so by one shot, but she is still on course for a unique double: Europe's and America's leading female money winner. Laura's current form has seen her record ten top-ten finishes in 16 events, winning five of them. Since turning professional in 1985 she has won 28 tournaments. Hitting strength People who have seen Laura play put her success down to her strength and ma Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 3, 1995 4 1